Three bands are frequently visible on an agarose gel after uncut plasmid DNA has been extracted. This is because the circular DNA adopts a variety of conformations, the most prevalent of which are supercoiled, relaxed, and nicked.
In gel electrophoresis, how many bands should you expect to see?The answer's key is that a DNA sample will create two or three bands if the DNA has been cut.
How many bands generated from the digested DNA will be visible after gel electrophoresis?Normally, fully digested plasmid DNA only exhibits a single band, which is a linear representation of the plasmid with a lane that is the expected size. Two possible variants of an undigested plasmid may be visible in its lane: CCC dimer and CCC monomer forms.
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RNA polymerase adds ribonucleotides onto the _____ end of a growing rna by forming _____ bonds.
In order to create an RNA-DNA hybrid of around 8 base pairs in length, RNA polymerase is able to add ribonucleotides that are complementary to the DNA sense strand as the DNA is unwound. As RNA polymerase catalyses the production of phosphodiester bonds between the ribonucleotides, a developing RNA chain is generated.
Does the 3 end get added to by RNA polymerase?
RNA polymerase, which creates a complementary strand of RNA using a single-stranded DNA template, is the primary enzyme involved in transcription. Each new nucleotide is added to the 3' end of the strand as RNA polymerase constructs an RNA strand in the 5' to 3' orientation.
Do ribonucleotides get added by RNA polymerase?
Based on complementary base pairing, RNA Polymerase adds ribonucleotides to the template strand to produce an mRNA. The promoter region of the DNA strand is where the sigma protein initially breaks apart the double helix. The RNA polymerase then passes the DNA template strand through it.
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What is the term for the contractile response of a single muscle fiber to a single muscle impulse?
Twitch is the term for the contractile response of a single muscle fiber to a single muscle impulse.
Twitch is the sudden involuntary movement in the muscle. This happens when the muscle contract on their own. It is also called muscle fasciculation. There are several reason for twitch like: stress, too much caffeine, a poor diet, exercise, or even side effect of some medicines.
Muscles are the loose tissues in the body that mediate the movement of the body parts. They also provide support of the bones. There are three types of muscles in human body: skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles.
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Craniofacial size has reduced over the course of human evolution, including during the transition from foraging to farming. Place the sequence of events following the dietary transition in chronological order to show how craniofacial growth became reduced. size has reduced over the course of human evolution, including during the transition from foraging to farming. Place the sequence of events following the dietary transition in chronological order to show how craniofacial growth became reduced.
Consuming food that was less difficult to chew, putting less stress on the jaw bones and muscles involved in chewing.
Why do people get craniofacial disorders?The infant's skull or face bones fuse together prematurely or in an incorrect fashion, resulting in craniofacial abnormalities such craniosynostosis. An newborn may experience neurological issues if the bones fuse together too early, which can cause harm to the developing brain since it cannot properly expand.
What exactly is cranial-facial?The bones of the skull and face are referred to as craniofacial in medicine. Birth defects of the face or head are referred to as cranial abnormalities. Some birth abnormalities are among the most prevalent, including cleft lip and palate. Some are quite uncommon.
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which glands secrete their product by way of a duct directly onto an epithelial surface?
What are the 4 characteristics of hypothesis?
The number one capabilities of a hypothesis speculation are falsifiability and testability, which might be contemplated in an assertion summarizing the concept and withinside the capacity to be supported or refuted thru statement and experimentation.
Following are the traits of the speculation: The speculation must be clean and unique to don't forget it to be reliable. If the speculation is a relational speculation, then it must be pointing out the connection among variables. The speculation need to be precise and must have scope for accomplishing extra tests.
A exact Hypothesis need to own the subsequent traits – 1.It is in no way formulated withinside the shape of a question. 2.It must be empirically testable, whether or not it's far proper or wrong. 3.It must be precise and unique. 4.It must specify variables among which the connection is to be established.
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Is fire thermal or chemical energy?
Fire is a chemical process that produces carbon dioxide and water from a fuel and oxygen. It is an exothermic process, which means it generates heat.
Fire is a chemical process that requires three fundamental components: oxygen, fuel, and heat. Because oxygen is present almost everywhere on Earth that is not buried or underwater, and many objects are made of fuel (everything that burns), those items are just waiting for enough heat to cause them to burn.
