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Pure cultures are more likely to survive for extended periods of time when they are frozen via cryopreservation (freezing in liquid nitrogen at -196°C or in the gas phase above liquid nitrogen at -150°C).

Bacteria can be kept in good condition by freezing. In general, a culture will sustain viable cells for a longer period of time at a cooler storage temperature. Three types of freezers can be distinguished: cryogenic, ultralow, and laboratory.

Microorganisms are either cryopreserved at temperatures below freezing (-20°C, -80°C, or liquid nitrogen) or freeze dried for long-term preservation (lyophilized). Many different types of bacteria, algae, fungi, viruses, and protozoa can be preserved via cryopreservation.

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Immovable - the two or more bones are in close contact yet are immobile, such as the skull's bones. Sutures refers to the joints in the cranium.

Skull sutures, the articulations between the teeth and the jaw, and the joint between the first pair of ribs and the sternum are examples of immovable joints (medically referred to as synarthroses).

A stable union between bony surfaces is what the immovable or synarthrotic joint does. When the joint ossefies, the suture and synchondrosis actually grow more stable.

Joints called synarthroses are immobile. Synarthrosis is the word's singular form. Only a tiny layer of fibrous connective tissue separates the bones in these joints, which have very close contact between them.

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A group of freshwater green algae known as charophytes is the most closely related to land plants.

Charophyta is a collection of freshwater green algae, known as charophytes, on occasion dealt with as a division, yet additionally as a superdivision or an unranked clade.

The charophytes, together with the chlorophytes, make up the inexperienced algae. As part of this algal group, the charophytes are greenish in coloration. that is because of the ample chlorophyll (inexperienced pigment) interior of their cellular. Their cellular wall is mainly made from cellulose. Like flora, charophytes have chlorophyll a and b, keep carbohydrates as starch, have cellular partitions including cellulose, and undergo comparable mobile-division strategies. Charophytes have unique reproductive organs that fluctuate significantly from that of other algae.

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Answer:

viral budding

Explanation:

hope this helps you

Answer: viral budding

Explanation: the reason it’s Viral budding bc it’s the only one make sense if u say them all with the sentence u hear it and once u say viral budding in that spot it would sound right- take them all and say it u would hear it! I hope this helps!!!

There must be more non-coding DNA in crickets. They include the genetic code for an enzyme that builds DNA from an RNA template.

Why does the genome duplicate?

Gene duplications can develop as a result of various mistakes in the DNA replication and repair machinery as well as accidental capture by self-centered genetic components. Ectopic recombination, retrotransposition events, aneuploidy, polyploidy, and replication slippage are typical causes of gene duplications.

Specifically, Drosophila melanogaster's genome

We used a whole-genome shotgun sequencing approach supported by comprehensive clone-based sequence and a high-quality bacterial artificial chromosome physical map to determine the nucleotide sequence of virtually the whole 120 megabase euchromatic part of the Drosophila genome.

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Right answer is A.  a large amount of air bubbled into it to maintain good oxygenation of the water.

A: A lot of air, as warm water has a poor capability for carrying oxygen.

B: Not much air is needed because cold water has a better capacity to carry oxygen and because algae add oxygen to the water through photosynthesis.

C: A small amount of air, as stationary animals only need a small amount of oxygen.

Which water type contains the greatest dissolved oxygen? Temperature, dissolved oxygen, and aquatic life In comparison to warm water, cold water can hold more dissolved oxygen. The concentration of dissolved oxygen is highest in the winter and early spring when the water temperature is low. The concentration of dissolved oxygen is frequently lower in the summer and fall when the water temperature is high.

Why is dissolved oxygen higher in cold water?

The amount of oxygen that water can store depends on its temperature and salinity. Because warm water molecules move more quickly than those in cold water and hence allow oxygen to escape from the water, warm water holds less dissolved oxygen than cold water.

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The most likely reason for this high incidence of cancer in these whales is chemical and pollutant runoff into the ocean.

In the waters north of Canada's St. Lawrence River, biologists have found beluga whales with the highest cancer rates of any wildlife surveyed. Dozens of chemicals have been found in the bodies of these beluga whales. Fish die from a lack of oxygen.

