How come the vertebrae protects the spinal but the PNS has no bone protection?

Answer:

D. 4 The Intermemberane space

Combination of the virus that induces a viral sickness and the disease itself influenza is the flu.

The right response is C.

Vomiting and nausea are common symptoms of both the stomach flu and food poisoning, but they are distinct illnesses. Food that has been tainted by germs, viruses, parasites, or poisons is what causes food poisoning. Norovirus typically causes the stomach flu.

After eating, if you develop any of the symptoms listed within a few of hours, you may have food poisoning: Constipation, stomach aches, vomiting, fever, diarrhoea, sporadic headaches, and other problems.

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1: First carbon dioxide is ''fixed''.

2: Then ATP and NADPH from the light reactions provide energy to combine the fixed carbons to make sugar!

There are five systems, or strata in this classification on Earth, geosphere (comprises the interior and surface of rocks, here it has its own distinctions, such as lithosphere as the solid outer part of the earth), biosphere (the life-supporting stratum of the earth), hydrosphere (comprises the water bodies), atmosphere (the gas envelope of the planet, it has its own strata), and cryosphere (the ice reservoirs of the planet). With this information, we can proceed to analyze the possible options.

A. Hydrosphere-Lithosphere: interaction between the water bodies with the outer earth layer, there is no life-supporting system, so is incorrect.

B. Atmosphere-Lithosphere: Interaction between the gas envelope and outer earth layer, there are no water bodies so it is incorrect.

C. Atmosphere-Biosphere: Interaction between the gas envelope and life-supporting system, there are no water bodies so it is incorrect.

D. Hydrosphere-Biosphere: Interaction between the water bodies and life-supporting system, this is the correct answer, it has the water bodies where algae can bloom and the life-supporting elements of the biosphere that allow these organisms to survive.

1. Benthic zone - c. This zone experiences extreme pressure and frigid temperatures, and there is no light.

2. Intertidal zone- d. This zone experiences changes in water level during high and low tide.

3. Neritic zone- b. This zone receives nutrients from land and extends over the continental shelf.

4. Pelagic zone- a. This zone makes up over 90% of the world's oceans and ranges from 200-10,000m deep.

Answer:

1) Education

2)Improvement of school nutrition

3)Regulation of food marketing and labeling

4)Promoting physical activity (for example at school)

If we choose 4:

Plan: implementation of one hour of daily exercise in schools.

-Experts recommend at least 60 minutes of daily physical activity for children.

-This will not only reduce the risk of obesity but also improve the academic performance at school.

-Sports or aerobic-type exercises are the most efficient; continuous running, team sports, swimming, dancing, cycling, tennis, etc.

-Muscle stretching exercises should also be performed at the end of each exercise session.

Aerobic activities such as running, cycling, and swimming, are effective ways of boosting neurogenesis. The aim is getting the heart pumping for more than 20 minutes at a time, and on a regular basis. In this state levels of several growth hormones are elevated in the brain.

Answer: D

The cell is an open system. The cell membrane could help us to clarify this. The cell membrane is semipermeable, that is, it allows the entrance

of certain molecules, usually small molecules. Nevertheless it has strategies to allow the entrance of bigger molecules, like its recognition with

its membrane receptors. With these features, the cell interacts actively with its environment, showing it is an open system.

Scientific theory is a way to explain phenomena that is incorporated in a hypothesis or laws. It can be modified as new evidence arises since scientist accepts new evidences to explain further the previous theory. It is based on proven hypothesis. It is well explained and based on verified and proven hypothesis. It is used to explain the occurence of natural phenomena. The evidences where it is based was developed over time.

Theories are not suggestions. These are reliable and comprehensive knowledge. It does not only provide provisions for facts' explanation but makes a way for predictions so as to prove its truthfulness.

Answer - A. Theories are suggestions that don't require credible scientific explanation.

When the sequence in DNA or RNA molecules changes, it's called a mutation.

This can be caused by errors in the replication, translation, mitosis, or meiosis; as well as as by damage derived from exposure to UV radiation, certain chemicals, or ionizing radiation.

This means C, mutation, is the right answer.

"The early solar system had large amounts of water; so, the oldest objects in the solar system should also be abundant in water" statement is a scientific claim.

A scientific claim is a statement that provides an answer to a set of scientific questions and is supported by relevant scientific evidence. There is a need for the claim to be justified.

Here's the scientific assertion: The evidence supporting the assertion that the early solar system contained significant amounts of water is the presence of water in all primitive bodies, including comets, asteroids, and numerous dwarf planets, including Ceres. There are numerous indications that water is abundant across our solar system.