Fire needs heat to burn, but it also generates heat. That is how fire can both maintain itself and spread. When one thing catches fire, it continually radiates heat to its surrounds.
If an object made of fuel (such as wood, paper, or cloth) is nearby and warms up sufficiently, it will begin to burn. Every flammable object that is sufficiently heated in an oxygen-rich atmosphere will catch fire.
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dna fragments can be separated out by size using gel electrophoesis. what property of dna allows this process to occur?
Because the DNA molecule is negatively charged, an electric field can draw it through the gel. This property of DNA allows this process to occur.
What is gel electrophoresis? Describe how this is used to separate and detect DNA fragments.
The technique of gel electrophoresis is used to separate mixture components according to their sizes. DNA, RNA, or even a combination of proteins could make up the mixture. On the electrophoresis plate, a gel matrix made of a suitable material is spread (for example, agarose gel). A grove in the gel is loaded with the mixture, and an electrical field is then applied to it. Depending on the size and charge of their molecules, the particles in the mixture move away from the initially charged end and toward the oppositely charged end. It has been observed that smaller particles travel more quickly and farther from the initial position.
What is DNA?The molecule that is found inside cells that carries the genetic material necessary for an organism to develop and function. This knowledge can be passed on from one generation to next thanks to DNA molecules.
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regarding gi function, which of the following best describes the actions of atropine? a. atropine enhance the release of gastric juices. b. atropine is a competetive antagonist of cholinergic muscarinic post- synaptic receptors. c. atropine is a competetive antagonist of adrenergic post- synaptic receptors. d. atropine is secreted by chief cells in the stomach.
The simultaneous induction of two second messenger reactions—adenylyl cyclase inhibition, which reduces cAMP accumulation, and stimulation of phospholipase C (PLC), which hydrolyzes phosphoinositides to produce inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) and diacylglycerol—is a characteristic of mAChR activation in gastrointestinal smooth muscle (DAG). A number of proteins are phosphorylated as a result of IP3 releasing Ca2+ from intracellular reserves and DAG activating protein kinase C (PKC) [1,9,15]. Additionally, intricate reciprocal regulation of second messenger pathways is shown by muscarinic subtypes.
In ileal longitudinal muscles from mAChR-KO and wild-type mice, Sakamoto et al. (2007) [23] investigated the effects of the powerful non-subtype-selective muscarinic agonist carbachol on buildup of cAMP evoked by the -adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline, which activates adenylyl cyclases. A greater amount of isoprenaline-stimulated cell death was inhibited by carbachol (1 M).
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a shark eats a penguin that has recently been feeding on some krill. the penguin has 100 joules worth of energy, but the shark ultimately gains only about 10 joules. where does the rest of the energy go? (2 points)
Answer: answer below
Explanation: A shark eats a penguin that has recently been feeding on some krill. The penguin has 100 joules worth of energy, but the shark ultimately gains only about 10 joules. Where does the rest of the energy go? It is used for cell functions or transformed to heat energy.
if you want to find the best time of year to visit Thailand, which method of forecasting would be the best to use? Explain your answer.
If you want to find the best time of year to visit Thailand straight line method of forecasting would be the best one to use.
What is forecasting?Forecasting is a technique by it is that uses historically figured data as inputs to the make informed estimated that is predictive in the determining the direction of the future trends. Businesses utilizes of the forecasting to determine the how to allocate theirs budgets or plan for the anticipates expenses foran upcoming period of time.
The straight-line method is the one of the simplest and the it is easy-to-follow by the of forecasting methods. As a financial analysing the touses a historically figured by thetrends to the prediction of future revenue of the growth.
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chaparral vegetation occurs around much of the central valley of central and southern california. this biome is very similar to that found
Chaparral vegetation occurs around much of the central valley of central and southern California. This biome is very similar to that found: in the Mediterranean region.
Chaparral vegetation is composed of the shrubs that have hard stems and leathery leaves. The climate here is comprised of dry hot summers and mild wet winters. Chaparral can be categorized as woodland but rich in shrubs.
