They make Ionic Bond, In general, large differences in electronegativity result in ionic bonds, while smaller differences result in covalent bonds
What is Ionic Bond?
Ionic bond refers to the electrostatic force of attraction that binds the two ions with opposing charges together.
The full transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other, which causes the atoms to assume their closest inert gas state, results in the formation of a chemical bond between two atoms.
To complete their octet configuration, one method is to provide or absorb electrons. An ionic bond or electrovalent bond is the name given to the bond created by this sort of combination. When one atom receives electrons while the other atom loses electrons from its outermost level, a bond of this type is created.
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What 3 types of products are excluded from labeling and SDS requirements?
calculate the amount (ml) of 0.120 m calcium hydroxide required to titrate 50.0 ml of 0.0998 m hbr to the equivalence point?
The amount of 0.120M calcium hydroxide required to titrate 50.0 ml of 0.0998M HBr to the equivalence point is 41.5mL.
Concentration of CaOH is 0.120 M.
Concentration of HBr is 0.0998 M.
Volume of HBr is 50.0 mL.
The moles of HBr = concentration × volume
= 0.00499mol
At the equivalence point, moles of HBr are 0.00499 moles, equal to moles CaOH.
Hence, the volume of CaOH= 0.0499/0.120= 41.5 mL
What is titration?
Titration, manner of chemical evaluation in which the amount of a few constituents of a sample is decided through including to the measured pattern an precisely acknowledged quantity of some other substance with which the preferred constituent reacts in a precise, acknowledged proportion. The procedure is generally finished via progressively adding a popular answer of titrating reagent, or titrant, from a burette,To know more about titration, click the link given below:
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Which isomer reacts more rapidly in an e2 reaction, cis-1-bromo-4-tert-butylcyclohexane or trans-1-bromo-4-tert-butylcyclohexane?
The compound that would undergo faster elimination reaction is cis-1-bromo-4-tert-butylcyclohexane.
The two primary requirements for an E-2 elimination reaction are as follows:
There must be availability of β-hydrogens which means the presence of hydrogen on the carbon next to the leaving group.The hydrogen and leaving group must be in a anti-periplanar position.Any substrate which follows the above two conditions are capable of giving elimination reactions.
Among the structures trans-1-bromo-4-tert-butylcyclohexane and cis-1-bromo-4-tert-butylcyclohexane, to be stable it must have the tert-butyl group in the equatorial position as it is a bulky group and at equatorial position it would not repel other groups. If the structure is kept on the axial position it would undergo 1,3-diaxial interaction and would destabilize the system and that structure would be unstable hence will not show E-2 elimination.
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The empirical formula shows the ......... numbers of atoms of ...
The Empirical formula shows the Relative numbers of atoms of each element in a compound.
Empirical formula gives the smallest whole number ratio of elements in a compound using subscripts following element symbols. Basically, The empirical formula of a compound is defined as a formula that shows the ratio of elements present in the compound that is relative number of atoms present. You can use the empirical formula to find the molecular formula if you know the molar mass of the compound. To do this, calculate the empirical formula mass and then divide the compound molar mass by the empirical formula mass.
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Three students are asked to discuss the sources of error that might have affected the outcome of the lab. Select the student that employs correct scientific reasoning.
Student 1: If the spot was placed below the solvent level, this would cause the sample to be dissolved into the solvent pool before traveling up the plate.
Student 2: If the solvent used has the opposite polarity of the stationary phase this will cause unequal movement of the sample.
Student 3: If the developing chamber was closed too quickly than the sample wouldn't be able to travel on the TLC plate.
Student 1 is right as he addresses that the the spot shouldn't be placed below the solvent level since the sample got dissolved in solution before travelling up the plate.
The spotter's thin end is inserted into the diluted solution, causing the solution to rise up the capillary (capillary forces). At the starting line, briefly touch the plate. Spot in the same location once the solvent has completely evaporated. You will achieve a focused and small spot in this manner. Avoid spotting too much material since this will greatly reduce the separation's (or "tailing's") quality. The spots need to be sufficiently spaced from the edges and from one another. If at all possible, mark the chemical or mixture on the plate beside the raw components and any potential intermediates.
