The correct option is a). The product has a lower Rf value on a silica gel TLC plate because it is more polar than the starting methyl benzoate.
Describe a TLC plate.
A glass, metal, or plastic sheet that has been thinly covered with a solid adsorbent (usually silica or alumina)is known as a TLC plate. Near the bottom of this plate, there is a tiny bit of the mixture to be tested.
Silica gel has lots pores with contains water, and we know that water is polar. So we can say that our stationary phase here silica gel is polar. In chemistry we say 'like dissolves like' therefore polar substance interacts with polar substances. If interaction is more than Rf value will be less. Rf value is nothing but the distance travelled by molecule on TLC plate. Here methyl m nitrobenzoate has nitro group which is polar in nature therefore it will interact with water in silica gel and she this it will travel less distance therefore Rf value is lower than methyl benzoate which does not interact with water in silica gel as it has no polar groups therefore runs faster and travels more distance hence the high Rf.
Therefore, the correct option is a). The product has a lower Rf value on a silica gel TLC plate because it is more polar than the starting methyl benzoate.
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You are titrating a solution of sodium hydroxide of unknown concentration with a solution of phosphoric acid that has a concentration of 0. 220 m. Starting with 24. 0 ml of the sodium hydroxide solution, you use 19. 4 ml of the acid to titrate the base to completion. Calculate the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution.
The concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution after titration is 0.816M.
Calculate the concentration of the base by using the equation for neutralization reaction.
n₁M₁V₁ = n₂M₂V₂
Where,
n₁, M₁ and V₁ are the are the n-factor, molarity and volume of acid (H₃PO₄).
n₂, M₂ and V₂ are the n-factor, molarity and volume of base (NaOH).
Given,
n₁ = 3
M₁ = 0.220 M
V₁ = 24 mL
n₂ = 1
M₂ = ?
V₂ = 19.4 mL
Substituting the values we get,
n₁M₁V₁ = n₂M₂V₂
⇒ 3 × 0.22 × 24 = 1 × M₂ × 19.4
⇒ M₂ = (3 × 0.22 × 24) / 19.4
⇒ M₂ = 0.816 mL
Hence, the value of the concentration of the base is 0.816 mL.
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What happens to water molecules when they freeze and become solid ice?
The potential energy of water is decreased when water molecules when they freeze and become solid ice.
Because molecules have energy, they move constantly. Water molecules move more quickly and are essentially in continuous interaction with one another when they are in a liquid state instead of to a solid state.
The potential energy of the liquid decreases as it cools, which causes the molecules to start moving more slowly. The molecules of water bind together at a temperature of about 0°C to produce ice.
Intermolecular hydrogen bonds keep water molecules together, make it a liquid.
Hence, When water molecules freeze and turn into solid ice, their potential energy decreases.
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What patterns do you notice in the periodic table?
In the periodic table, we notice that elements move up or down a column, they are grouped together into groupings with comparable chemical properties.
The periodic table is reflected in the patterns and trends in its rows and columns. Elements are grouped together into groups that have similar chemical characteristics as they move up or down a column. The atoms trend smaller or larger in size, and their reactivities fluctuate left to right within a row.
Beyond periods and groups, the periodic table divides elements into four groups called blocks: the s block, the p block, the d block, and the f block. These groups provide more information about the arrangement of the electrons, who their likely neighbors are in the table, and which electrons are their valence electrons.
So, Elements are grouped together into groups with similar chemical properties as they progress up or down a column.
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Why do atronomer think the univere began with an exploion (the "Big
Bang Theory?"
Answer:
Explanation: The best-supported theory of our universe's origin centers on an event known as the big bang. This theory was born of the observation that other galaxies are moving away from our own at great speed in all directions as if they had all been propelled by an ancient explosive force.
Omg help I’m being timed
What is the formula of gas?
The equations describing these laws are special cases of the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, where P is the pressure of the gas, V is its volume, n is the number of moles of the gas, T is its kelvin temperature, and R is the ideal (universal) gas constant.
By rearranging the ideal gas law, P=n(RTV)=nconst, it can be demonstrated that the pressure of a sample of gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas present when volume and temperature are maintained constant. The common measurement of pressure is the pascal (Pa). The kilopascal is the most practical measure for measuring commonplace gas pressures since a pascal is a relatively tiny unit of pressure (kPa). There are 1000 pascals in a kilopascal. The atmosphere is yet another widely used pressure measurement unit (atm).