Biome is defined as an area that has its unique species of plants and animals that reside their due to the suitable physical factors like the soil, climate, etc. Biome is also known by the name major life zone.
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What is the definition of a common ion as it applies to Le Chatelier’s principle?
an ion that is found in a wide variety of compounds
an ion that is present in every sample of pure water
an ion that is found dissolved in most aqueous solutions that are widely used in labs
an ion that is present in an equilibrium system and a compound added to the system
Answer: answer is below
Explanation: Answer: D) an ion that is present in an equilibrium system and a compound added to the systemExplanation: Any change in the equilibrium is studied on the basis of Le-Chatelier's principle.This principle states that if there is any change in a equilibrium reaction, the equilibrium will shift in a direction so as to minimize the effect.Thus when a common ion is introduced to an equilibrium reaction, the equilibrium will shift in a direction where the concentration of common ion is decreasing.For example: In a equilibrium reaction for dissociation of acetic acid:If HCl is introduced wth as common ion.The equilibrium will shift in backward direction where the concentration of is decreasing.
What is the importance of positive parent involvement regarding sexuality?
The important is that sexuality is in the Parental tracking is the attention and supervision in their offspring's behavior.
Well-monitored teenagers document much less sexual activity, fewer sexual partners, and expanded use in comparison to poorly-monitored adolescents. Parent involvement motivates kids to learn, main to better grades.
The stage of involvement is critical in generating a excessive effect at the student's performance. The better the diploma of parental involvement, the better the effect at the toddler's educational achievement. Research has discovered that properly determine-toddler communique round sexuality has many effective results for teens – inclusive of assisting them defend their personal sexual health.
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how does the models support the idea that genetic mutations may arise from environmental factors?
The models support the idea that genetic mutations may arise from environmental factors in environmental factors, genetic mutations, and so on.
Firstly, the models suggest that environmental factors may cause gene mutations through direct damage to the DNA. This direct damage can be caused by several external sources, such as ultraviolet radiation, chemicals, and toxins.
The models also support the idea that genetic mutations can arise due to indirect environmental factors. These can include changes in the cell’s environment, such as changes in temperature, pressure, or nutrient availability. These environmental changes can affect the expression of certain genes, leading to mutations.
The models also suggest that environmental factors can cause mutations through epigenetic changes. Epigenetic changes are changes in gene expression that can be caused by environmental factors such as diet, stress, and toxins. These changes can lead to genetic mutations, which can then be passed on to future generations.
Finally, the models suggest that genetic mutations can be caused by changes in the genetic code itself. This can happen when a mutation occurs in the DNA sequence of a gene, causing it to become different from its original state. This type of mutation is called a point mutation and can be caused by factors such as radiation or chemicals.
Overall, the models suggest that environmental factors can cause genetic mutations in a variety of ways. By understanding how these mutations occur, scientists can better understand the effects of environmental factors on our health and the health of future generations.
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what kind of molecule is g3p?
Where does a plant get the carbon dioxide that it needs for the dark reaction of photosynthesis?
cam plants close their _____ during the day and open them at night.
why is the dark reaction called a cycle?
Which of the following statements concerning the electron transport chain is false?
a. The final electron acceptor is oxygen.
b. Each NADH yields three ATP molecules.
c. Each FADH2 yields two ATP molecules.
d. The electron transport chain will work whether oxygen is present or not.
G3P refers to Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which is a monophosphate ester. It is a three carbon sugar molecule with molecular formula C₃H₇O₆P. It has high importance in Calvin cycle.
Plants get their carbon dioxide from atmosphere which is captured by the stroma of the chloroplast and then it is utilized in the Calvin cycle. In CAM plants, stomata open during dark and remain closed during day. In photosynthesis, dark reaction is named so because it is independent of light and it ensures assimilation of carbon dioxide and production of glucose. It is also known as Calvin cycle. The statement concerning the electron transport chain that the electron transport chain will work whether oxygen is present or not is false, which suggests option D is the right answer.
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After proteins are made they must be sorted and packaged in preparation for use by the cell.
a. true
b. false
Proteins are produced on the endoplasmic reticulum. These are synthesized by the ribosomes. After proteins are made, they must be sorted and packaged in preparation for use by the cell. Therefore, the given statement is true.
