Bone size and osteoarthritis comparisons between agriculturalists and their hunting and gathering ancestors show that agricultural populations engaged in more strenuous activities. This statement is False.
The most common type of arthritis, affecting millions of people worldwide, is osteoarthritis. It happens over time as the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of the bones wears down. Although osteoarthritis can affect any joint, it most commonly affects the hands, knees, hips, and spine.
Previous joint injury, abnormal joint or limb development, and inherited factors are all potential causes. Overweight people, people with different leg lengths, and people who work in jobs that cause a lot of joint stress are at a higher risk. In contrast to rheumatoid arthritis, the joints in osteoarthritis do not become hot or red.
Treatment includes exercise, decreasing joint stress such as by rest or use of a cane, support groups, and pain medications. Another treatment option for osteoarthritis is stem cell transplantation, which involves injecting patients with allogenic mesenchymal stem cells or autologous chondrocytes.
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approximately what portion of the human genome is composed of repetitive, noncoding sequences?
Protein-coding genes only make up around 1% of DNA; the remaining 99% are non-coding.
Why does DNA behave as it does?DNA contains the instructions necessary for a creature to develop, endure, and reproduce. In order to carry out these functions, proteins, which are the complex molecules that do the majority of the job in our bodies, must be made from DNA sequences that can be used as signals.
What is and where is DNA?Deoxyribonucleic acid, also referred to as DNA, is a sophisticated molecule that houses all the data required for the growth and upkeep of an organism. A living thing's DNA is present in every cell. A multicellular creature's cells really carry almost all of the DNA needed for that organism.
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the process in which nitrogen is cycled between the atmosphere, bacteria, and other organisms
This is known as nitrification. Plants may absorb compounds like nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, and ammonium from soils and use them to make plant and animal proteins. The key components of the terrestrial nitrogen cycle are depicted in this interactive.
The Nitrogen Cycle is a biogeochemical process in which nitrogen is transformed into various forms and then returned to the atmosphere. It includes numerous processes like as nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, degradation, and putrefaction.
Fixation is the process by which nitrogen is transformed from atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to useful forms such as NO2-. The bulk of nitrogen is fixed by bacteria, the majority of which are symbiotic with plants. Nitrogen returns to the soil as organisms expel waste or die and are degraded by bacteria and fungi.
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hannah plans to become an emt and work in on a team that helps patients in ambulances. what high school course might be beneficial for hannah to take now so that she can reach that goal? a. biology b. gymnastics c. web design d. astronomy
28 The pedigree below shows the inheritance pattern of a genetic disease caused by homozygous recessive lethal alleles. If the disease caused the death of individual II–2, then _[blank]_.
individual II-4 must be a carrier of the diseaseindividual II-4 must be a carrier of the disease , ,
individual II-1 must be a carrier of the diseaseindividual II-1 must be a carrier of the disease , ,
individual II-2 will pass it on to any offspring she hasindividual II-2 will pass it on to any offspring she has , ,
individuals I-1 and I-2 are carriers of the diseaseindividuals I-1 and I-2 are carriers of the disease , ,
Both I-1 nor I-2 are disease transmitters if the condition has resulted in the death of II-2.
What is a homozygous example?Both dominant (two alleles for brown eyes) and heterozygous individuals can have brown eyes (one for brown and one for blue). Contrary to the recessive blue eye gene, this one is dominant. To have blue eyes, you must possess two unique blue eye alleles.
Describe the homozygous trait.In terms of genetics, being homogeneous means having gotten the same alleles (versions) of a chromosomal marker from both bio mother. A person who carries two identical copies of either a DNA barcode is referred to as homozygous for such a marker.
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If the illness led to the demise of II-2, then neither I-1 nor I-2 are disease carriers.
What is an example of homozygosity?
Individuals with brown eyes might be heterozygous or dominant (have two alleles for them) (one for brown and one for blue). This gene, in contrast to the recessive blue eye gene, is dominant. You need two different blue eye alleles in order to have blue eyes.
Tell us about the homozygous characteristic.