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Why calcium chloride is a salt widely used UN us to melt ice on sidewalks and roads Why CaCl2 is better than nacl to melt snow?
Calcium chloride is widely used to melt the ice on the sidewalks because it has a lower freezing point.
The mixture of calcium chloride and water is used to melt the ice on the roads in countries with extremely cold climates. Eutectic mixture is the name given to the calcium chloride (CaCl₂) and water combination.
Compared to sodium chloride, this combination has a much lower freezing point which makes it less preferable.
Although sodium chloride (NaCl) has a far greater freezing point than calcium chloride, it is still an excellent alternative for melting ice.
Because it makes cleaning the roadways simpler, calcium chloride is always preferable to sodium chloride.
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draw the orbital diagram for a group 5a(15) element. how many unpaired electrons are present in the ground state of the atoms in group 4a(14)?l
There are two unpaired electrons present in the ground state of the atoms in group 4A(14) in the periodic table.
Electronic configuration explains the arrangement of the electrons in each subshell and each orbital of an atom. The general electronic configuration of group 4A elements is written as ns2np2. The total number of valence electrons in group 4A elements is four. Two electrons are present in s-orbital which is paired and two electrons are present in p-orbital which is unpaired. Therefore, the number of unpaired electrons present in the ground state of the atoms in Group 4A(14) is two. The electrons cannot be in the same orbital because of Hund's Rule which states that in a set of degenerate orbitals.
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a sample of pure fe2o3 contains 14.8 g of oxygen atoms. calculate the total grams of fe2o3. the molar mass of fe2o3 is 159.69 g/mol.
The total grams of Fe2O3 are 49.2 g Fe2O3.
What is gramme?
The gramme is a unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI) that is equal to one thousandth of a kilogramme. It was originally known as the gramme.
The inorganic substance with the formula Fe2O3 is known as iron(III) oxide or ferric oxide. It is one of the three primary oxides of iron, the other two being the rare iron(II) oxide (FeO) and the naturally occurring iron(II,III) oxide (Fe3O4) found in the mineral magnetite. The primary iron source for the steel industry is Fe2O3, which is the mineral hematite. Acids easily penetrate Fe2O3. Rust is frequently referred to as Iron(III) oxide, and to some extent this term is helpful because of the similarities in composition and a number of its features; nevertheless, in chemistry, rust is a poorly defined substance that is defined as Hydrous ferric oxide.
? g Fe2O3 = 14.8 g O ×1 mol O/15.9994 g O×1 mol Fe2O3/3 mol O×159.69 g Fe2O3/1 mol Fe2O3
= 49.2 g Fe2O3
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How many moles of O2 are in a
container with a volume of 67 L
at STP?
for a given molecule, when the molecule deviates from its non-ideal geometry, the non-ideal geometry is lower in energy than the ideal geometry
The structure of a molecule like CH 2O (AX 3), whose double bond repels single bonds more potently than single bonds repel each other, is given below. As a result, the geometry is not perfect.
What leads to a departure from the optimal bond angle?A molecule shape's actual bond angles can differ for a variety of reasons. The size of the participating atoms, the presence of lone pairs, numerous bonds, and big groups bound to the core atom
Why does a molecule experience distortion in perfect geometry?Since a lone pair of electrons requires more space than a bonding pair does, the molecular geometry is altered to provide the lone pair with more room, which leads to narrower bond angles than in the ideal geometry.
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What is the pressure of a tire at 25°C if the pressure is 1.5 m when the temperature is 15°C?
Ideal gas law is valid only for ideal gas not for vanderwaal gas. Therefore, the pressure of a tire at 25°C if the pressure is 1.5 atm when the temperature is 15°C is 1.55 atm.
What is ideal gas equation?Ideal gas equation is the mathematical expression that relates pressure volume and temperature. There is no force of attraction between the particles.