The place, where the sorting and packaging of the proteins take place is called golgi bodies. Newly formed proteins in the ER are mainly glycoproteins. These glycoproteins are processed and changed in the golgi bodies.
The sorting and processing of the proteins are important because the proteins need to be transported to their final location so that these can be used there. These sorted-out proteins are packed into different types of vesicles that can transfer the proteins to their respective final destinations.
Hence, the answer is (a).
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a student proposes that left-handedness is a recessive trait. a survey of a class of 36 students finds that 27 (0.75) are right-handed and 9 (0.25) are left-handed. using the hardy-weinberg formula, what would the expected genotype and allele frequencies be in this theoretical population
0.25 right-handed homozygous, 0.50 heterozygous, and 0.25 recessive homozygous for a 0.5 allele frequency for each allele.
The genotype of an organism is its complete set of genetic material. Genotype can also be used to refer to the alleles or variants an individual carries in a particular gene or genetic location.
The number of alleles an individual can have in a specific gene depends on the number of copies of each chromosome found in that species, also referred to as ploidy.
In diploid species like humans, two full sets of chromosomes are present, meaning each individual has two alleles for any given gene. If both alleles are the same, the genotype is referred to as homozygous. If the alleles are different, the genotype is referred to as heterozygous.
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many neurons of joints help to inform the brain about the activity of the joint, including pain or position of the joint. these types of neurons are classified as _____________________ neurons.
Many neurons of joints help to inform the brain about the activity of the joint, including pain or position of the joint. These types of neurons are classified as afferent neurons.
Neurons are the nerve cells that are the building blocks of the nervous system. These cells perform the function of transmission of impulses to and from the brain. The neurons are also the largest cell in the body. The structure of neurons is composed of cell body, dendrites, axon and axon terminal.
Afferent nerves or neurons are the cells that collect the information from the outside world and bring it as signal to the brain. Their path begins from the sensory receptors and ends to the different parts of the brain.
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When the lobes of two p orbitals are in the same phase and overlap side-by-side, the orbital that is formed has a _____ dissociation energy compared to the σ∗ molecular orbital formed from the out-of-phase direct overlap of the two p orbitals.
When the lobes of two p orbitals are in the same phase and overlap side-by-side, the orbital that is formed has a less dissociation energy compared to the σ∗ molecular orbital formed from the out-of-phase direct overlap of the two p orbitals.
Orbital is the location of an electron in the three dimensional space around an atom. Thus, orbital is simply the address of electron. There are 4 orbitals that an electron can occupy: s, p, d and f. Besides location, orbital also describes the wave nature of electron.
Dissociation energy is defined as the energy released when a bond is broken between two atoms or molecule. Since energy is released in the process, it is an endothermic reaction.
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which disorder has traits that are found primarily under neuroticism in the five-factor model of personality?
Borderline personality disorder has traits that are found primarily under neuroticism in the five-factor model of personality.
Borderline personality disorder is a mental state disorder that impacts the method you think that and feel regarding yourself et al, inflicting issues functioning in way of life. It includes self-image problems, issue managing emotions and behavior, and a pattern of unstable relationships.
The five-factor model of personality breaks temperament down into 5 components: Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, extroversion, Openness, and Stress Tolerance. temperament tests that are supported this model measure wherever a personal lies on the spectrum of every of the 5 traits.
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what is the expected functional consequence of movement of a transposable element within the genome?
A transposable element is a segment of DNA that can move or “jump” from one location in the genome to another. This phenomenon, known as transposition, is an important process in the evolution of many organisms, and it can have a variety of functional consequences.
The most common outcome of transposition is the alteration or disruption of gene expression. Transposable elements can insert themselves into gene coding regions, causing a change in the sequence of the gene and potentially altering its expression. This can result in the production of an aberrant protein, or it can prevent the production of a functional protein altogether. In either case, this alteration of gene expression can lead to changes in the function of the organism.
Transposable elements can also affect gene expression indirectly. For example, they can insert themselves into regulatory sequences, such as promoters or enhancers, and alter the binding of transcription factors that control gene expression. This can result in changes in gene expression without altering the coding sequence of the gene.