Being homogenous in terms of genetics entails receiving the same alleles (versions) of a chromosomal marker from both biological mothers. A individual is said to be homozygous for a certain marker if they have two identical copies of either DNA barcode.
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Multigene families include two or more nearly identical genes or genes sharing nearly identical sequences. a classical example is the set of genes for globin molecules, including genes on human chromosomes 11 and 16. how might identical and obviously duplicated gene sequences have gotten from one chromosome to another?
Identical and duplicate gene sequences get from one chromosome to another through chromosomal translocation and gene duplication.
A chromosomal translocation is often an abnormality that results from the breaking of a portion of a chromosome, which later joins and reattaches to a different chromosome.
Either the whole portion of the broken chromosome or a small part of the chromosome could attach itself to a different chromosome. This might lead to the transfer of genes that bear similar phenotypic characteristics to the other chromosome.
As a result, you might find genes sharing an identical gene sequence which then leads to the same characteristics that result from the gene sequence. This process is called gene duplication since there is an exact copy of the gene that attaches to the new chromosome. This is what is referred to as multigene families.
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Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble vitamins. Sort the phrases as describing vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, or vitamin K.
a. deficiency can cause rickets b. deficiency can cause night blindness c. cofactor d. production takes place in skin e. prevents oxidative damage to membrane lipids f. regulates gene expression in epithelial tissue g. hormone precursor and visual pigment h. hormone precursor derived from a steroid i. functions in fibrin formation -antioxidant
Fat-answerable vitamins include vitamins A, D, E, and K. Sort the expressions according to whether they describe vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, or vitamin K. Rickets is caused by a lack of vitamin D.
What's vitamin?
Vitamins are organic substances that must be consumed in small quantities. They perform a variety of functions, including adding the rate of metabolism in the body, strengthening the vulnerable system, promoting proper growth and development of bones and other body corridor, and so on.
Vitamins perform a veritably unique function that distinguishes them from other nutrients in that they convert energy from other sources, similar as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and oil painting, into a form that's useful to the body system.
Vitamin A insufficiency causes night blindness. Vitamin C acts as a cofactor.Vitamin D product takes place in the skin. Vitamin E prevents ooxidative damage to membrane lipds. Vitamin D regulate gene expression in epithelial apkins.Vitamin A are hormone precursor and visual color.Vitamin D are hormone precursor deduced from a steroid. Vitamin K Function in fibin conformation and antioxidant.Learn more about Vitamin here: https://brainly.com/question/6974286
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infrared spectroscopy is particularly good at detecting functional groups such as...
IR is particularly good at detecting functional groups that contain oxygen such as hydroxyl groups, -OH, carbonyls, C=O, and aliphatic C-O linkages.
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a technique for measuring absorption that is widely used in both qualitative and quantitative analyses. The electromagnetic radiation in the infrared region of the spectrum can change the vibrational and rotational states of covalent bonds in organic molecules.
Infrared spectroscopy takes advantage of the fact that molecules absorb specific frequencies that are unique to their structure. These absorptions have resonant frequencies, which means that the frequency of the absorbed radiation matches the frequency of the vibrating bond or group. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) is used to determine molecular structure, identify chemical species, quantify and qualitatively determine chemical species, and in a variety of other applications. This method is used to investigate matter in its solid, liquid, and gaseous states.
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The growth hormone axis contains at least one example of a negative feedback loop.TrueFalse
The growth hormone axis contains at least one example of a negative feedback loop is True.
Hormones are a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms that are sent to distant organs by complex biological processes to regulate physiology and behavior. Hormones are necessary for the proper development of animals, plants, and fungi.
Hormones are the body's chemical messengers. They travel to tissues and organs in the bloodstream. They function slowly over time and influence many different processes, including growth and development. Metabolism is how your body gets energy from what you eat.
Hormones play a major role in normal functioning. They control heart rate, sleep cycles, sexual function, and reproduction. Metabolism, appetite, growth and development, mood, stress, and body temperature are all influenced by hormones.