Since each TLC plate differs somewhat from the next, they will act as an internal reference.
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glycolysis, which provides energy by breaking down carbohydrates like glucose, relates to activities lasting __________.
Glycolysis, which provides energy by breaking down carbohydrates like glucose, relates to activities lasting __generally less than 3 minutes__.
What is glycolysis?
Through a sequence of processes known as glycolysis, glucose is divided into two pyruvate molecules, each of which has three carbons. The vast majority of species alive today have a metabolic process called glycolysis, which is an old metabolic pathway that originated in the distant past.
Glycolysis is the initial step in the process of cellular respiration in organisms. However, many anaerobic organisms—organisms that do not use oxygen—also contain this route since glycolysis does not require oxygen.
In glycolysis, sugar molecules are disassembled to produce the energy needed for cellular metabolism. It takes place in the cell's cytoplasm. Thousands of ATP molecules are produced during glycolysis and are utilised for several types of cellular metabolism.
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in the thermodynamics experiment, why was it necessary to filter the hot calcium hydroxide solution?
In a thermodynamics experiment, filtering the hot calcium hydroxide solution is necessary to removes any impurities or particulates that may be present in the solution that can affect the outcome of the experiment by introducing errors in the results.
In addition to this, filtering the hot calcium hydroxide solution also helps to ensure that the concentration of the solution remains consistent throughout the experiment. This is important because the concentration of the solution affects the thermodynamic properties of the solution, such as the temperature at which the reaction occurs. Without filtering, the concentration would vary depending on the amount of impurities present, and this could lead to inaccurate results.
Finally, filtering the hot calcium hydroxide solution also helps to prevent clogs or blockages in the equipment used for the experiment. If impurities are able to pass through the equipment, it could cause a disruption in the flow of the solution, which could affect the accuracy of the experiment.
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the radioactivity of a sample of cobalt-60 was measured. years later it was found to have 1/8 of the original radioactivity. how many years have passed?
The half life of cobalt -60 is 5.3 years. And if a half is 5.3 yrs long, then a period of 10.6 years have passed.
How to calculate years in a radioactive sample?The activity of a radioactive sample is defined as the rate at which radioactive particles are emitted.
After one life, 1/2 the mass of the original isotope remains. After another half life, 1/4 the mass of the original isotope remains
And if a half is 5.3 yrs long, then a period of 10.6 years have passed.
The half life equation is
A(t) = A0 (1/2) ^ t/t1/2
t1/2 = half life = 5.3 yes
A0 = intial quantity
A(t) = amount left after t years = 1/4 A0
t = time undergone =?
Substitute
1/4 A0 = A0 (1/2) ^ t/5.3
= 1/4 = (1/2) ^ t/5.3
Take the log of
log (1/4) = log { (1/2)^t/5.3}
= log)(1/4) = t/5.3 log (1/2)
Dividend both sides by log (1/2)
log (1/4) / log (1/2) = t/5.3 log(1/2) /log(1/4)
2 = t/5.3
t= 2.53 = 10.6 yrs
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a moves needed substances or waste materials through the plasma membrane and contributes to the selective permeability of the plasma membrane.
The selective permeability is influenced by proteins that assist transfer materials or trash across the plasma membrane by forming tunnels in the membrane.
A membrane in a person is what?Body membranes are incredibly thin tissue sheets that coat the bodily, line body cavities, and protect organs inside hollow organs. They fall within the epithelium and connective tissue membrane categories.
What are some uses for membrane?A cell is shielded by its plasma membrane, often known as its cell membrane. The membrane serves a variety of purposes and also creates a stable environment inside the cell. It means transporting both toxic materials out of another cell and nourishment into it.
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Pressure has little effect on the solubility of liquids and solids because they are almost incompressible.a. Trueb. False
True Liquids and solids exhibit practically no change of solubility with changes in pressure.
Solids are one of the four basic states of matter. Molecules in solids are densely packed and contain minimal kinetic energy. Solids are characterized by their structural rigidity and resistance to forces applied to their surfaces.
