A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway involves enzymes activating other enzymes.
Cells can react to signals from their surroundings thanks to signal transduction pathways. A signal is amplified in the majority of signal transduction pathways, causing most steps to result in more active components than earlier steps. For instance, signal amplification causes a liver cell to release plenty of glucose molecules after spotting just one epinephrine molecule.
Numerous locations can lead to signal amplification. For instance, a receptor can activate a series of G proteins as long as epinephrine is attached to the receptor. Each adenylyl cyclase enzyme can also convert a large number of ATP molecules into cyclic AMP molecules. The pathway's other active enzymes can also continuously catalyse processes. Contrarily, the G protein is required for the continued activation of adenylyl cyclase and only stimulates one adenylyl cyclase enzyme at a time. The cellular response's termination is just as crucial as its initiation. The several participants in the pathway must be controlled such that they are activated for a brief amount of time in order for a cell to respond only when a signal is there.
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how does the models support the idea that genetic mutations may arise from environmental factors?
The models support the idea that genetic mutations may arise from environmental factors by demonstrating that environmental exposure to certain agents, such as radiation and chemicals, can lead to the occurrence of mutations.
These mutations can lead to changes in gene sequences, which can then be passed down to future generations. Additionally, the models can also show how environmental changes, such as food availability or temperature, can lead to changes in the genetic makeup of a population over time. Some environmental elements can alter a gene's nucleotide sequence. UV radiation, for instance, can break apart DNA strands. Additionally, certain chemicals such as those found in plastic or cigarette smoke can change the chemical behavior of DNA bases, leading one base to take the place of another. These environmental factors can also adjust the epigenome - the chemical markers attached to DNA - which can then cause genes to become more or less activated and determine the amount of protein that's created from them.
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if the hypothalamus was not stimulated by estrogen, which pathways would be interrupted?
The thyroid-stimulating hormone will be stimulated if estrogen does not activate the hypothalamus.
What is the hypothalamus?The hypothalamus is the part of the brain that secretes hormones to control the function of the body's organs and cells. The most important function of the hypothalamus is homeostasis, which ensures and maintains all body systems running stable.
The hypothalamus releases hormones to another part of the brain, namely the pituitary gland. This gland will then send these hormones to various other organs of the body.
Some of the hormones produced by the hypothalamus are:
Antidiuretic hormoneOxytocin hormoneSomatostatin hormoneGrowth hormone-releasing hormoneGonadotropin-releasing hormoneCorticotropin-releasing hormoneThyrotropin-releasing hormoneLearn more about the function of estrogen here :
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How does nitrogen based fertilizer affect the environment?
Answer:
Nitrogen based fertilizers can provide an excess of nitrogen to the environment, leading to an increase in nitrogen levels in the soil, water, and air. This can lead to a range of environmental issues, including air and water pollution, eutrophication, algal blooms, and increased greenhouse gas emissions.
Explanation:
would a cross between a homozygous purple-smooth parent (ppss) and a parent that is heterozygous for both traits (ppss) result in offspring that produced either yellow or wrinkled seeds? explain your answer by listing the genotypes and phenotypes produced by the cross.
The given statement "A cross between a homozygous purple-smooth parent (PPSS) and heterozygous for both traits (PpSs) would produce offspring that is either yellow or wrinkled seeds." is true.
Crossing over is the exchange of DNA between homologous and non-homologous chromosome.
The homozygous purple-smooth parent will only produce gametes PP and SS, while the heterozygous parent (Pp,Ss) will produce gametes with P_S_, P_s_, p_S_, and p_s_ . Thus the offspring will have a [tex]\dfrac {1} {4}[/tex] chance of being homozygous recessive (ppss), that will have yellow and wrinkled seeds while the other [tex]\dfrac {3}{4}[/tex] of the offspring will be heterozygous (PpSs), that will have purple and smooth seeds.
Genotype:
1/4 ppss - Yellow and wrinkled
3/4 PpSs - Purple and smooth
Phenotype:
1/4 Yellow and wrinkled
3/4 Purple and smooth
Therefore, the given statement is true.