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the immune system is capable of mounting specific responses to particular microorganisms because ________.
The body contains an enormous diversity of lymphocytes
What is microorganisms ?
a living thing that can only be observed under a microscope. Protozoa, algae, fungus, and bacteria are all examples of microorganisms. Viruses are occasionally categorised as microbes even though they are not thought of as living things.
The immune system is capable of mounting specific responses to particular microorganisms because the body contains an enormous diversity of lymphocytes, each with the ability to respond to a different antigen.
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How do you show respect to human sexuality?
Your sexuality is valuable for your self-identity, and now no longer being capable of explicit that is unfavorable for your feel of self confidence and average intellectual health.
For some, popping out results in reputation and guide, however this can now no longer usually be the case. Sexual admire is a dedication to speaking and appearing with integrity and admire for others, won't make the identical picks approximately sexual activity, apprehend a persons' gender identity, or proportion the identical sexual orientation, however respecting people's variations creates an ecosystem of reputation and guide which could assist all and sundry apprehend sexuality and gain suitable sexual health.
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if a student wanted to view the histology of nephron loops within renal pyramids, where in the kidney should they look?
The student should look at the Renal medulla.
What is the renal medulla?
The renal medulla, also known as the inner part of the kidney, consists of the medullary collecting ducts, loops of Henle, vasa recta and the interstitium.
The unique spatial arrangement of these components is essential as it has its function for the regulation of urine concentration and other specialized kidney functions.
If a student wanted to view the histology of nephron loops within renal pyramids, the student will find a tubule lined with simple cuboidal epithelium.
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The evolutionary mechanism that allows for species to adapt to the environmental conditions found in their habitat is:_______.
One method of evolution is natural selection. More successful organisms carry the genes that made them successful and are better adapted to their surroundings. Over time, species change and diverge as a result of
What are the eight different species?What similarities and differences did these ancient human species share? They included Homo soloensis, Homo placental mammal, Homo denisova, Homo rudolfensis, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo erectus, Homo proved, and Homo sapiens. Only Homo sapiens, or us, survived out of these eight different human species.
What is the number of species?There are about 8.7 million plant and animal species in the world, according to scientists. But only about 1.2 million species, majority of whom are insects, have been named and described thus far.
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which of these organisms convert atmospheric nitrogen gas to a form that can be utilized by plants?
The organisms that convert atmospheric nitrogen gas to a form that can be utilized by plants are bacteria. So the correct option is C.
What are bacteria?Bacteria are microorganisms with different sizes which have the characteristic of not having a nucleus, that is, their genetic material is dispersed in the cytoplasm. They are quite old types of cells, they have characteristics such as being able to live in extreme temperature and pressure conditions.
If the bacteria are not evil, a small percentage of the bacteria are actually bad. In our body there are many types of bacteria that help the body, it is even said that there are more bacteria than human cells.
There is a specific type of bacteria that are nitrogen fixers which will help integrate nitrogen into arid soils and help the vegetative development of plants.
Therefore, we can confirm that the correct option is C. bacteria.
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Which of these organisms convert atmospheric nitrogen gas to a form that can be utilized by plants?
A) animals
B) fungi
C) bacteria
D) protists
what is the function of the release factor (rf)?what is the function of the release factor (rf)?it releases the amino acid from its trna to allow the amino acid to form a peptide bond.it supplies a source of energy for termination of translation.it separates trna in the a site from the growing polypeptide.it releases the ribosome from the er to allow polypeptides into the cytosol.it binds to the stop codon in the a site in place of a trna.
In the A site, it binds to the stop codon in place of a tRNA. In order to add the amino acid to the expanding polypeptide, it frees the amino acid from its tRNA.
What use does the quizlet on release factor RF serve?What role does the release factor play in the translation process in eukaryotes? In order to let polypeptides enter the cytosol, it frees the ribosome from the ER. It offers a supply of energy for stopping translation.
What are release factor proteins used for?A release factor is a protein that permits the halting of translation by identifying the stop codon or termination codon in an mRNA sequence. They get their name from the ribosomes' release of fresh peptides.