Solids have a specific shape and volume because the molecules that make them up are close together and move slowly. Solids are often crystalline. Examples of crystalline solids are table salt, sugar, diamonds, and many other minerals.
There are two main categories of solids: crystalline and amorphous. Crystalline solids are well-ordered at the atomic level while amorphous solids are disordered. There are four types of crystalline solids molecular solids, network solids, ionic solids, and metallic solids.
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The following ions contain the same number of electrons. Rank them in order of decreasing ionic radii!
Sc3+, P3-, Cl-, Ca2+, K+, S2-
The arrangement of the ions in order of decreasing ionic radii is;
[tex]S^{2-}[/tex] > [tex]P^{3-}[/tex] > [tex]Cl^{-}[/tex] > [tex]K^+[/tex] > [tex]Sc^{3+}[/tex]
What is ionic radii?We know that the ionic radii has to do with the distance that is measured between the nucleus of the ion up to the outermost electron that can be found inside the ion. This tells us a lot about the way that the ion behaves.
Let us have at the back of our minds that the ionic radius and the atomic radius are two things that are very much connected as we discuss the properties of the elements. Both the ionic radius and the atomic radius does increase down the group but decrease across the period.
We now have a series of ions and the position of the ions in the periodic table is going to determine hw they would be ranked in order of decreasing ionic radii.
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Applying what you learned about the gas laws, what will happen to the pressure inside the two cylinders if you increase the temperature? Responses The pressure of the two cylinders will also increase. The pressure of the two cylinders will also increase. The pressure of the two cylinders will decrease. The pressure of the two cylinders will decrease. , The pressure in cylinder A will also increase but cylinder B remains the same. The pressure in cylinder A will also increase but cylinder B remains the same. , The pressure in cylinder B will also increase but cylinder A remains the same.
The thing that will happen to the pressure inside the two cylinders if you increase the temperature is option A: The pressure of the two cylinders will also increase.
What happens to pressure as temperature rises?The average kinetic energy and the velocity of the gas particles striking the container walls both rise as the temperature rises. As the temperature rises, the pressure must as well since pressure is the force the particles per unit of area exert on the container.
Therefore, in regards to the above, the pressure rises when the number of gas molecules rises while the volume of the container stays the same. Gas pressure rises as container volume decreases. The pressure rises as the temperature of a gas inside a rigid container rises.
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Which statement correctly describes what happens when a gas is heated at constant pressure? Select all that apply. Assume that the container is not rigid. Check all that apply. The gas particles collide with the walls of the container with a greater force. The surface area of the walls of the container decreases. The gas increases in volume because the particles increase in size. The gas particles move faster. The volume of the gas sample will increase.
Since the gas particles are moving more quickly, the gas sample's volume will rise. The effects of heating a gas at constant pressure are accurately described by the statement.
Gases move more swiftly at high temperatures.Fast-moving particles found in gases frequently collide with one another and the container's side due to their rapid forward and backward motion. As the temperature increases, the particles become more energetic and move more swiftly.
What transpires when a gas is heated?When a gas is heated, its molecules start to move much more quickly, increasing the pressure inside the container the gas is being held in. If the container is not strong enough, the movement of the gas molecules will probably cause it to break.
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pf6− does not obey the octet rule. draw its lewis structure and state the type of octet-rule exception. indicate the values of nonzero formal charges. be sure to include lone pair electrons on all atoms.
PF₆ does not obey the octet rule.
Why does PF6 defy the octet rule?The octet is broken in the PF₆-molecule because P increases its valency instead of adhering to it.
According to the octet calculation, it needs 56 electrons but only has 48 valence electrons, thus the missing 8 electrons are added up by 8/2 = 4 bonds. However, in this case, P forms six bonds, which is against the octet rule.
Formal chargeFor each atom in a Lewis structure, you should count how many electrons it "owns" in order to get the formal charges.
All of its lone pair electrons as well ashalf of its bonding electrons should be counted.