Mathematically the relation between Pressure, temperature and volume can be given as
PV=nRT
Rearranging the equation we get
P₁÷T₁=P₂÷T₂
where,
P = pressure
T =temperature
R = Gas constant = 0.0821 L.atm/K.mol
Substituting all the given values, we get
P₁÷T₁=P₂÷T₂
1.5 ÷288=P₂÷298K
P₂=1.55 atm
Therefore, the pressure of a tire at 25°C if the pressure is 1.5 atm when the temperature is 15°C is 1.55 atm.
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which transition state is more stable and why? select an answer and submit. for keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a the transition state that produces the markovnikov product is more stable because a partial positive charge is forming on tertiary carbon your answer b the transition state that produces the markovnikov product is more stable because a partial positive charge is forming on primary carbon c the transition state that produces the anti-markovnikov product is more stable because a partial positive charge is forming on tertiary carbon d the transition state that produces the anti-markovnikov product is more stable because a partial positive charge is forming on primary carbon
Answer:
The closer the transition state to the product, the more stable it is. It is because this transition state is closest to the final form of the product, which is usually stable
A plant is left in a protected greenhouse that pumps in fresh carbon dioxide. The plant also has access to sunlight and can make its own sugar. However, the plant is beginning to die. What is most likely missing?.
For the plant, it can be too hot or too cold. Water is not required by the plant. Carbon dioxide is not necessary for the plant. In order to photosynthesize their food, plants first utilize CO2, but they also use oxygen.
What is photosynthesis?
The plant can produce its own sugar and has access to sunlight. The plant can produce its own sugar and has access to sunlight. But the plant is starting to wither. The process by which plants convert carbon dioxide, water, and sunshine into oxygen and sugar-based energy is known as photosynthesis. Once they have carbon dioxide and water, they can use solar energy to create food. Another gas called oxygen is a byproduct of the production of plant nourishment. The leaves emit this oxygen into the atmosphere.
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How many electrons are in the outermost shell of the ge4+ ion in its ground state?.
There are eighteen electrons in the outermost shell of the Ge4+ ion in its ground state.
Electron configuration of germaniumThe electronic configuration shows that the last shell of germanium has four electrons and the d orbital has a total of ten electrons, but the ionic state of the element changes depending on the bond formation.
Electron configuration of the Ge4+ ionThe germanium atom donates two electrons in the 4p orbital and two electrons in the 4s orbital to convert the germanium ion (Ge4+).
Ge – 4e– → Ge4+
The electronic configuration of the germanium ion (Ge4+) is:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10.
Electrons in the last shell of the Ge4+ ionThe electron configuration shows that the Ge4+ ion has three shells and the last shell has 18 electrons.
In other words, there are eighteen valence electrons in the germanium Ge4+ ion.
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Calculate the change in ph when 9. 00 ml of 0. 100 m hcl(aq) is added to 100. 0 ml of a buffer solution that is 0. 100 m in nh3(aq) and 0. 100 m in nh4cl(aq). Consult the table of ionization constants as needed.
The change in ph when 9.00 ml of 0.100 m HCl(aq) is added to 100.0 ml of a buffer solution that is 0.100 m in NH₃(aq) and 0.100 m in NH₄Cl(aq) is 0.0784
the change in pH can be calculate as follows
Calculate initial pH
Kb = 1.8*10⁻⁵
pKb = - log (Kb)
= - log(1.8*10⁻⁵)
= 4.745
pOH = pKb + log {[conjugate acid]/[base]}
= 4.745+ log {0.1/0.1}
= 4.745
PH = 14 - pOH
= 14 - 4.7447
= 9.2553
Calculate pH after adding HCl
mol of HCl added = 0.1M *9.0 mL = 0.9 mmol
NH₃ will react with H⁺ to form NH₄⁺
Before Reaction:
mol of NH₃ = 0.1 M *100.0 mL
mol of NH₃ = 10 mmol
mol of NH₄⁺ = 0.1 M *100.0 mL
mol of NH₄+ = 10 mmol
after reaction,
mol of NH₃ = mol present initially - mol added
mmol of NH₃ = (10 - 0.9) mmol
mol of NH₃ = 9.1 mmol
mol of NH₄+ = mol present initially + mol added
mol of NH₄+ = (10 + 0.9) mmol
mol of NH₄+ = 10.9 mmol
since volume is both in numerator and denominator, we can use mol instead of concentration
Kb = 1.8*10⁻⁵
pKb = - log (Kb)
= - log(1.8*10⁻⁵)
= 4.745
After the reaction, the following equation holds true:
mol of NH₃ = mol present initially - mol added
mol of NH₃ = (10 - 0.9)
mol of NH₃ = 9.1 mmol
mol of NH₄+ = mol present initially + mol added
mol of NH₄+= (10 + 0.9)
Since volume appears in both the numerator and denominator of the equation, we can use mol in place of concentration:
mmol of NH₄⁺ = 10.9 mmol
Kb = 1.8*10⁻⁵ pKb = -log(Kb) = -log(1.8*10⁻⁵) = 4.745
pOH = pKb + log [conjugate acid]/[base] = 4.745 + log [10.9/9.1] = 4.823
pH = 14 - pOH = 14 - 4.8231 = 9.1769
The reaction between NH₄+ and OH⁻ will produce NH₃ when mol of NaOH supplied is 0.1M *9.0 mL = 0.9 mmol.