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Your question is incomplete but most probably your full question was,
Would a cross between a homozygous purple-smooth parent (PPSS) and a parent that is heterozygous for both traits (PpSs) result in offspring that produced either yellow or wrinkled seeds? explain your answer by listing the genotypes and phenotypes produced by the cross.
what is the difference between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning?
In therapeutic cloning, an embryo is produced in a similar manner, but the "cloned" cells that are produced do not enter a female's uterus.
What is the correct of definition of reproductive and therapeutic cloning?Animals are replicated in their entirety through reproductive cloning. In trials aiming at producing tissues to replace damaged or ill tissues, therapeutic cloning creates embryonic stem cells.The most well-known clone was Dolly, a Scottish sheep. Cloning can have three different forms: Gene cloning, which duplicates genes or DNA stretches. reproductive cloning, in which entire animals are duplicated. the creation of embryonic stem cells using therapeutic cloning.Somatic cell nuclear transfer is used in reproductive cloning to produce an animal that is genetically identical to a donor animal. In therapeutic cloning, an embryo is produced in a similar manner, but the "cloned" cells that are produced do not enter a female's uterus. Instead, they are left in a dish in the laboratory.To learn more about therapeutic cloning refer,
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in the past 150 years, co2 emissions have risen by nearly 50%. what has dramatically increased during this time that has led to this increase in co2? explain how this has occurred.
Scientists can detect a specific isotopic fingerprint in the atmosphere, indicating that this rise is a result of human activity.
What makes a human a human?The word "human" first appears in writing in the middle of the 13th century and derives from the Middle French humain, which means "of or pertaining to man." That term itself derives from the Latin word humanus, which is supposed to be a cross between the words for "man" and "earth" (homo and humus). In contrast to birds, planes, and even celestial spirits, a human.
What does it actually meant to be an human?Being, pertaining to, or being of or pertaining to a person or to people as opposed to animals: About 60% of the human body is made up of water. They discovered some remains that they believed to be human.
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When mt. st. helen erupted in 1980, all living organisms within the immediate blast zone were killed by the explosion and debris. what type of succession occurred in this area following this catastrophic disturbance?
When Mt. St. Helen erupted in 1980, all living organisms within the immediate blast zone were killed by the explosion and debris, primary succession occurred in this area following this catastrophic disturbance.
Forty years past, when 2 months of earthquakes and tiny explosions, Mount St. Helens cataclysmically erupted. A high-speed blast leveled countless trees and ripped soil from bedrock. The eruption fed a soaring plume of ash for over 9 hours, and winds carried the ash many miles away.
Primary succession happens once a brand new patch of land is made or exposed for the primary time. this may happen, for instance, once volcanic rock cools and creates new rocks, or once a ice mass retreats and exposes rocks with none soil. throughout primary succession, organisms should begin from scratch.
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using the structural classification, what type of joint is the epiphyseal plate?
The type of joint the epiphyseal plate is temporary synchondrosis.
Chondrosis, or primary cartilage joints, affects only the hyaline cartilage and may be temporary or permanent. The bone grows longer inside. In children, the epiphyseal plate connects the diaphysis (the trunk of the bone) to the epiphysis (the end of the bone). Over time, the cartilage plates expand and replace bone, expanding the diaphysis.
Eventually, when all the hyaline cartilage is ossified, the bone lengthens and the diaphysis and epiphysis fuse to form a fusion. Other temporary arthropathies lead to the ilium, ischium, and pubis of the hip joint. Over time, these too will fuse into one hip bone.
Permanent synchondrosis does not ossify with age. It retains the hyaline cartilage. Permanent arthrosis serves to connect bones without movement as joints. An example is the rib cage, such as the first sternocostal joint. The first rib is connected to the manubrium by its costal cartilage. Another example is the relationship between the anterior ends of her other 11 ribs and the costal cartilage.
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what membranes of the maculae sacculi and utriculi are important in sensing gravity and motion?
HELP FAST!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
RR (round peas) and rr (wrinkled peas), The heterozygous peas have genotype Rr which when crossed will have RR, Rr, Rr and rr. Therefore, 50% of the off springs will be heterozygous.
What is a punnett square?