The formal charge is the discrepancy between the atom's number of valence electrons and the number it possesses. The concept that an atom's valence electrons should be eight in order for a molecule made up of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine to be more stable is known as the "octet rule." When one of these atoms has fewer than eight valence electrons, an open octet is present. Lewis structure attached below
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NMR spectroscopy, or ________________________ magnetic resonance spectroscopy, is a very important in the determination of organic structures. This technique relies on the interaction of a particular nucleus with a ________________________ field followed by absorption of energy of a specific ________________________, depending on the chemical environment of the nucleus.
NMR spectroscopy or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is very important in the determination of the organic structures. This technique relies on the interaction of a particular nucleus with a magnetic field followed by the absorption of energy of a specific frequency, depending on the chemical environment of the nucleus.
NMR spectroscopy is the use of NMR phenomena to study the physical, chemical, and biological properties of matter. Chemists use it to determine the identity and structure of molecules. Physicians use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a multidimensional NMR imaging technique, for diagnostic purposes.
NMR spectroscopy is an analytical chemistry technique used in quality control to determine the content and purity of organic compounds and the molecular structure of compounds. This technique includes nuclear detection.
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which of the following most accurately describes el nino
a. a weather phenomenon caused by flooding in the americas and droughts in western tropical pacific areas
b. a weather phenomoenon that results from changes in air pressure and water temperature over and in the pacific ocean
c. a severe hurricane with intense winds and significant waves
d. warm waters in the atlantic ocean that flow westward in heavy wind
Changing air pressure and sea temperatures over and in the Pacific Ocean are what cause El Nino, a weather phenomenon, to occur.
Describe El Nino.El Nio is a tropical Pacific ocean-atmosphere oscillation that has a big impact on the weather all around the world. Principal Origins of El Nio Under typical circumstances, the wind blows in the Pacific from east to west around the equator.
What peculiar pattern appears when El Nio occurs?The Quick Response: The Pacific Ocean experiences El Nio as a weather pattern. Hot surface water from of the equator is moving eastward towards Central and South America at this time due to anomalous winds.
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Atoms of different elements can combine in simple whole number ratios to form chemicala. Trueb. False
True. Atoms of different elements can combine in simple whole number ratios to form chemical compounds.
This is because atoms combine in a way that allows each atom to achieve a stable electron configuration. The ratio of atoms in a chemical compound is determined by the relative masses of the atoms and the ratio of electrons that are transferred or shared in the chemical reaction. The whole number ratios in which atoms combine to form compounds are known as the empirical formula of the compound. For example, the empirical formula of water (H2O) indicates that there are two hydrogen atoms for every one oxygen atom in the compound.
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Three students are asked to discuss the sources of error that might have affected the outcome of the lab. Select the student that employs correct scientific reasoning.Student 1: If the spot was placed below the solvent level, this would cause the sample to be dissolved into the solvent pool before traveling up the plate.Student 2: If the solvent used has the opposite polarity of the stationary phase this will cause unequal movement of the sample.Student 3: If the developing chamber was closed too quickly than the sample wouldn't be able to travel on the TLC plate.
Three students are asked to discuss the sources of error that might have affected the outcome of the lab therefore the student that employs correct scientific reasoning is Student 1.
What is a Laboratory?
This is referred to as a facility that provides controlled conditions for scientific experiments, research etc. it contains different tools snd equipment such as microscope, beaker etc which helps to obtain accurate results.
The student that employs correct scientific reasoning is Student 1 as he considers if the spot was placed below the solvent level, it would cause the sample to be dissolved into the solvent pool before traveling up the plate which is the error.
During the process of Thin-layer chromatography, it should be placed in such a way that only the lower edge of the plate touches the solvent which is therefore the correct choice.
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each component in a mixture contributes a fraction to the total number of moles in the mixture. this fraction is called the
Each component in a mixture contributes a fraction to the total number of moles in the mixture. this fraction is called the mole fraction.
What is mole fraction?
The mole fraction is likewise called the amount fraction. It is same to the variety fraction, which is described because the number of molecules of a constituent Ni divided by way of the total number of all molecules Ntot. The mole fraction is every now and then denoted through the lowercase Greek letter χ (chi) in preference to a Roman x. For combos of gases, IUPAC recommends the letter y.The mole fraction is one manner of expressing the composition of a mixture with a dimensionless quantity; mass fraction (percent by using weight, wt%) and extent fraction (percentage by quantity, vol%) are others values of it.To know more about mole fraction, click the link given below:
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Does bromine react with acid?