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what kinds of cells engulf whatever foreign cells and molecules they encounter and recognize?
Phagocytic cells engulf whatever foreign cells and molecules they encounter and recognize.
A macrophage is a large phagocytic cell that ingests diseases and other objects. Complementary pattern recognition receptors enable macrophages to identify PAMPs (PRRs).A neutropenic patient's blood smear displaying just one neutrophil. White blood cells called phagocytes employ the process of phagocytosis to ingest germs, foreign objects, and dead cells in order to defend the body.The immune system's phagocytic cells are predominately neutrophils and macrophages. The main cellular effectors of non-specific host defence and inflammation are these cells.Phagocytes are immune system white blood cells like neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and mast cells. Phagocytosis is another function of dendritic cells, which are antigen-presenting cells. In fact, because they are so good at it, they are referred to as professional phagocytes.To know more macrophages check the below link:
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m protein, hyaluronidase, collagenase, and often a capsule, can be virulence factors for certain pathogenic strains of
M protein, hyaluronidase, collagenase, and often a capsule, can be virulence factors for certain pathogenic strains of streptococcus.
The capacity of an organism to infect a host and spread disease is known as virulence. The cellular components known as virulence factors give microbial pathogens the ability to do this as well as a number of other tasks, like evading the host's immune response, immunosuppressing, obtaining nutrients from the host, colonizing a niche in the host, and gaining entry and departure from cells.
These elements have the potential to either help and encourage colonization or harm the ecosystem. Virulence factors can take many different shapes. While some infections are mobile genetic elements like bacteriophages, others get their components from chromosomally encoded pathogens.
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what are two basic ways to measure the enzyme activity of any enzyme? b. based on your answer for part a, how did you determine that the enzyme amylase was functioning? c. what is the purpose of dns in monitoring the activity of the enzyme? be specific. d. what is the original color of dna, what color is an indication that the enzyme activity is taking place?
The methods which are employed for measuring the enzymatic activities are known as spectrophotometry, fluorescence, and radiolabeling.
To test the functioning of amylase, the amylase test is performed by clinicians. If the amylase test detects high level of amylase in blood or urine, then it indicates pancreas disorder. In amylase solution, add 2-3 drops of 10% iodine solution directly onto the edge of colonies and Wait 10- 15 minutes and record the results. If the medium turns dark then it shows positive result. The dinitro salicylate or DNS method determines the reducing sugars liberated by the action of hydrolase enzymes on carbohydrates, under standard pH and temperatures. The enzyme activity can be detected by the presence of dark violet color which appears because of oxidation reaction.
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radiograph of an ap knee shows that the joint spaces are not equally open and the proximal fibular is completely superimposed over the tibia. which specific positioning error leads to this radiographic outcome?
The radiograph result is caused by a positioning mistake that causes lateral rotation of the lower leg specifically. An AP knee's radiograph reveals that the joint spaces are not all uniformly accessible and that the proximal fibula is entirely superimposed over the tibia.
With the proximal fibula foot extended, the image receptor in radiograph is flat against the plantar surface. The proximal fibula foot has to be obliquely positioned 30 to 40 degrees for the anterior-posterior medial radiograph view. First, second, and third metatarsal bones, whose heads (distal ends) are in touch with the ground, are impacted anteriorly by the weight transferred by the cuneiform bones. The proximal fibula calcaneus, cuboid, fourth, and fifth metatarsal bones support the body weight as it is radiograph transmitted anteriorly from the talus to the side.
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in mammals, which are possible compounds excreted for the elimination of nitrogen? a. ammonia b. urea c. pyrimidine d. uric acid
what structure allows the lymphatic system to absorb dietary fats from the small intestine?
The lacteal is the structure allows the lymphatic system to absorb dietary fats from the small intestine.