NH₃ = 0.1 M * 100.0 mL mol of NH₃ = 10 mmol NH₄+ = 0.1 M * 100.0 mL mol of NH₄⁺ = 10 mmol
After reaction, the equation is:
Mol of NH₃ = Mol originally present + Mol of NH₃ added = (10 + 0.9).
mol of NH₃ = 10.9 mmol
mol of NH₄⁺ = mol initially present - mol added
mol of NH₄⁺ = (10 - 0.9)
Since volume is in both the numerator and the denominator
mol of NH₄⁺ = 9.1 mmol,
we can substitute mol for concentration.
Kb = 1.8*10⁻⁵
pKb = -log(Kb) = -log(1.8*10⁻⁵) = 4.745
Make use of:
pOH = pKb + log [conjugate acid]/[base] = 4.745 + log [9.1/10.9] = 4.666
occupy:
pH = 14 - pOH = 14 - 4.6663 = 9.3337
pH = final pH - initial pH
= 9.3337 - 9.2553
= 0.0784
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Which group is most likely to react with the halogens?
Explain why the spectrum produced by a 1-gram sample of element z would have the same spectral lines at the same wavelengths as the spectrum produced by a 2-gram sample of element z.
The spectrum produced by a 1-gram sample of element z would have the same spectral lines at the same wavelengths as the spectrum produced by a 2-gram sample of element z because the position of the spectral lines does not depend on the amount of mass. but of the type of atom or molecule that produces them.
What are spectral lines?They are dark or bright lines in a uniform and continuous spectrum, the result of an excess or deficiency of photons in a narrow range of frequencies, compared to other nearby frequencies.
Spectral lines correspond to a certain atomDue to the intrinsic property that each atom has to emit a single spectral line, these lines have been very useful to identify the chemical composition of any medium that allows light to pass through it.
The use of spectroscopyThe spectral lines also depend on the physical conditions of the gas, hence they are used to determine the physical characteristics and chemical composition of stars and other celestial bodies, for which there is no other method of analysis.
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A metalloid acts as a conductor at what temperature
Answer: high temperatures
Explanation:
It varies.
Why does chlorine have a lower melting point than phosphorus?
If we compare the size of chlorine and phosphorous, along the period, size of the atom decreases.
So, size of chlorine is smaller thank the phosphorous.
Due to the smaller molecule size of chlorine with comparatively weaker van der Waals attractions, and so chlorine will have a lower melting and boiling point than phosphorus.
Whereas, Phosphorous has 4 atoms of phosphorous making it bigger in size than the molecule chlorine.
It has more number of electrons, hence stronger will be the Van Der Waal's forces of attraction, so a higher melting point.
As higher energy will be needed to overcome these intermolecular forces.
Vander Waal forces of attraction is the attraction of intermolecular forces between molecules.
There are two kinds of Van der Waals forces:
Weak London dispersion forces and
Stronger dipole-dipole forces.
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Is chlorine polar or nonpolar bond?
Chlorine is a non-polar bond. An example of a non-polar bond is the bond in chlorine.
Chlorine contains two chlorine atoms. The electrons are shared equally because the electronegativity difference between the two atoms is zero.
