22. consider two organic molecules, ethanol and benzene. one dissolves in water and the other does not. why?

The London dispersion force is the intermolecular force that is overcome when hexane is changed from a liquid to a gas.

The London dispersion force is what holds molecules together. The London dispersion force is the main force since hexene is a nonpolar molecule. The intermolecular force that results from the electrostatic force of attraction acting between atoms is known as the London dispersion force.

The weak force of attraction is London dispersion. It is a transitory force brought on by attractions. Thus, the London dispersion intermolecular force in acting ion the hexane converted from the liquid to the gas.

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The iterative process is the practice of building, refining, and improving a project, product, or initiative. Teams that use the iterative development process create, test, and revise until they're satisfied with the end result.

The iterative process is a technique research and development teams use to help them optimize their products, services and business processes. The process involves repeated trial-and-error style cycles, where researchers adjust each cycle according to what they learned in the previous iteration.

By using this method, teams can design planned changes for their processes and encourage steady improvements toward an end goal. Careful planning and consideration of feedback can help teams conduct successful iterative processes.

Typically, business development and marketing research professionals use the iterative process to help them address design concerns, improve business strategies, optimize product features or quickly adjust to market changes.

The method can used for a variety of businesses and applications. Teams in marketing, software development, engineering, education or design might all use this process to analyze products or processes within their business.

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The moles of hydrogen gas produced is 2.0 moles that can be determined using stoichiometry ratios.

The response among potassium and hydrochloric acid is over very quick. The potassium at once ignites on touch with the acid, generating a vivid lilac flame that quick grows till the potassium burns up.

The chemical reaction can be depicted as follows:

2K(s)+2HCl(aq)→KCl2(aq)+H2(g)

The moles of potassium are 3.0 moles.

The moles of potassium chloride are 2.0 moles.

According to the stoichiometry of the reaction, two moles of potassium react with two moles of hydrochloric acid to produce two moles of potassium chloride and one mole of hydrogen gas.

Thus, the moles of hydrogen gas produced is 2.0 moles.

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Strong acid : hydrochloric acid , sulphuric acid and nitric acid.

weak acid : citric acid , acetic acid and formic acid.

The strong acids are those which completely ionizes in the aqueous solution. the strong acid will losses more H⁺ ion when it dissolved in the water. The weak acid are those which are partially ionizes in the aqueous solution.  the strong acid will losses few H⁺ ion when it dissolved in the water.

                        strong acids                     weak acids

                   hydrochloric acid                  citric acid

                    sulphuric acid                       formic acid

                      nitric acid                               acetic acid  

Thus, citric acid , acetic acid and formic acid are the weak acid and  hydrochloric acid , sulphuric acid and nitric acid are the strong acids.

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Answer:

E. OZONE

Explanation:

Of more importance to us, ultraviolet photons have enough energy to damage or destroy DNA, visible and infrared photons do not. When we absorb visible or infrared photons the energy carried by the photon goes into heating us up, but will not permanently damage our cells like ultraviolet photons can.

answer is E. Ozone

Balance scale is another method of comparing the mass of objects in the absence of a scale.

A balance is a type of measurement device used to compare the weight or mass of an object  by balancing them against the standard weights of known objects. It has two pans and a balanced beam. The beam is in balance when the pans have the same mass.

To determine the weight of an object, place it in one pan and standard weights in the other. Balances can be made be made locally with available tools like hangers and bags in place of pans and wood to be balanced on.

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The Number of moles present is 0.5mol.

What is ideal gas law?

The general gas equation, also known as the ideal gas law, is the equation of state for a fictitious ideal gas. The equation for the ideal gas's relationship to pressure P, volume V, temperature T, and number of moles n is known as the ideal gas law.

Use P V = n R T 

R = 0.08206 L -atm /mol -K when the pressure is in atmosphere atm, the volume is in litres L, and the temperature is in Kelvin K.

One atm is equal to 760.0 mm Hg, so depending on how the pressure changes, there will either be a division or multiplication.

Divide the value in mmHg by 760.0 mmHg/atm to convert it to atm.

P= 912mmHg /760mmHg/atm=1.2atm

to convert °C to kelvin,

  K=°C +273= 20+273=293K

R=0.08206

Add these values to given equation,

n=PV/RT

 = 1.2×10÷0.08206×293

 = 12÷24.02

 =0.5mol

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One mole or 180 g of glucose contains 72 g of carbon. Thus, 37.5 g of glucose contains 15 g of carbon.

Glucose is the basic monomer sugar unit which polymerises to form carbohydrates. The formula of glucose is C₆H₁₂O₆. Glucose is formed by the combination of water and carbon dioxide.