In addition to altering gene expression, transposition can also lead to genetic rearrangements. Transposition can cause deletions, inversions, or duplications of a gene, as well as large-scale chromosomal rearrangements. These rearrangements can have a variety of functional consequences, including the activation or inactivation of specific genes.
Finally, transposition can lead to the formation of novel genetic elements. Transposable elements can generate new combinations of genetic sequences, which can lead to the creation of new genes or regulatory sequences. This can result in new functions for the organism, and can be an important source of evolutionary innovation.
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check all that are true statements regarding the effects of the parasympathetic division.
The true statements about effects of the parasympathetic division are:
(1) The lack of divergence in the preganglionic axons prevents the mass activation that is seen in the sympathetic division.
(3) Parasympathetic activity can affect only one group of organs without affecting all other organs.
(4) The parasympathetic division is most active when the body must process nutrients and conserve energy.
Parasympathetic is the type of autonomic nervous system that functions after the body's flight and fight response to calm down the vitals of the body. It relaxes the body and brings it back to its normal state.
Axons are the part of the nerve cells that are elongated in structure. Its function is the carry the signals from one neuron to another. they are very thin in shape.
The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
Check all that are true statements regarding the effects of the parasympathetic division.
The lack of divergence in the preganglionic axons prevents the mass activation that is seen in the sympathetic division.The effects of the parasympathetic division tend to be widespread. Parasympathetic activity can affect only one group of organs without affecting all other organs.The parasympathetic division is most active when the body must process nutrients and conserve energy.To know more about parasympathetic, here
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Reactive oxygen intermediates and reactive nitrogen intermediates produced by phagocytic cells are effective in killing invading microorganisms. True /False
The statement reactive oxygen intermediates and reactive nitrogen intermediates produced by phagocytic cells are effective in killing invading microorganisms is true.
An enzyme called a NO synthase converts L⁻ arginine into the reactive nitrogen intermediate (RNI) nitric oxide (NO. ), which is then followed by secondary reactions that result in the formation of the hazardous intermediates nitrite (NO₂⁻ and nitrate. But nitrite also has hazardous qualities. The successive 1-electron reduction products of O₂ on the way to producing water are known as reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) (see inset). Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), the hydroxyl radical (•OH), and the superoxide anion radical are examples of ROI.
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Multigene families include two or more nearly identical genes or genes sharing nearly identical
sequences. A classical example is the set of genes for globin molecules, including genes on human
chromosomes 11 and 16.
How might identical and obviously duplicated gene sequences have gotten from one
chromosome to another?
By chromosomal translocation, the duplicated gene sequences might have gotten from one chromosome to another.
When a chromosome splits and is partially or completely reattached to a separate chromosome, this is referred to as a chromosome translocation.
Two alpha (α) and two beta (β) polypeptide chains make up adult hemoglobin. On chromosome 16, there are two copies of the hemoglobin alpha gene (HBA1 and HBA2), each of which codes for an α-chain. On chromosome 11, the hemoglobin beta gene (HBB) encodes the β-chain. The mutation in chromosome 16 and chromosome 11 causes α- and β-globin gene clusters by translocation to cause thalassemia.
Therefore, the answer is chromosomal translocation.
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max is competing in a chin-up competition. what type of muscle contractions are occurring in his biceps muscles, 1) immediately after he grabs the bar , 2) as his body moves upward toward the bar , and 3) when his body begins to descend back toward the floor
The muscle contractions which occurs in his bicep muscles, immediately after he grabs the bar occur isometrically in the biceps.
The contractions as his body moves upwards towards the bar occurs isotonically and concentrically. The contractions when his body begins to descend back toward the floor causes the biceps to contract isotonically and eccentrically. The contractions which involves shortening of the muscles are referred to as isotonic or concentric contractions. It is felt mainly during squats, bicep curls etc. Eccentric contraction tends to occur when the total length of the muscle increases when tension is produced in them. It is felt mainly during lower body movements such as downhill running, downwards squats etc.
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When the membrane moves, the on the spiral organ hair cells distort because they are anchored by the tectorial membrane.
a. true
b. false
When the membrane moves, the stereocilia on the spiral organ hair cells distort because they are anchored by the tectorial membrane. Thus, the given statement is true.