What is the function of a lacteal?A lymphatic narrow called a lacteal is liable for retaining dietary lipids in the small digestive system's villi.Bile emulsifies fatty oils, which are then processed by the lipase protein into a mix of unsaturated fats, di-, and monoglycerides From that point forward, they go from the gastrointestinal lumen into the enterocyte, where they go through re-esterification to make fatty oils. Chylomicrons are made by joining the fatty substance with phospholipids, cholesterol ester, and apolipoprotein B48.When inside the lacteals, these chylomicrons make chyle, a smooth material. The chyle is moved through the lacteals, which join to make greater lymphatic vessels, to the thoracic conduit, where it is delivered into the flow at the subclavian vein.Learn more about lacteal refer to :
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A farmer is trying to increase the diversity of corn kernel color and size in his crops. The trait for corn color is controlled by two alleles. Yellow corn (b ) is completely dominant over white corn (b ). The trait for corn kernel size is controlled by two alleles. Big kernel (k ) is completely dominant over small kernel (k ). Which combination of corn should he cross to get the highest variety and percent of genotypes in the next generation?.
The combination of corn that he should cross to get the highest variety and percent of genotypes in the next generation is Bb x Bb.
What is a genotype?The total complement of an organism's hereditary material is referred to as its genotype. The alleles or variants that an individual carries in a specific gene or genetic region are also referred to as their genotype.
From the scenario above, there are three distinct categories of genotypes: heterozygous recessive (pp), heterozygous dominant (PP), and homozygous recessive (pp).
We know that the dominant homozygous genotype and the dominant heterozygous genotype exhibit the same characteristics.
So in conclusion, if the farmer crosses Bb with Bb, the offspring will have BB, Bb, and bb genotypes, which will increase the diversity of corn kernel color and size in his crops.
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the thermal energy of an object depends on its what
a. mass
b temperature
c. specific heat
d. two of the above
drag each of the following labels into the appropriate box to identify which division of the autonomic nervous system is identified by the given function.
The division of the autonomic nervous system is identified by the given function Parasympathetic.
Parasympathetic
-Digesting
-Defecation
-Diuresis
Sympathetic
-Running
-Stress
-Excitement
-Fight-or- Flight system
The nervous system has two major elements: The primary nervous gadget is made from the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous gadget is made of nerves that department off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body.
The nervous system plays a function in almost every component of our health and properly-being. It courses regular activities inclusive of waking up; computerized activities including respiratory; and complicated processes together with questioning, studying, remembering, and feeling feelings.
The nervous system is made up of the mind, spinal wire, and nerves. It controls lots of what you believe you studied and sense and what your body does.
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Polypeptides in the er are usually larger than polypeptides synthesized from the same mrna that have not entered the er.
a. True
b. False
The statement 'polypeptides in the ER are usually larger than polypeptides synthesized from the same mRNA that have not entered the ER' is false.
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is the site where polypeptides enter so that protein formation can take place. Apart from protein formation, polypeptides are needed for various other metabolic functions by the ER.
Those polypeptides that are smaller in size can enter the endoplasmic reticulum because of the entering space and the small size of the endoplasmic reticulum. On the other hand, the polypeptides that are large, although being synthesized from the same mRNA, stay outside as they cannot enter the ER due to their large size.
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Why is it important to monitor environmental parameters when making policy decisions?
The importance of monitoring environmental parameters when making policy decisions as an evaluation of the working mechanism of an environmental management system.
What are environmental pollution parameters?Economic development also affects the environment. As a result of development that does not consider environmental impacts and pollution, environmental pollution begins to occur and destroys the habitats of other living things.
Several parameters that can be used as indicators of environmental pollution include:
Chemical parametersBiochemical parameters include BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), namely the amount of oxygen contained or dissolved in water.Physical parametersBiological parametersWith these parameters, it will be easier to make evaluation decisions on environmental treatment systems.
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What research question did david tilman and colleagues address when they planted varying numbers of species from different functional groups of grassland plants in experimental plots?
They were curious to know if more species-rich assemblages would result in greater biomass production.
What is the long-term ecosystem experiment of David Tilman?