The atomic mass of carbon = 12 g/mol

molar mass of C₆H₁₂O₆ = 180 g/mol.

C₆H₁₂O₆ contains 6 carbon atoms.

Thus, mass of 6 carbons = 6 × 12 g = 72 g

Hence, 180 g of  glucose contains 72 g of carbon.

Now the mass of glucose which contain 15 g of carbon is :

=  (15g × 180 g) / 72 g

= 37.5 g.

Therefore, the mass of C₆H₁₂O₆ containing 15 g carbon is 37.5 g.

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Answer:

1 mole

Explanation:

This very useful relationship is often used in the working with gases.  At STP, all gases occupy 22.4 liters.  It is a very useful conversion factor that is very useful in gas law calculations.

For every neutral atom, the atomic number is the number of protons, and the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. Option A.

Atoms contain positively charged components known as protons, negatively charged components known as electrons, and neutral components known as neutrons.

Protons and neutrons are located in the nuclei of atoms while electrons are found outside the nuclei in the orbitals. For every neutral atom, the number of positively charged components (protons) always balances the number of negatively charged components (electrons).

Also, the atomic number of atoms is the number of protons in the nuclei of atoms. Thus, for neutral atoms, the number of protons equals the number of electrons which also equals the atomic number.

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Some ways each person could reduce air pollution is using the public transport , recycle and reuse , no to the plastic bags, planting the more trees, using environment friendly vehicle.

There are several ways to reduce the air pollution :

1) by using the public transport or the ecofriendly transport like cycle. the use of public transport is the easy way to contribute to the less air pollution.

2) recycle and reuse reduces the air pollution. the recycle products are take less power to make the products.

3) no to plastic bags : as we all know the plastic products are very harmful to environment.

4) planting more trees : this method is also a very easy method that ever can contribute to the less air pollution. plants gives us oxygen or fresh air.

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The volume of the mineral piece in cubic centimeters (cm³), given that it takes 2.0 mL of space in graduated cylinder is 2.0 cm³

To obtain the volume of the mineral piece in cubic centimeters (cm³), we must convert 2.0 mL to cubic centimeters (cm³).

This can be obtained as illustrated below:

We can convert 2.0 mL to 2.0 cm³ as shown below:

From conversion scale identity,

1.0 mL = 1.0 cm³

Therefore,

2.0 mL = 2.0 cm³

From the above illustration, we can conclude that the volume (in cm³) is 2.0 cm³

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A chemical bond can be formed by exchange of electrons, sharing of electrons.

There are majorly three types of chemical bonds.

These are:

Ionic Bond,

Covalent Bond,

and Metallic Bonds.

And out of these three types of bonds, Ionic Bonds are the strongest bonds.

Ionic Bond: When an atom lose or gain the electron to attain the stability it forms ions and the attractive forces between two oppositely charged ions is known as ionic attractions or electrostatic attractive forces.

and such formed bonds are known as ionic bonds.

An ionic bond is formed when the difference between the electronegativities of two atoms is high as an electron transfer to occur to form the ions.

Covalent Bond: A covalent bond consists of the mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms.

A covalent bond is formed when the electronegativity difference of two atoms is too small for an electron transfer to occur to form ions.

Metallic Bonds: Metallic bonds are made up of electrostatic attraction between metal cations and the delocalized electrons. Metallic bond is  collective sharing of valence electrons between several positively charged metal ions.

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117 grams of liquid water are in a cylinder with a piston maintaining 1 atm (101325 Pa) of pressure. It is exactly at the boiling point of water, 373.15 K. We then add heat to boil the water, converting it all to vapor. The molecular weight of water is 18 g/mol and the latent heat of vaporization is 2260 J/g.  

Let's state the parameters given.

Given that:

mass (m) = 117 gram

specific latent heat of vaporization (L) = 2260 J/g

Pressure (P) = 1 atm or 101325 Pa

Temperature (T) = 373.15 K

molecular weight = 18 g/mol

i.e we are to find the heat energy which is denoted by Q = mL

Q = 117g × 2260 J/g

= 264420 J

= 264.42 KJ

and the water vapor takes up some final volume

If we assume that the vapor is an ideal gas.

We can represent the parameters using the equation of an ideal gas:

PV=nRT

where;

P =  1 atm or 101325 Pa

n = no of moles of the water

n = mass/molecular weight

 = 117/18

= 6.5 mole

R = 8.314

T = 373.15

= 0.199 m³

At Constant Pressure, the work done  by the vapour in pushing on the piston can be calculated as:

W =(ΔV)

= 101.325 × (0.199 - 0)

= 101.325 × 0.199

= 20.16KJ

Let ΔU = water internal energy change

Q = Heat Energy

W = work done  by the vapour in pushing on the piston

Q = ΔU + W

ΔU = - Q + W   (by multiplying the left hand side with minus (-))

ΔU = Q - W

ΔU = 264.42 - 20.16

ΔU = 244.26KJ

Therefore, The molecular weight of water is 18 g/mol and the latent heat of vaporization is 2260 J/g.  