Toxic substances accumulate in high concentrations as they move up the food chain. Killer whales are the largest predators in the ocean, and because they are at the top of various food chains in their environment, they tend to be more susceptible to pollutants than other sea creatures. POPs become more concentrated as they move up the food chain.

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During times of relaxation, the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system utilizes discrete and localized innervation, stimulating only one or a few structures at the same time.

In general, parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions are very similar to the preganglionic axons are myelinated, on the other hand  post- ganglionic axons are unmyelinated. When Parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) is activated, this slows our heart and breathing rates, also lowers blood pressure .

Hence, parasympathetic part of your autonomic nervous system helps in balancing sympathetic nervous system. Sympathetic nervous system controls your body's fight or flight response, while  parasympathetic nervous system control body's response times of rest.

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Viruses only- Capsid, Capsomere (core protein), Envelope with glycoproteins

Host cell only- Ribosome

Both- Protein, RNA, DNA

A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only within an organism's living cells. Viruses infect all forms of life, including animals and plants, as well as microorganisms such as bacteria and archaea.

When infected, a host cell is frequently forced to produce thousands of copies of the original virus in a short period of time. These virus particles range in shape from simple helical and icosahedral structures to more complex structures. Most virus species have virions that are one-hundredth the size of most bacteria and are too small to be seen with an optical microscope.

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You are a public health official investigating an outbreak of Salmonella. To detect current cases you choose to examine patients' blood for the IgM antibody class.

Antibodies are proteins that defend you when an unwanted substance enters your body. Produced via your immune device, antibodies bind to these undesirable substances which will put them off your gadget. Another word for the antibody is immunoglobulin.

Antibodies are proteins produced by means of the immune gadget in reaction to contamination. They're a vital part of the frame's defense device as they work to smash sickness-causing organisms and block them from infecting human cells.

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The afferent arteriole contracts in response to increased salt levels, lowering blood flow to the glomerulus and the rate of glomerular filtration. To adjust blood volume and bring blood pressure back to normal, macula densa cells that sense variations in sodium chloride levels will initiate an autoregulatory response that will increase or reduce the reabsorption of ions and water to the blood (as needed).

The primary cells of the kidney are known as macula densa (MD) cells, which have important sensory and regulatory roles in the regulation of blood pressure, electrolyte homeostasis, and bodily fluids.The afferent arteriole is dilated by the macula densa cells in response to reduced sodium chloride, increasing GFR. The concentration of sodium chloride will rise in response to an increase in GFR.

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The combination of factors that would lead to the greatest oxygen unloading from hemoglobin are Low pH, high temperature, high PCO2, high 2,3-DPG.

BPG produced by erythrocytes binds with hemoglobin, reducing its affinity for oxygen, which increases the unloading of oxygen into the tissues.

Leftward shifts indicate an increased affinity for the binding of hemoglobin, so that more oxygen binds to hemoglobin, but less oxygen is unloaded from it into the tissues. Causes of leftward shifts include increased blood pH, decreased temperature, and carbon monoxide exposure.

Both increased body temperature and increased 2,3-BPG. As temperature or 2,3-BPG increases, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen decreases. That is, higher concentrations should be used to occupy the Hb binding sites.

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An organism is referred to as an autotroph if it uses energy to create organic molecules from inorganic ones.

An creature that can produce its own food utilizing energy from sunlight or a chemical source, as well as inorganic components to create organic nutrition, is known as an autotroph. Autotroph is derived from the Greek words auto, which means "self," and troph, which means "feeding." Chemoautotrophs can produce organic compounds on their own by fixing carbon dioxide.

These species are capable of creating their own food or energy. The oxidation of inorganic substances like iron, sulfur, or magnesium provides the energy needed for this process. Using either light energy (photoautotrophs) or energy from reduced molecules in the environment, autotrophs are organisms that generate new biomass from inorganic resources (carbon dioxide and mineral nutrients) (chemoautotrophs).

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The age range of the skull is less than 10 years old.