Detailed examination of the reaction of bromate with hydrochloric acid proves that, in the presence of excess of hydrochloric acid, these compounds quickly react forming bromine mono- chloride and elementary chlorine.
Bromine, is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Br and atomic number 35. A halogen element, bromine is a red volatile liquid at standard room temperature which has a reactivity between chlorine and iodine. This element is corrosive to human tissue in a liquid state and its vapors irritate eyes and throat. Bromine vapors are very toxic upon inhalation.
A halogen, bromine resembles chlorine chemically but is less active. It is more active than iodine, however. Bromine is slightly soluble in water, and highly soluble in carbon disulfide, aliphatic alcohols (such as methanol), and acetic acid. It bonds easily with many elements and has a strong bleaching action.
Bromine is highly reactive and is a powerful oxidizing agent in the presence of water. It reacts vigorously with amines, alkenes and phenols as well as aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones and acids (these are brominated by either addition or substitution reactions). With many of the metals and elements, anhydrous bromine is less reactive than wet bromine; however, dry bromine reacts vigorously with aluminium, titanium, mercury as well as alkaline earth metals and alkaline metals.
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What is the density of argon gas at standard temperature and pressure?
1.79 g/L is the density of argon gas at standard temperature and pressure.
Chemically speaking, argon is an element with the symbol Ar and atomic number 18. It belongs. to the periodic table's group. 18 and is a noble gas. At 0.934%, argon is the third-most prevalent gas in the Earth's atmosphere (9340 ppmv). It is 23 times more abundant than carbon dioxide (400 ppmv), more than 500 times more abundant than neon, and more than twice as abundant as water vapour, which typically occurs in concentrations of roughly 4000 ppmv but can vary substantially (18 ppmv). With 0.00015% of the crust made up of it, argon is the most prevalent noble gas in the Earth's crust.
The majority of the argon in Earth's atmosphere is radiogenic argon-40, which is created when potassium-40 in the planet's crust decays. The most prevalent argon isotope in the cosmos is by far argon-36.
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what mass of slaked lime can be produced from a mixture of 25.1 g of cao and 10.4 g of h2o? answer in units of g.
The mass of slaked lime will be 29.6 g.
What is mass?
The mass of a thing is the quantity of matter as well as a substance that makes it up. It is expressed in kilograms, which may be abbreviated as kg. It's crucial to keep in mind that mass is not the same as weight. Although mass remains constant, weight fluctuates due to variations in gravity.
The given chemical equation is
CaO(s)+H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(s)
No of moles of H2O = 10.9 g/ 18 g = 0.606 mol.
No of moles of CaO = 22.4 g / 56 g = 0.4 mol.
Here, CaO will be limiting reagent.
Mass of slaked lime can be calculated as:
Mass = 0.4 mol × (40 +16 × 2 + 2)
Mass = 29.6 g.
Therefore, the mass of slaked lime will be 29.6 g.
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how many atoms of each element are there in the compound ca3(po4)2? a. calcium 3, phosphorus 3, oxygen 12
Number of elements in compound ca3(po4)2 are
Ca = 3 atoms
P = 2 atoms
O = (4×2) 8 atoms
Number present in subscript are the element number of that element like H2O have 2 H and one O.
Given compound is ca3(po4)2 so three elements of Ca, two(1x2=2) elements of P and eight(4 x2 = 8) elements of O.
Total number of atoms present in the formula = 3 + 2 + 8 = 13.
To calculate the number of atoms first step is to calculate the number of moles. If the mass of an element/compound is given then divide the given mass by the molar mass of the element/compound to find the number of moles.
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What happens in the transitional stage?
At the transitional stage, one form of matter is on the process of getting converted into another form of matter.
Matter is interconvertible in nature. Transition is defined as the change of matter from one phase to another. Transition occurs by the three phases viz. melting, freezing and evaporation.