David Tilman, an American ecologist, came up with the theory. According to this theory, the species that can survive at the lowest equilibrium resource level will be able to outcompete all other species if numerous species are vying for the same limited resource.
David Tilman conducted some research utilising outdoor plots to clarify the relationship between species and biomass. He demonstrated that plots with more species, or more biodiversity, displayed higher production and exhibited fewer changes in biomass from year to year.
In order to explain the diversity and relative abundance of species within ecosystems, Tilman introduces a novel theory called stochastic niche theory.
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a microbiologist decides to use a nutrient medium that contains thioglycolic acid. what type of microbe is she attempting to culture?
A microbiological culture, also known as a microbial culture, is a technique for increasing the number of microbial organisms by allowing them to reproduce in a predefined culture media under carefully monitored lab conditions. As a research tool in molecular biology, microbial cultures are fundamental diagnostic techniques.
The diversity of microbes is absolutely astounding, but they can all be divided into five basic categories: viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protists. An organism that is only visible under a microscope. Bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi are examples of microorganisms. Although they are not regarded to be living things, viruses are occasionally categorized as microbes.
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Sort the items according to whether they may be found only in free virus particles, only in uninfected host cells, or in both viruses and host cells.
Virus Only: Envelope with glycoproteins, capsomere, capsid
Host cell only: ribosome
Both: protein, DNA, RNA
According to whether they may be found only in free virus particles, only in uninfected host cells, or in both viruses and host cells the items are classified into :
Viruses only- Capsid, Capsomere (core protein), Envelope with glycoproteins
Host cell only- Ribosome
Both- Protein, RNA, DNA
A virus is a submicroscopic important pathogen that replicates only within an organism's living cells. Viruses infect all forms of life, including animals and plants, as well as microorganisms such as bacteria and archaea.
Different viruses have distinct modes of pathogenesis, and glycoproteins play a direct role in host binding and entry. During host cell maturation, viruses have host glycoproteins on their exterior to eliminate host immunity.
Nucleic acid (the genome) and protein are critical elements of infectious viral particles. Furthermore, all enveloped viruses have lipid in their envelopes as well as carbohydrates in their glycoprotein peplomers (as well as that in the nucleic acid). A virus is composed of a core of genetic material, either DNA or RNA, accompanied by a protein-based protective coat called a capsid. The envelope is an extra pointy coat that surrounds the capsid. Viruses have the ability to attach to host cells and enter them.
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what replaces the membranes and nutrition source of amniotic eggs in organisms that exhibit live birth without amniotic eggs?
The placenta replaces the membranes and nutrition source of amniotic eggs in organisms that exhibit live birth without amniotic eggs.
Amniotic membranes shield the eggs from damage. The creation of these membranes has given another the unique aquatic environment they require for development. Amniotic eggs exhibit the characteristic development of the amniotic membrane. These membranes include the chorion, which aids in the exchange of gases between the mother and the embryo, the amnion, which shields the embryo from harm and shock and also helps with hydration, and the allantois, which facilitates the excretion of nitrogenous wastes like urea and uric acid, among others, and also aids in respiration. Because lipids are present, watertight skin is another trait. Another is the presence of costal rib ventilation, which permits CO2 loss through the lungs as opposed to buccal pumping as found in naive animals.
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how is protein-coding information encoded in the genome? group of answer choices by base complementarity between promoter elements and dna binding proteins by non-covalent bonds between the two strands of dna in the double helix by a triplet code that is read by the trnas and ribosome by small rnas that regulated the abundance of mrna
The DNA sequence's character string is transformed into an appropriate numerical sequence in order to apply adequate signal processing techniques for the identification of protein-coding regions.
Does DNA contain the protein coding region?Each amino acid in a protein's amino acid chain is converted into a triplet of nucleotides, commonly known as a codon, by a coding DNA sequence.
What do genes that code for proteins encode?DNA sequences that are translated into mRNA and then translated into polypeptide chains are known as protein-coding sequences. One amino acid in the polypeptide chain is encoded every three nucleotides, or "codon," in a protein coding sequence.
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