The genotypes of a certain cross or breeding experiment are predicted using the Punnett square, a square diagram. It bears Reginald C. Punnett's name, who developed the method in 1905. Biologists use the figure to calculate the likelihood that a child will have a certain genotype.
When two heterozygotes are crossed, the anticipated genotype ratio is 1 (homozygous dominant): 2 (heterozygous): 1. (homozygous recessive) or 1:2:1.
R r
R RR Rr
r Rr rr
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The growth hormone axis contains at least one example of a negative feedback loop.
True
False
At least one instance of a negative feedback loop can be found in the growth hormone axis. So, this assertion is true.
Control of thyroid hormone secretion is a key instance of a negative feedback loop. Thyroxine and triiodothyronine, sometimes known as "T4 and T3," are thyroid hormones that are produced and secreted by the thyroid glands and have an impact on metabolism all over the body. The female menstrual cycle is controlled by a negative feedback loop involving brain regions. 2. The brain's hypothalamus has a gland that secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
The pituitary gland in the brain receives instructions from the GnRH to create follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The use of negative feedback loops in processes can be seen in homeostatic systems like: Thermoregulation (if body temperature varies, mechanisms are stimulated to restore normal levels) (if body temperature changes, mechanisms are induced to restore normal levels) blood sugar control (insulin lowers blood glucose when levels are high ; glucagon raises blood glucose when levels are low).
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if a developing insect embryo was mechanically agitated in order to evenly redistribute cytoplasmic determinants throughout the embryo, then the ________.
If a developing insect embryo was mechanically agitated in order to evenly redistribute cytoplasmic determinants throughout the embryo, then the resulting organism would have a symmetrical body plan.
Cytoplasmic determinants are molecules that play a key role in the development of an organism, as they help to determine the fate of cells and the overall body plan of the organism. In many cases, these determinants are not evenly distributed throughout the embryo, resulting in an asymmetrical body plan.
However, if the embryo is mechanically agitated, this can help to redistribute the determinants more evenly, resulting in a symmetrical body plan. This process, known as cytoplasmic redistribution, is important for the proper development of the organism.
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(02.01 HC)
Fossil evidence has been used to understand the movement of continental plates. The figure below shows where fossils of several species have been
found. What can you predict about more modern organisms that lived 100 million years after these species? (3 points)
SOUTH AMERICA
remains of
ognathus
Trassic land reptile
approximately
I'm long
AFRICA
Lived approximately
250-240 million years ago
©2016, The Geological Society
Fouad remains of the
water reple
Masosaurus
Lived approximately
299-250 million years ago
Lived approdnately
286-258 million years ago
INDIA
ANTARCTICA
Fossl evidence
of the Triassic
land reple
Lystrosauna
AUSTRALIA
Fossh of the fern
Glossopteris found
in all of the southem
continents, show that
they were once joined.
Lived approximately
300-200 million years ago
O Most modern species would have ranges like Glossopteris because the continents are closer together today.
Most modern species would be in South America, because as the plates moved they would separate from other, uninhabited lands.
More modern species would have a smaller range because the plates are farther apart today.
O Modern species would be able to migrate in a pattern like Lystrosaurus because India and Antarctica are closer together today.
The range of modern organisms today compare to these species such that more modern species would have a smaller range because the plates are farther apart today which is therefore denoted as option C.
What is a Fossil?This is referred to as the remain of plants and animals which have been preserved in the earth crust as a result of various factors such as high temperature and pressure which results in an impression being created.
Fossils vary according to the area where they are found and it helps us to understand various processes on earth. With time, there has been an increase in the movement of the plates which has been further apart and is the reason why there is a difference such that more modern species would have a smaller range than previous ones.
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rna polymerase adds ribonucleotides onto the _____ end of a growing rna by forming _____ bonds.
RNA polymerase adds ribonucleotides onto the 3' end of a growing RNA by forming phosphodiester bonds.
In the field of biology, RNA polymerase can be described as an enzyme that adds ribonucleotides to the RNA in order for the synthesis of RNA to occur. The direction of working for the RNA polymerase is only from the 5' to the 3' direction. This means that the RNA polymerase can add ribonucleotides only to the 3' end and not the 5' end.