When two atoms share electrons evenly, a type of chemical bond known as a non-polar covalent link is created. The number of electrons shared by the neighboring atoms in an atom will therefore be equal. Because of the largest minor difference in electronegativity, the covalent bond is also referred to as nonpolar.
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Why the reduction potential of Cu2+ is positive?
When compared to H+/H, a positive result for Cu2+/Cu implies that the reduction occurs more quickly. It is a stronger oxidising agent as a result.
It also implies that Cu is unable to convert acidic H+ ions to H2 using this process. A species' propensity to gain electrons and become reduced is known as its reduction potential. It is expressed in volts or millivolts. Greater reduction potential is indicated by larger positive reduction potential readings. High enthalpy of atomization and low enthalpy of hydration characterise copper. Because the considerable energy required to convert Cu(s) to Cu(aq)2+ is not offset by hydration enthalpy, the value of E(Cu2+/Cu) is unusually positive. Cu2+ has a typical reduction potential of +0.34 For instance, Cu2+ possesses a positive charge and has lost two electrons. oxidise to bring about the loss of electrons in an atom or group of atoms during a chemical process.
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integrating concepts the reaction of vanadium(ii) oxide with iron(iii) oxide results in the formation of vanadium(v) oxide and iron(ii) oxide. write the balanced chemical equation.
The balanced chemical equation:
2VO + 3fe2O₃ → V2O₅ + 6FeO
What is balanced chemical reaction?
A chemical equation is said to be balanced if the same amount of atoms of each type are involved in the reaction on both the reactant and product sides. A chemical equation that is in balance will have an equal amount of mass and change.
On the left and right sides of the reaction arrow in a balanced equation, the same number of each type of atom is present. The products go on the right side of the arrow when writing a balanced equation, and the reactants go on the left.
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A 12-ounce can of soda contains 14 grams of sugar. How many grams of sugar are in 1 ounce of soda?.
In 1 ounce of soda, there are 1.17 sugar grams. if 14 grams of sugar are present in a 12-ounce a can soda
Describe the division method.A bunch of items are divided into equal portions using the division method. Multiplications are the exact opposite of divisions. For instance, dividing by two (20) means dividing it into two (10-piece) equal groups. The inverse of multiplication is division. When you multiply three groups of four to produce twelve, you get four in each group when you split twelve into three equal groups.
In light of this, a 12-ounce a can Coke has 14 sugar grams.
Considering that, a 12-ounce soda can has 14 sugar grams. So, 1 ounce of soda has 14/12 = 1.17 grams of soda.
As a result, 1.17 sugar grams are present in 1 ounce of soda.
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will a precipitate form when 20.0 ml of 0.10 m ba(no3)2(aq) and 50.0 ml of 0.10 m na2co3 (aq) are mixed together? ksp baco3
A precipitate will form when 20.0 ml of 0.10 m ba(no3)2(aq) and 50.0 ml of 0.10 m na2co3 (aq) are mixed together.
What is a precipitate?
In aqueous solution, precipitation is the process of turning a soluble substance into an insoluble solid from a supersaturated solution.Precipitation of a compound can occur when its concentration exceeds its solubility. This may be due to temperature changes, solvent evaporation, or mixing of solvents. Precipitation occurs faster from a highly oversaturated solution.Chemical reaction forming a precipitate. When the barium chloride solution reacts with sulfuric acid, a white precipitate of barium sulfate is formed. Potassium iodide solution reacts with lead(II) nitrate solution to form a yellow lead(II) iodide precipitate.To know more about precipitate, click the link given below:
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Preservatives commonly used to slow the development of off-flavors, odors, and color changes caused by oxidation.a. True
b. False
True. Antioxidants are frequently added to foods that contain fat as preservatives to prevent or postpone the development of rancidity brought on by oxidation.
What food additives are used to prevent oxidation in many processed foods alcoholic beverages and drugs?Antioxidants are widely used as preservatives in foods containing fat to stop or delay the development of rancidity caused by oxidation. Tocopherols and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) are examples of natural antioxidants (vitamin E).Most food is spoiled by the oxidation process, especially foods with a lot of fat. When fats are exposed to air, they rapidly go rancid. The oxidation process is stopped or inhibited by antioxidants. Vitamin C ascorbic acid and ascorbates are the two most widely used antioxidant supplements.The phenolic chemicals butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), which are related, are frequently added to foods to preserve fats and oils and prevent them from going rancid.To learn more about Antioxidants refer,
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(1.) A botanist in a laboratory is attempting to grow pothos plants at a faster rate. In order for the plants to grow faster, they must absorb 7.51 x 10° J of energy. What frequency of light is needed to produce a faster growing plant?