Forensic dentistry, also known as forensic odontology, is the handling, examination, and evaluation of dental evidence in the context of criminal justice. Forensic dentists help investigative agencies identify human remains, especially when identifying information is scarce or nonexistent—for example, identifying burn victims by consulting the victim's dental records. Forensic dentists may also be asked to assist in determining an unidentified person's age, race, occupation, previous dental history, and socioeconomic status.

Forensic dentists may use radiographs, ante- and post-mortem photographs, and DNA analysis to make their determinations. Bite marks, whether left on the victim (by the attacker), the perpetrator (from the victim of an attack), or on an object found at the crime scene, are another type of evidence that can be analyzed. However, this latter application of forensic dentistry has proven highly contentious, as no scientific studies or evidence substantiate that bite marks can demonstrate sufficient detail for positive identification, and there have been numerous instances where experts' evaluations of the same bite mark evidence have diverged widely.

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A filum terminale, an fibrous outgrowth of the pia mater that anchors your spinal cord to a coccyx, serves as the distal anchor for the spinal cord.

A nervous system , which is made up of the brainstem, is extended by the spinal cord.The spinal cord starts at the medulla oblongata, which is located at the base of the brain stem, and ends inside the lower back, where it tapers to create a cone known as the conus medullaris.

The filum terminale, also known as the "terminal thread," is a thin, 20 cm long strand of fibrous connective tissue that extends downward from the conus medullaris' apex.It is an adaptation of the pia mater.

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Answer: The answer here is a. Primary Succession.

This is because the environment has virtually been decimated.

The direction of South America were not there.

Direction is defined as the  path os something takes, the path that is must be taken by  to the reach of  a specific place, the way in this  which something by  starting to develop or to the  way you are facing the problem. An example of direction is when you are going right instead of left.

The direction of the Southern Equatorial currently changes. The main reason is the continental  deflection. If South America is not there,we have to explain how the direction of to the South Equatorial is  currently would not be different. If the continental was not there, then this is the direction would not be  change. The current would continue moving to the West.

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Answer:

A molecule is composed of atleast two atoms.

Explanation:

Answer: A

Explanation:

A molecule of an element is composed of at least two types of atoms.

Wolves mammals were found to have a vocal range of 7 octaves, nearly twice that of humans.

The seventh octave is the interval between C7 and C8. It is easier for very high coloratura sopranos to sing in this octave, however certain bass singers (such as Adam Lopez, Virgo Degan, Nicola Sedda, or Dimash Kudaibergen) can achieve it.

According to the experts, a bat's natural voice range is seven octaves. "That is incredible. Most animals have three to four, and humans have roughly three "Professor Elemans said.

Only humans, songbirds, and some nonhuman mammals, such as dolphins, whales, elephants, seals, and bats, belong to the vocal-learning camp.

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Released by dead cells: Endotoxins Secreted by living cells: Exotoxins Are virulence factors: Both Produced by Gram-negative bacteria: Endotoxins Composed of protein:

Exotoxins Harm the host by overstimulating the host's immune defense: Both Include hemolysins: Exotoxins Produced by Gram-positive bacteria: Exotoxins Component of lipopolysaccharide: Endotoxins Exotoxins are a group of soluble proteins that are secreted by bacteria, enter host cells, and catalyze the covalent modification of one or more host cell components to alter host cell physiology. Both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria produce exotoxins.

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Option (a) : New evidence from molecular biology provides overwhelming support that all life evolved from a single ancestor.

The study of molecular biology, which includes biomolecular synthesis, modification, processes, and interactions, aims to comprehend the molecular underpinnings of biological activity within and between cells. Molecular biology is the study of the physical and chemical composition of biological macromolecules.

The study of biological molecules and their interactions is only one aspect of molecular biology; it also encompasses a variety of methods created since the field's inception that have helped researchers understand how molecules function. In this sense, it has advanced and complemented earlier approaches to understanding nature, such as biochemistry and genetics.

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When swallowing, the cartilage flap known as the epiglottis shuts to stop food and liquid from entering the airways. Food and liquids cannot enter the windpipe because of the little, moveable "lid" called the epiglottis, which is located directly above the larynx.