The ribonucleotides join together for RNA synthesis using the phosphodiester bonds. By phosphodiester bond, the RNA polymerase forms a bond between the 3' carbon of one sugar to the 5; atom of the other sugar.
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2 tomatoe seeds are placed in a pot, the pot is in direct sunlight. the pot is watered daily. how high the seeds grow is observed and recorded.
The growth of tomato seeds that are left directly under the sunlight will grow shorter than those planted in a dark place.
If tomato seeds are planted in a dark place, the tomatoes will grow longer than usual. This event occurs due to the influence of phytohormones, especially the auxin hormone.
The main function of the auxin hormone is to regulate cells and stimulate cell elongation in the back of the end meristem. The auxin hormone is very sensitive to sunlight. When exposed to sunlight, this hormone will decompose and break down.
If planted in the light, the tomatoes will grow shorter than those planted in the dark. Events occur due to the influence of phytohormones, especially the hormone auxin.
This auxin hormone will decompose and be damaged if it is directly exposed to sunlight so that the rate of plant growth is not too fast. as a result, the plant stems will be shorter, but with a healthy physical condition of the plant, the leaves look fresh and have enough chlorophyll.
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Deforestation - amazon rain forest, brazil. On average, based on your answer to problem 4, how much deforestation occurred in this area per year (km2/yr)?
Answer:An increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide since the trees were taking in carbon dioxide from the environment
Explanation:
cis-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane always has one axial and one equatorial methyl group. t or f
Cis-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane always has one axial and one equatorial methyl group. The given statement is True.
What is Isomer?In chemistry, isomers are molecules or polyatomic ions with identical molecular formulae – that is, same number of atoms of each element – but distinct arrangements of atoms in space.
Isomerism is existence or possibility of isomers. Isomers do not necessarily share similar chemical or physical properties
What is conformer?Conformational isomerism is a form of stereoisomerism in which the isomers can be interconverted just by rotations about formally single bonds.
What is stereoisomerism?In stereochemistry, stereoisomerism, or spatial isomerism, is a form of isomerism in which molecules have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution),
They differ in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in space.
Geometric isomers are compounds with the same atomic and bond composition but different spatial arrangements of the component atoms.
In cis-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane, one methyl group is axial and one methyl group is equatorial in both ring flip conformers, so neither conformer is more stable than the other.
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how do variations affect the survival and reproduction of organisms as well as the characteristics of future generations?
A characteristic that is advantageous and helps the individual survive and reproduce enhances the likelihood that the variant will be passed down to the next generation.
What about reproduction of organisms?The generation of descendants is reduplication.Asexual reduplication and sexual reduplication are the two primary typesAn critter that reproduces sexually incorporates the inheritable material from both of its parents and is genetically distinct.By having one parent copy it, asexual reduplication produces children who are genetically similar.Reproduction is the natural process that results in the creation of brand-new individual brutes, or" seed," from pre-existing people, or" parents."Fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis are exemplifications of asexual reduplication, whereas sexual reduplication is fulfilled by fusing the reproductive cells of two different peopleIt's a natural process by which living effects produce seeds that act on them.The durability of numerous species on Earth is assured via reduplication.The species will not be suitable to survive for veritably long without reduplication, and it could go defunct veritably soon.The durability of the species and forestallment of its extermination are guaranteed by reduplication.It contributes to elaboration by generating variants through inheritable recombination.The ecosystem's species diversity is backed by it.A new critter is created by the natural process of sexual reduplication by fusing the inheritable material of two different species.This process begins with meiosis, a particular kind of cell division.By producing haploid gametes, each of the two parent organisms contributes half of the inheritable composition of the child.Learn more about reproduction of organisms here:
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Which of the following occurs in meiosis but not
in mitosis?
A. Chromosomes coil and condense.
B. Spindle
fi
bers form across the cell.
C. The nuclear membrane breaks down.
D. Pairs of homologous chromosomes are
separated.
The circumstance that occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis is the coining and condensation of Chromosomes. Thus, the correct option for this question is A.