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Solution:

Myelin is arranged in several layers around the axon of neurons, generating what is called the myelin sheath. The function of myelin is to accelerate the conduction of nerve impulses, allowing more rapid transmission of the membrane action potential.

Consider the following diagram:

To answer this question we need to look at the genetic code to see what amino acid GAC triplet codes.

As is in DNA we need to pass it to RNA

GAC = CUG = Leu

Now we have four possible options, so we need to obtain the RNA triplet and look at the genetic code so we can see what each code.

A.- ATC = UAG = Stop

B.- AAC = UUG = Leu

C.- GAT = CUA = Leu

D.- GAA = CUU = Leu

So options B to D all code for leucine, the same amino acid as the original triplet, meanwhile option A does not code for another triplet but is a Stop codon, meaning that protein production will stop there, so the correct answer is option A as a premature stop definitely will leave the protein unfinished and with no function or defective.

So far eighteen species have been discrebed in 2021. These are:

1. Leaf-litter ant (Strumigenys collinsae) - USA

This is one of the six ants from Strumigenys genus discrebed in a recent paper. The holotype as found in Colorado.

2. Churah Valley kukri snake (Oligodon churahensis) - India

This snake specie as found in the bachyard of a graduate student in India during lockdown.

3. Star octopus (Octopus djinda) - Australia

New specie of octopus from the larger global O. vulgaris group. These specie name was chosen to constrast with that of it's east coast relative (gloomy octopus).

4. Hoserhair worm (Acutogordius olivetti) - Peru

Found in a scientific expedition to document fauna in Madre de Dios, southern Peru.

5. Ramari's beaked whale (Masoplodon eueu) - Southern Hemisphere

A distinct spedie from True's beaked whale found in North Atlantic.

6. Weevil (Trigonopterus ewok) - Sulawesi

Found in the Indo-Antralian-Melanesian archipelago, the nunber of Trigonopterus increse with 28 newly discrebed species.

7. Tiger beetle (Eunota mecocheila) - Mexico

Found in the saline and muddy ditches.

8. Nujian pit viper (Gloyrius lipipengi) - China

One of the two venomous snakes discrebed by researchers studying the molecular phylogeny of pit viper in Asia.

9. Feiruz wood lizard (Enyaliodies feiruzae)

The correct option is the second one: -it synthesizes RNA from complimentary strands-. RNA synthesis is quite different to DNA's. For example, some differences are: RNA polymerase adds nucleotides directly, it produces a single strand, and it requires specific transcription factors to start its activity.

The Nile tilapia fish's phenotype (detectable attributes) for the body color trait is a pink body because the genotype of the fish is homozygous bb which is the recessive allele (pink color).

Cell membranes are found in all cells. (option B)

Cell membranes composition can vary within different organisms, but they always contain different types of lipids.

What is not found in every cell are cell walls.

In this case, we have that darker colors absorb light and lighter colors reflect it, in earth's case we have an effect called albedo, which implies, the amount of light that the planet surface reflects back, the poles are the areas that reflect most of this energy and therefore highly important for earth's temperature/radiation regulation. Therefore taking this into account we can say that the correct answer is option B.

Degraded habitats often have very low diversity often with large populations of organisms that are present because the carrying capacity for native plants, animals, and other species is diminished.

When a habitat is destroyed, the carrying capacity of native plants, animals, and other species is reduced, which causes populations to decrease and occasionally reach the point of extinction. Loss of habitat is arguably the biggest hazard to organisms and biodiversity.

The main cause of biodiversity loss is habitat loss brought on by resource extraction, agricultural conversion, and urbanization. As a result of habitat fragmentation, there are now isolated little areas of land that cannot support species populations in the long term.

While habitat restoration can boost local biodiversity and species populations, habitat loss can split ecosystems and result in the extinction of species.

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The spongy mesophyll contains very few chloroplasts and it has a large surface area in order to increase the diffusion of carbon dioxide and oxygen. There is an intercellular air space within the spongy mesophyll layer which also allows the diffusion of carbon dioxide and oxygen. The air spaces are connected to the stomata. Stomata is a porelike opening in the underside of the leaf that allows carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the leaf.

The shift of sand and sediments around the beachfront hotel is due to a combination of waves, tides, and what is flourishing on the seafloor. The intensity of the moving water drag the sand away from the coast. Sand erosion is stimulated by high winds. Climate change could abolish part of the world's sandy coastlines.