(2.) What is the wavelength needed to produce a faster growing plant?
According to the electromagnetic spectrum and the E= hcυ , the frequency of light is 3.77×10²⁶ s[tex]^-1[/tex] and wavelength of light is 26.5×10[tex]^-[/tex][tex]^28[/tex] m.
What is electromagnetic spectrum?The electromagnetic spectrum consists of electromagnetic radiation which consists of waves made up of electromagnetic field which are capable of propogating through space and carry the radiant electromagnetic energy.
The radiation are composed of electromagnetic waves which are synchronized oscillations of electric and magnetic fields . They are created due to change which is periodic in electric as well as magnetic fields.
In the given problem, frequency of light is calculated as, υ=E/hc which is υ=75.1/6.626×10[tex]^-[/tex]³⁴×3×10⁸=3.77×10²⁶ per second and as wavelength is reciprocal of frequency that is λ=1/υ=1/3.77×10²⁶=26.5×10[tex]^-28[/tex] m.
Thus the frequency and wavelength of light is 3.77×10²⁶ per second and 26.5×10[tex]^-28[/tex] m respectively.
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a penny has a total of 3.1g. Zinc makes up 2.9g of the penny. What is the % by mass of zinc in the penny?
Answer:
Answer: 93.54%Explanation: Divide the mass of the zinc by the total mass of the penny. 2.9/3.1=0.9354To get to a percent, multiply by 100.
Explanation:
93.54% of zinc in the penny when a penny has a total mass of 3.1 grams and zinc makes up 2.9 g of the penny.
What is mass?
Mass is simply the measure of the amount of matter in a body.
Divide the mass of the zinc by the total mass of the penny.
=0.9354
To get to a percent, multiply by 100.
0.9354 x 100 = 93.54
Thus, the mass of the zinc in the penny is 93.54%.
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In aqueous solution, classify the compounds as strong acids, weak acids, strong bases, weak bases other. H3PO4, HF, LiOH, Ba(OH)2, (CH3)3N, NH3, CH3, COOH, NaCl, HNO3, HCl, CsOH, H2CO3, H2SO4,HCN, Ca(OH)2, Hi, NO3, HCN, H2CO3.
Here is the classification of each compound:
Strong acids: HI, HNO₃, HCl, and H₂SO₄Weak acids: H₃PO₄, HF, CH₃COOH, HCN, and H₂CO₃Strong base: LiOH, Ba(OH)₂, CsOH, and Ca(OH)₂Weak base: (CH₃)₃N, NH₃, and NO₃Others: NaClAcid is a substance that, in an aqueous solution, is ionized and gives H⁺ ions when dissociates. Strong acids are substances that are completely ionized in solution, while weak acids are only partially ionized.
Base is a substance that, in an aqueous solution, is ionized and gives OH⁻ ions when dissociates. Strong bases are completely ionized, while weak bases are only partially ionized.
Since weak acids and weak bases don't go 100% to completion, their reactions are reversible reactions (written using ⇄ symbols instead of the usual arrow).
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How do you predict the number of bonds?
Covalent bonds are made by sharing of electrons to complete the octet or doublet of the atom to attain stability.
Covalent bond refers to the mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms.
These electrons simultaneously attract the atomic nuclei of the two atoms participating in the covalent bond.
A covalent bond is formed only when the electronegativity difference of two atoms is too small so that an electron transfer to form ions will not occur.
Number of bonds for a neutral atom = (Number of electrons in the complete valence shell i.e. 2 or 8 electrons) - (Number of valence electrons of the atom)
for example:
Number of bonds for a neutral carbon = (Number of electrons in the complete valence shell i.e. 2 or 8 electrons) - (Number of valence electrons of the carbon)
which means,
Number of bonds for carbon atom = 8 - 4
Number of bonds for carbon atom = 4
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