At the transitional stage, matter is on the process of getting converted from its original form into another form by absorption or release of energy. Conversion of solid into liquid is known as melting; conversion of liquid into solid is known as freezing and conversion of liquid into gaseous state is known as evaporation.
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Why does the atomic radius decrease along Period 3?
How do aluminium displace the iron in redox reaction as it has it protective layer of aluminium oxide
Aluminum displaces the iron in a redox reaction as it has its protective layer of aluminum oxide because it is more reactive than iron.
What is a redox reaction?A redox reaction is a reaction in which oxidation and reduction reaction occur simultaneously and to the same extent.
An oxidation reaction occurs when atoms of elements lose electrons resulting in an increase in the oxidation number of the element.
A\ occurs when atoms of elements gain electrons resulting in a decrease in the oxidation number of the element.
The redox reaction of the displacement of iron by aluminum to form a protective layer of aluminum oxide is given below:
Fe₂O₃ (aq) + 2 Al (s) ----> 2 Fe (s) + Al₂O₃
In the given redox reaction above, aluminum metal displaces iron from its oxide to form aluminum oxide. Iron (iii) ion is reduced to metallic iron while metallic aluminum is oxidized to aluminum (iii) ion.
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Select the dominant intermolecular force between acetone molecules.a. hydrogen bondingb. London dispersion forcesc. ion-dipole forcesd. dipole-dipole forces
Dipolar molecules include acetone. Dipole-dipole interactions are therefore the main intermolecular forces acting on the acetone molecules.
Can acetone be consumed?Accidental intake of acetone-containing items can cause nausea, vomiting that may contain blood, and oral inflammation. Skin irritation, including dryness, redness, and inflammation, can result from persons getting acetone on their skin. Eye discomfort or injury can result from liquid or acetone vapour contact with the eyes.
Acetone—is it essentially alcohol?Although acetone and distilled alcohol both are chemical solvents used in different cleaning and degreasing processes as well as in the manufacturing of some similar products, they are two distinct chemical substances.
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when the reaction was completed, why was the reaction mixture poured onto ice? choose all that apply.
In order to crush out the organic product, add cold water primarily the reaction was completed, and the reaction mixture was poured onto ice.
With aspirin, you've acetylated the substance. Therefore, you converted an OH into an acetate group. This implies that your product ought to be less water-soluble. You most likely used an acid catalyst and acetic anhydride for this reaction. Consequently, the water makes your product precipitate.
-hydrolyzes the extra acetic anhydride to produce acetic acid.
-enables you to collect your product by vacuum filtration, making it convenient to eliminate the reaction byproducts (acetic acid and the inorganic acid you employed as catalyst).
Because aspirin is still just a little bit soluble in water, you chill the mixture. By lowering the solvent's temperature, you can make the product less soluble.
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How much does calcium chloride lower the freezing point of water?
Calcium chloride decreases the freezing point of moisture on the road to nearly 60 degrees below zero.
Calcium chloride is a very common chemical used to scatter on the roads for melting of ice is present on the driveways due to heavy snow.
When calcium chloride comes in contact with the ice it gets the associated into three ions one calcium ion and two chloride ions. Because of the presence of large number of ions.
The freezing point of the eyes decreases down to nearly 60 degrees below the normal freezing temperature of water which is 0 degree.
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commercial hydrogen peroxide contains small amounts of organic compounds which are added to stabilize the hydrogen peroxide to slow down the natural decomposition. if these compounds react with permanganate, how will this affect your results? too high? too low? exlplain.
Hydrogen peroxide solutions eventually degrade, and they are typically stabilized by mixing them with acetanilide or other comparable organic compounds.
Heat and oxygen are produced during the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, and even anomalous decomposition of the peroxide can be easily controlled by appropriately designed product handling and storage systems. The amount of catalase present at any given time determines how quickly the peroxide will break down. A higher pH value and rising temperature both encourage decomposition. Hydrogen peroxide typically has small amounts of phosphoric acid added to it to stop it from breaking down. Potassium permanganate interacts with the hydrogen peroxide when added, creating tiny "pockets" of oxygen. As the pockets of oxygen strike the flame, the reaction becomes more intense, and you hear the cannon fire sound.
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