What is Meiosis?Meiosis may be characterized as a type of cell division in which each parent cell is divided into four daughter cells. These daughter cells are genetically unique to their parental cell and are haploid in nature. Gamete cells (germ cells) are usually divided by this method of cell division.
The events that happen in the process of meiosis may include the pairing of homologous chromosomes, crossing over, and lining up along the metaphase plate in tetrads.
Therefore, the condensation and coiling of chromosomes is the circumstance that occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis. Thus, the correct option for this question is A.
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In which situations should you yield right of way?
When making a left turn across oncoming lanes of traffic, you must stop and let incoming traffic pass.
While relocating from a driveway, parking lot, or exclusive road. From a private road, alley, parking garage, driveway, etc., you must stop and give way to all oncoming traffic before entering or crossing a public road.
A first-time offender faces a punishment ranging from $500 to $1,250 for failing to yield to a school bus. A Class A misdemeanor punishable by a fine of up to $4,000 and/or one year in prison is causing serious bodily harm by failing to cede right of way to school bus passengers.
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a tumor-suppressor gene has been identified. however, dna sequencing in one patient shows that one copy of the gene has been deleted, but the other copy has a normal dna sequence (including the regulatory sequence). how can this result be best explained?
A DNA repair protein is encoded for by the tumor suppressor gene. The function of the gene is impacted by a base-pair alteration in the copy of the gene that is not deleted. There is an epigenetic alteration that lowers the expression of the copy of the gene that is not eliminated.
A change in cell proliferation and tumor development need mutations in both copies of a particular tumor suppressor gene pair. Tumor suppressor genes are therefore referred to as recessive at the cellular level. Tumor suppressor gene mutations are often acquired. Uncontrolled cell division may take place when a tumor suppressor gene is rendered inactive by a mutation, which prevents the production of the protein it encodes or impairs its correct function. These mutations could aid in the growth of a malignancy. A tumor suppressor gene's function is lost or diminished as a result of mutation. This could enable the cell to develop abnormally when coupled with other genetic abnormalities.
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enamel is derived from the: group of answer choices a. outer enamel epithelium b. inner enamel epithelium c. stellate reticulum d. stratum intermedium e. reduced enamel epithelium
The toughest substance created through biological processes is enamel. It makes up the anatomical crown of a tooth and is derived from the epithelium.
The pulp and dentine of the tooth are made by the ectomesenchyme, whereas the enamel of the tooth is made by the oral epithelium. Deep within the oral epithelium is the ectomesenchyme. Ectoderm and mesoderm from the embryonic germ layer evolve into teeth. The oral cavity's ectoderm forms the enamel portion, while the related mesenchymal cells form all other tissues. The makeup of enamel. All mineralized tissues in vertebrates, including the enamel, contain about 95 weight percent (carbonated) apatite, a calcium phosphate mineral (3). Apatite crystals primarily grow along their c-axis and have elongated forms as a result.
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place the following labels in order indicating the passage of sound waves through the ear and hearing apparatus starting outside the ear.
1. Auricle, 2. Auditory canal, 3. Tympanic membrane, 4. Ossicles,5. Oval window, 6. Scala vestibuli,7. Scala tympani, 8. Round window are in order indicating the passage of sound waves through the ear and hearing apparatus starting outside the ear.
What is the right procedure for listening to something?The listening process consists of five steps: hearing, paying attention, understanding, responding, and recalling.
What happens during a hearing?The pinna in the outer ear, which collects sound waves (vibrations), directs them into the external auditory canal. The circular tympanic membrane (ear drum) vibrates as sound waves strike it after traveling down the external auditory canal, which is coated with hair and wax.
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question:-
Which is the correct order in which sound waves flow through the ear ?
which molecular orbital has zero nodes, contributes to bonding, and has nonzero electron density directly along the internuclear axis?
The lowest energy orbital, or LUMO, functions as an electron acceptor and indicates how vulnerable a molecule is to attack by nucleophiles since it has the potential to accept electrons.
What do nodes in molecule orbitals represent?
The node of orbit: an orbital point or plane with no electron density. Constantly surrounded by two or more orbital lobes.
What benzene has the highest electron density out of the following?