What is tectorial membrane?The tectorial membrane of the inner ear is a ribbon-like strip of extracellular matrix which spirals along the entire length of the cochlea of the ear.
The spiral organ in the ear is also called the organ of Corti, it is defined as the receptor organ for hearing sound, which is located in the cochlea of the ear.
The spiral organ is made up of hair cells which are made up of sensory epithelial cells that act as the sensory receptor of the inner ear.
During transport of sound from ear drum, the movement of the basilar membrane lead to change in the spiral hair cells because they are anchored by the tectorial membrane of the inner ear.
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which of the following is accurate about resistance to rifampin? which of the following is accurate about resistance to rifampin? a bacterium that is resistant to the tb drug rifampin produces an rna polymerase enzyme that transcribes more slowly in the presence of rifampin than a bacterium that is not resistant. a person who is resistant to the tb drug rifampin produces an rna polymerase enzyme that transcribes more slowly in the presence of rifampin than a person who is not resistant. a bacterium that is resistant to the tb drug rifampin produces an rna polymerase enzyme that transcribes more efficiently in the presence of rifampin than a bacterium who is not resistant. a person who is resistant to the tb drug rifampin produces an rna polymerase enzyme that transcribes more efficiently in the presence of rifampin than a person who is not resistant.
Rifampin Resistance Development in Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium smegmatis as a Result of Poor Drugs
Infectious disorders like tuberculosis, which require months of treatment with rifampin and other medications, are made more difficult to treat by subpar pharmaceuticals. Rifampin resistance is a serious issue for the treatment of tuberculosis. Antibiotic resistance is known to be selected for by subtherapeutic doses of medication, but it is uncertain how drug breakdown products affect the evolution of resistance.
Here, we show that substandard medications that have active pharmacological ingredients that have degraded select for gene changes that give resistance to recommended medications. By serially cultivating bacteria in the presence of the rifampin breakdown product rifampin quinone, we were able to produce drug-resistant Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium smegmatis strains. With certain populations exhibiting no growth inhibition at maximum rifampin concentrations, strains resistant to rifampin quinone developed cross-resistance to the common antibiotic rifampin.
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the growth hormone axis contains at least one example of a negative feedback loop. t or f
It is true that the growth hormone axis contains at least one example of a negative feedback loop.
What is negative feedback loop?Growth hormone secretion is part of a negative feedback loop involving IGF-I. High blood levels of IGF-I causes decreased secretion of growth hormone by directly suppressing the somatotroph and also by stimulating release of somatostatin from the hypothalamus.
An important example of a negative feedback loop is in control of thyroid hormone secretion. The thyroid hormones that are thyroxine and triiodothyronine are synthesized and secreted by thyroid glands and affects metabolism throughout the body.
Example of biological negative feedback is : Human body temperature.- Hypothalamus of a human responds to temperature fluctuations and also responds accordingly.
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which concentration technique is most commonly used for cerebrospinal fluid evaluation using a glass cylinder attached to a microscope slide with paraffin wax
There are various methods for obtaining a CSF sample. The most used technique is a lumbar puncture (spinal tapping). To take the exam, you will lie on your side with your chin tucked under and your legs were drawn up toward your chest.
Typically, tubes 1 through 3 or 4 are pre-numbered for CSF aspiration, with tube 1 being the first filled. If at all feasible, save tube 1 for experimental procedures. Testing for chemistry and immunology can be done in tube 2. Microbiology tests can be performed using Tube 3. For calculating the total protein in cerebrospinal fluid, three turbidometric techniques including one utilizing UV spectrophotometry have been investigated. The ultraviolet approach can't be used regularly because it requires pre-dialysis.
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What do you mean by polypeptide and amino acids?
Polypeptides make up proteins, and amino acids are the fundamental building blocks of polypeptides.
A peptide is a group of two or more amino acids bound together by peptide bonds, while a polypeptide is a chain of several amino acids. A protein is made up of one or even more polypeptides. Proteins are therefore big strands of amino acid residues joined by peptide bonds.
Through a series of peptide bonds, amino acids come together to form polypeptides, another term for proteins. The polypeptide will subsequently fold into a particular shape depending on the linkages between both the side chains of the amino acids.
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