To avoid loss of sand around the beachfront, sand dunes, vegetation, seawalls, sandbags, and sand fences are some of the methods of prevention. As a citizen, we can contribute in our way, ways to improve the beaches thereby preventing sand disappearance along its shoreline. We should watch our trash properly. Throwing garbage anywhere will contribute to pollution. We can join a clean-up drive to make this realistic.

Adaptation relates to the ecosystem of organisms because organisms must adapt to the changing biotic and abiotic factors in their ecosystems.

Adaptation refers to the adjustment of living organisms to the changing factors in their environment in order to continue surviving in the environment.

Ecosystems, on the other hand, refers to communities of different organisms interacting together and their physical environments to form a system.

Thus, an ecosystem consists of both living and nonliving components. The living components include other living organisms of the same or different species. The non-living components include edaphic or soil factors, rocks, and climatic factors such as temperature, pressure, salinity, precipitation, etc.

An organism living in a particular ecosystem must be constantly adapting to both living and non-living factors of the ecosystem. Such an organism must be able to compete with other organisms of the same or different species for resources.

The organism must also be able to adapt to changing abiotic factors in other to continue surviving in such an ecosystem.

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Since the population of finches had decreased when deforestation and logging started, and it returned to its original values prior to deforestation when locals started to replating trees, it follows from these facts that trees are being a limiting factor in finches' populations, either because they're acting as niches, food, both or anything else that these populations needed to survive.

Therefore, the correct answer to this question is option D.

Let's take a closer look at the context of the problem:

We are given that Miller and Urey ran an experiment trying to determine whether Earth's early atmosphere could have created the building blocks of life as we know it.

We are given the results of the experiment: amino acids were condensed in a liquid. Recall what amino acids are. Amino acids are the building blocks of life that form proteins. Proteins are necessary for day-to-day functions in an organism.

If in the experiment we did find amino acids, then we can speculate that life could have been formed from biomolecules formed from Earth's early atmosphere.

Recall that the context said that Miller and Urey did find amino acids in their experiment.

Therefore, our best answer choice for the problem is A. Miller and Urey showed that biological molecules could have formed from the atoms present in the early atmosphere.

Bats, in this case, are acting as pollinators, which means that move pollen from flower to flower favoring outcrossing and fertilization of the flower, this way fruits and seeds are produced, therefore we can say that the correct answer is option A.

Question: Explain the difference and similarities of the chromosomes in a cell at metaphase of MITOSIS and in a cell at metaphase 2 of MEIOSIS?

Explanation:

In the metaphase of mitosis, chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate at the centromere, which joins sister (identical) chromatids. In metaphase I of meiosis, they are aligned at the equatorial plate by the chiasmata that join the tetrads, already recombined. Thus, in metaphase II of meiosis, the sister chromatids are genetically distinct because of crossing over in meiosis I during prophase 1.

Answer:

Similarities in the chromosomes between metaphase of Mitosis and Metaphase 2 of Meiosis:

In metaphase II of meiosis and metaphase of mitosis, chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate due to the action of microtubule spindle fibers emanating from the centrosomes located at opposite cell poles. These fibers are attached to the chromosomes by kinetochores at the centromeres of the chromosomes.

The chromosomes are similar in that each is composed of two sister chromatids and the individual chromosomes are positioned similarly on the metaphase plate.

Differences in the chromosomes between metaphase of Mitosis and Metaphase 2 of Meiosis:

The chromosome differs in that in a mitotically dividing cell, sister chromatids of each chromosome are genetically identical, but in a meiotically dividing cell, sister chromatids are genetically distinct because of crossing over in meiosis I. Moreover, the number of chromosomes at the equatorial plate in meiosis II is half the number in the mitotic nucleus.

In metaphase II the chromosomes are aligned at the center of the cell. This time there are no homologous chromosomes to be paired with.

In mitosis, the sister chromatids that make up a given chromosome are identical. In meiosis II, they may differ in length if they participate in crossing over during prophase I. The chromosomes then differ in length when they reach metaphase II.

DNA is replicated before cell division and therefore also before crossing -over, which occurs during cell division (Options A and B).

The DNA replication stage is a step before the cell division which occurs in the interphase of the cell cycle, more precisely in the synthesis S phase of the interphase.

Therefore, with this data, we can see that the DNA replication stage occurs in the synthesis S phase of the cell cycle, which occurs in the interphase before the division stage, and crossing over occurs during cell division.

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Gene is a segment of the DNA that are transcribed and translated to become a functioning protein. A DNA chromosome is a bunch of functional genes interspersed with non-coding genes.