The highest number (3) of these H-C bonds are connected to the unsaturated system in compound A (toluene). Thus, it will have the greatest degree of hyperconjugation and the greatest amount of electron density on the aromatic nucleus.
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how do goats reproduce?
Answer:
by reproduction process
because male has male garments and female goat has a female garments which when combaing with the male garment may lead to form a zygot
Cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the?A) dorsal horn of the spinal cord gray matter.B) ventral horn of the spinal cord gray matter.C) lateral horn of the spinal cord gray matter.D) sympathetic chain ganglia.E) collateral ganglia.
The lateral horn of the spinal cord's gray matter, between T1 and L2, is home to the sympathetic preganglionic neurons' cell bodies.
The sympathetic preganglionic neuron releases what?Since cholinergic preganglionic neurons produce acetylcholine (Ach) at the ganglion synapse, sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons share this property.The lateral horn of the spinal cord's gray matter, between T1 and L2, is home to the sympathetic preganglionic neurons' cell bodies.The sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) are located within the spinal cord, and their axons travel via the ventral horn before leaving in the ventral roots, where they connect to postganglionic neurons to establish synapses.To learn more about Sympathetic preganglionic neurons refer to:
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What is Ozone Layer? When is World Ozone Day?
The phrase "ozone layer" refers to the thick layer of ozone that is present in the stratosphere, 15 to 30 kilometers above the surface of the earth. The UN General Assembly declared September 16 to be the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer on December 19, 1994.
Every year on September 16th, World Ozone Day is observed to remember the signing of the Montreal Protocol, which went into effect on this day in 1987. Every year, people around the world observe World Ozone Day to raise awareness of the ozone layer's deterioration and the steps being taken to protect it.
It has three oxygen atoms and is a light blue gas. It is toxic to life and is created in the stratospheric ozone layer. An oxygen allotrope is ozone, symbol O3. In both its solid and liquid forms, ozone is a blue-black substance with a strong odor. Life on Earth is protected by the ozone layer. A form of radiation known as ultraviolet radiation, or UV light, which can penetrate organisms' protective layers like the epidermis and harm DNA molecules in plants and animals, is well-trapped by ozone.
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archaeologists discovered a new set of mummies in egypt with what unique feature?
Archaeologists discovered a new set of mummies in Egypt with Golden tongue or amulet placed in the deceased's mouth.
What is archeologist?An archaeologist is a scientist who studies human history by digging up human remains and artifacts.Archaeologists determine where an ancient temple was built by finding ancient records related to the specific area or region.Lucy, the oldest human known to man — nearly 3.2 million years oldWhat have we learned from discovered?A mummy preserves information about lifestyle, diet, diseases, cause of death, and religious and funerary beliefs, giving us an insight into aspects of the civilisation that archaeology and ancient literature alone cannot provide.
What is so special about mummies?The Egyptians believed that the mummified body was the home for this soul or spirit.If the body was destroyed, the spirit might be lost.Learn more about Evolution from brainly.com/question/928273.
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what contribution do mendel's conclusions concerning inheritance make to the understanding of evolutionary processes?
They give organisms a method to distinguish themselves from one another.
Natural selection, genetic drift, non-random mating, gene flow, and limited population sizes.
The inherited phenotypes, according to his prediction, do not converge over generations. Instead, he proposed that the progeny receive distinct "particles." The dominant phenotype will manifest itself if one of these particles has the upper hand.
Gregor Mendel came to the conclusion that the qualities handed down to the next generation are determined by chemical causes. Genes are the name of this chemical component. The traits of an organism are produced by genes in two contrasting forms known as alleles.
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human ict evolution may be visualised as a three-stage rocket: prehistory, history and hyperhistory group of answer choices true false
True. human evolution may be visualised as a three-stage rocket: prehistory, history and hyperhistory.
A three-stage rocket can be used to represent human evolution: There are no ICTs in prehistory; there are ICTs in history and they record and transmit data, but human societies still rely primarily on other technologies for energy and primary resources; there are ICTs in hyperhistory and they record, transmit, and, most importantly, process data increasingly autonomously, and human societies become utterly dependent on them and on information as a fundamental resource.
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