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The specific heat capacity for a 13.7g sample of nickel that absorbs 361 j when its temperature increases from 28.4 °c to 87.8 °c is 0.443.

The relation between specific heat capacity, mass of sample and change in temperature.

Q = m × C×T

Given

Heat given to sample = Q = 361J

Mass of sample = m = 13.7g

Initial temperature = 28.4 °c  

Final temperature = 87.8 °c

Change in the temperature = 59.4 c

361J = 13.7g x C x 59.4

C = 0.443

Hence, specific heat capacity for a 13.7g sample of nickel is 0.443.

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the number of milliters of 0.540 m ba(oh)2 required is 97.80 ml

The given equation of reaction is

NiBr2(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq)  --> Ni(OH)2(s)+BaBr2(aq)

molarity of NiBr2 is 0.531 M

volume = 166 ml

Molarity of Ba(OH)2 = 0.54 M

let volume is V liters

According to the equation ,

      1mole of NiBr2 requires --> 1moles of Ba(OH)2

   0.531 * 0.166 = V * .540

 v =[tex]\frac{0.531*0.166}{0.54}[/tex]

V = 97.80 ml

Molarity (also called molarity, bulk concentration, or substance concentration) is a measure of the concentration of a chemical species.

To find the molarity of a solution, divide the number of moles of solute by the total volume of the solution in liters.

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The absolute temperature of a sample of monatomic ideal gas is doubled at constant volume. The effect, if any, does this have on the pressure and density of the sample of gas is doubled and remains the same.

The ideal gas equation is given that :

P V = n R T

where,

P = Pressure

V = volume

n = no. of moles

R = gas constant

T = temperature

it is clear from the above equation that if we doubled the temperature of the gas the pressure of the gas is also doubled because they are directly proportional to each other. the density is given as :

density = mass / volume

it is clear that density is only depends on the mass and the volume so, it will remains the same.

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The orbital that is created when the lobes of two p orbitals overlap side by side while being in phase with one another has a lower dissociation energy than the molecular orbital created when the two p orbitals are directly in phase with one another.

When two atoms share a pair of electrons, a covalent bond is created. The electron pair is drawn to both of the nuclei, which keeps the atoms together.

The strongest bond is produced by the head-on overlapping of 2p2p orbitals because the electron density is highest along the bond's axis.

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Answer:

Explanation:

An asymmetrical molecule is a molecule that has non-superimposable mirror images. In other words, the molecule cannot be superimposed on its own mirror image.

One way to represent an asymmetrical molecule is with the formula R-L, where R and L represent different groups attached to a central carbon atom. This formula indicates that the molecule has a chiral carbon, which is a carbon atom that is bonded to four different groups. Because the groups attached to the carbon atom are different, the molecule is asymmetrical.

Another way to represent an asymmetrical molecule is with the formula (R,R)-(S,S), where R and S represent different groups attached to a central carbon atom. This formula indicates that the molecule has two chiral carbons, each of which is bonded to two R groups and two S groups. Because the groups attached to the carbons are different, the molecule is asymmetrical.

Overall, the exact formula for an asymmetrical molecule will depend on the specific groups attached to the central carbon atom(s) and the arrangement of those groups.

Rising in temperature accelerates the formation of fumaric acid while decreasing the final yield. Thus, the addition of bromine to fumaric acid requires high temperature.

In the presence of a relatively small amount of bromate, maleic acid in aqueous sulfuric acid isomerizes catalytically to fumaric acid in the dark at room temperature. The concomitant presence of a suitable amount of bromine in CCI, phase raises the rate and yield significantly. The yield and rate of isomerization depend on the relative amounts of maleic acid, bromate, bromine, and sulfuric acid. For a favorable condition, nearly 90% yield can be obtained.

   The presence of cumene or benzene inhibits the isomerization. Hypobromous acid is proposed to play a major role in catalyzing the isomerization. A mechanism is proposed to rationalize the experimental results.

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The steric hindrance shown here for butene and 1,2 dibromobutane is cis 2 butene y trans 2 butene.

The better electricity price (and slower response rate) because of the method of large atoms or businesses in a chemical response, as compared to a comparable response related to smaller atoms or businesses.