Epiglottis swelling has the potential to entirely close off the airway. The epiglottis, a cartilage structure like a leaf, seals the glottis to prevent food from entering during swallowing. It covers the glottis to stop food from passing through during the swallowing motion. It remains open while breathing, allowing air to enter the larynx.

So, it is safe to assume that the closure of the cartilage flap known as the epiglottis during swallowing prevents food and liquid from entering the airways.

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A homeobox is a highly conserved nucleotide sequence that has been found in developmental regulatory genes in many diverse organisms.

A homeobox is a 180-base pair-long DNA sequence that regulates large-scale anatomical features in the early stages of embryonic development.

Genes that are found in all organisms are the most highly conserved. These are primarily the ncRNAs as well as proteins needed for transcription and translation, which are thought to have been passed down from the last universal common ancestor of all life. The bacterium Haemophilus influenzae Rd Kw20's 1,830,138-base genome was published 15 years ago this year, making it the first cellular life form to have its entire genome sequenced.

For example, mutations in a homeobox may alter the full-grown organism's large-scale anatomical features.

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Cell division is common in all these types of cells where the cells are continuously dividing and generating new cells. These have the property of regeneration  and they divide lifetime. The length of the telomers describe the life of the cells.

Permanent cells are the type of cells that are incapable of regeneration. Examples of such cells are neurons, heart cells along with  skeletal muscle cells  & red blood cells .

Some cells such as skin's  cells and blood cells are capable of  dividing all the time. When certain cells become damaged or gets death then the body creates new cells in order  to replace them. This process is called cell division.

Some of the nerve cells are present in the body before the birth even and then the duration of their life is persistent. In the process of post natal neurogenesis the new cells of neurons are formed.

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Deep Earth Extraction, Inc., operates a facility near Estuary Bay. Discharging waste from the facility into the bay can result in penalties and damages.

Waste disposal is the removal, disposal, recycling, or destruction of unwanted materials such as waste produced by agriculture, domestic use, or industrial products. Following proper waste disposal methods will result in less pollution and environmental hazards.

Proper waste disposal improves air and water quality while also lowering greenhouse gas emissions. It aids in reducing resource extraction as well as pollution and energy consumption associated with the production of new materials. According to the largest ever report on the industry for the UK government, recycling is almost always the best way to get rid of waste, even when it is exported abroad.

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Answer:

Party games.

Tabletop games.

Video games.

Answer: Vacuoles

Explanation:

True. the two-neuron chain allows increased communication and control of the effector organ.

Effectors are cells or organs that produce responses to stimuli. Action potentials allow nerve cells to carry electrical signals over long distances without losing signal strength. Electrical impulses are actively and rapidly propagated through the axons to the nerve terminals and are known as the allor-non phenomenon. Action potentials result from changes in the permeability of ion channels in the cell membrane.

When there is a chain of two neurons, the action potential will double in signaling. So that it will increase the line of communication to the effector.

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The genotype liGG is previously unidentified.

The phenotypes of the children can be used to identify the unknown genotype. If mating the recessive phenotype individual with the unknown dominant phenotype (PP or Pp genotype) results in solely dominant phenotypes, the unidentified person is homozygous dominant (no recessive).

The test cross is yet another crucial device Gregor Mendel invented. A test cross is a genetic experiment that involves crossing a homozygous recessive organism having a dominant phenotype with an unidentified genotype (and phenotype).

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The Platypus is a one-of-a-kind Australian species. Platypuses, like echidnas, belong to a separate transaction of mammals recognised as monotremes, that are distinguished from other mammals by the fact that they lay eggs.

The duck-billed platypus, the short-billed echidna as well as the western long-billed echidna are the only extant species of monotremes. Monotremes, like other mammals, have a segmented jaw, three bones in the middle ear, are warm blooded, as well as lactate. However, those who have retained at least some therapsid reptile characteristics, such as egg laying and the presence of a cloaca.

Even though these animals are frequently referred to that as primitive as well as ancestral, they are not all mammals' ancestors. Instead, monotremes were a very early mammalian radiation that evolved from early synapsids, that are thought to have been reptile-like mammals.

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