Steric dilemma is the slowing of chemical reactions because of steric bulk. It is generally manifested in intermolecular reactions, while dialogue of steric outcomes frequently recognition on intramolecular interactions. Steric dilemma is frequently exploited to manipulate selectivity, which include slowing undesirable side-reactions.

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Na⁺(aq)+OH⁻(aq)+H⁺(aq)+Cl⁻(aq)→ Na⁺(aq) + Cl⁻ (aq) + H⁺ (aq) + OH⁻ (aq) is the total ionic reaction.

The reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one chemical substance to another.

Just to help to understand what is happening here, here the complete non-ionic reaction is shown

equation for the neutralization reaction of sodium hydroxide ( NaOH ) with hydrochloric acid ( HCl ), write the total ionic equation (also known as the complete ionic equation) by entering both the reactant and the product species, separated by the reaction arrow.

NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H₂O

Now, you have to separate the ionic substances into the ions, which gives the desired answer:

Na⁺(aq)+OH⁻(aq)+H⁺(aq)+Cl⁻(aq)→ Na⁺(aq) + Cl⁻ (aq) + H⁺ (aq) + OH⁻(aq)

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The molarity of the resulting solution is 0.65 M.

PV = nRT

Pressure is P.

Volume is V.

The number of moles is n.

Gas constant R

Temperature is T

n = PV/RT

n = 0.97 * 12.7/0.082 * 306

n = 12.3/25.1

N=0.49 moles.

Number of Mole/Volume Equals Molarity of the Solution

0.49 moles/0.750 liters

= 0.65 M

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According to Aufbau Principle electrons are to be filled in a pattern that is, starting from lower-energy atomic orbitals electrons will be filling into the higher-energy orbitals.

So, electrons will be filled in the 4d orbital before 5d orbital.

Also the electron in 4d orbital will lie closer to the nucleus as compared to the electron in the 5d orbital.

as the principle quantum number for the electron in 4d orbital is 4, which means the electron is present in shell 4, i.e. n=4.

Whereas, the principle quantum number for the electron in 5d orbital is 5, which means the electron is present in shell 5, i.e. n=5.

If we see Neil Bohr's atomic model,

Electrons in 4th shell will be closer to the atomic nucleus than that of electron in 5th shell.

For clarification, you can see the figure.

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5700 ± 30 years

Carbon 14 is an isotope of carbon, which has longest life amongst the three isotopes of carbon but very low abundance as compared to the other isotopes of carbon.

Carbon-14 nucleus has six protons and eight neutrons, for an atomic mass of 14.

It is a radioactive isotope of carbon.

Its half life is too high which makes it useful for dating in archaeology and to know age of fossils.

Carbon-14 decays slowly in a living organism. After the organism dies, it ceases to absorb carbon-14, such that the amount of the isotope in the tissues of decayed organisms decreases.

It has a half-life of 5,730 ± 30 years which means half of the amount of the isotope present at any instant will undergo disintegration during the next 5,730 years.

Carbon-14 decays at a constant rate, an estimate of the date at which an organism died can be made by measuring the amount of its leftover  carbon-14.

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Answer:

90.3%

Explanation:

In 20 g of water at 80 C, potassium chloride dissolves with a solubility of 0.25. One or more solutes combined uniformly in a solvent form a solution. Solubility is the quality that enables molecules to dissolve.

Consequently, "solubility" can be described as a substance quality. The metal halide salt potassium chloride (KCl, often known as potassium salt) is made up of both potassium and chlorine. It has a vitreous crystal look and is odourless or colourless. The potassium chloride easily dissolves in water, and the flavour of its solutions is similar to salt. An old dried lake is a source of potassium chloride. A homogeneous mixture is a sort of mixture in which all of its constituent parts are present in the same amounts inside the sample.

20/80 = 0.25

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The final temperature of solid sodium hydroxide dissolves in water is 355.88 kelvin.

A given amount of matter's heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to raise its temperature by one degree Celsius. While the heat capacity of 1 mole of a substance is known as its molar heat capacity, the heat capacity of 1 gram of a substance is referred to as its specific heat capacity (or specific heat). The equation q = mcT, where m is the mass of the sample, c is the specific heat, and T is the temperature change, can be used to determine how much heat is gained or lost by a sample (q).

Given

Mass of NaOH = 13.9 g

Mass of water = 250 gram

Specific heat of the solution = 4.18 j/g·k

Initial temperature  = 23.0 °c or 296 kelvin

Heat evolved in process = −44.4 kj/mol

Q = mc (T₂ - T₁)

−44400 j/mol = 263.9 x 4.18 j/g·k x (T₂ - 296k)

T₂ = 355.88 k

Hence, final temperature of NaOH solution is 355.88 kelvin.

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