True, the connection that exists between genes and hereditary traits is based on using the information encoded in genes to synthesize.
A gene is the fundamental physical and purposeful unit of heredity. Some genes act as instructions to make molecules referred to as proteins. but, many genes do now not code for proteins.
Our genes incorporate instructions that inform your cells to make molecules referred to as proteins. Proteins perform various features on our body to keep us healthy. Every gene includes commands that determine your functions, together with eye color, hair shade, and height.
Few genes act as commands to make molecules referred to as proteins. In human beings, genes vary in length from a few hundred DNA bases to extra than 2 million bases.
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what is the poisonous gas found in cigarette smoke that reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells by binding with the receptor sites for oxygen?
Because the gas becomes carboxyhemoglobin when it interacts with red blood cells' hemoglobin, breathing carbon monoxide is harmful. Hemoglobin's capacity to carry oxygen to bodily tissues is decreased as a result of the displacement of oxygen.
The toxic gas known as carbon monoxide (CO) has no color or smell. The exhaust from moving vehicles, gas stoves, wood stoves, and heaters are all known sources of CO exposure in addition to tobacco smoke. As a whole, there are several carcinogens in cigarette smoke. The most significant carcinogens are probably PAH, N-nitrosamines, aromatic amines, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, aldehydes, and ethylene oxide due to their carcinogenic activity and quantities in cigarette smoke. Tobacco products include nicotine, a naturally occurring poison. The addictive nature of tobacco products is also caused by this molecule.
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What are the 4 products of photosynthesis?
When exposed to light, photosynthesis uses organic substances such as carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose. This occurs in the green leaves of developing plants. As a byproduct of photosynthesis, glucose, oxygen, and water are produced.
Sugar is the first product of photosynthesis, and all plants convert it to starch. The breakdown of water into oxygen, which is then released, and hydrogen is the initial stage of photosynthesis. The use of direct light is required for this procedure.
Light energy is utilized in photosynthesis to transform carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. One glucose molecule and six oxygen molecules are created for every six carbon dioxide and water molecules.
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Lipids such as fats serve as a stored form of energy and are required for various functions of the body. The body needs to digest and absorb the fats we consume so that it can accomplish these functions. Arrange the steps of fat digestion and absorption in the correct order.
Lipids such as fats serve as a stored form of energy and are required for various functions of the body, the correct order is 3, 5, 1, 4, 2, 6.
The correct order of steps of food digestion is as follows:
Step 1: through mechanical digestion, the teeth grind food and break it into smaller parts.
Step 2: Churning and gastric juices further break down fat molecules.
Step 3: Food passes into the small intestine.
Step 4: Pancreatic lipase breaks down the fat molecules.
Step 5: The absorbed fats enter the circulatory system.
Step 6: Lymphatic vessels absorb the digested fats.
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The¬___division of the autonomic nervous system that is anatomically known as the thoracolumbar division is the division.
The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system that is anatomically known as the thoracolumbar division is the division.
In general , sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system includes various organ systems of the body having connection emerging from the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord. Which is also known as the thoracolumbar system .
Hence, sympathetic division or thoracolumbar outflow also consists of cell bodies in lateral region of the spinal cord from T1 to L2. Cells bodies are GVE (general visceral efferent) neurons and are the preganglionic neurons.
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how many dna molecules would there be after four rounds of pcr if the initial reaction mixture contained two molecules?
If two molecules are doubled four times, 32 DNA molecules are created. After 'n' rounds of the polymerase chain reaction, it is possible to produce 2n DNA molecules from a single DNA template molecule.
What is DNA molecules?
Each cycle sees a doubling of the amount of double-stranded DNA, resulting in 2n copies of the DNA after n cycles. The number of DNA molecules (per gram) in your DNA sample can be calculated by multiplying the DNA amount in ng by Avogadro's number, for instance, after 4 cycles you have 16 copies, after 20 cycles you have roughly one million copies, etc (6.022 x 10e23). Each PCR reaction employs two primers, which are created to surround the target region.
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sort the statements into the appropriate bins depending on whether or not each operon would be transcribed under the stated conditions.
Not transcribed is operon
- tryptophan present in trp operon
- lac operon: no lactose
Operon transcription is not accelerated under positive control:
- tryptophan absence in the trp operon
- Lac operon: present lactose, present glucose
Rapid transcription of an operon is achieved through positive control:
- Lac operon: Lactose present but no glucose
What are operons and how do they differ?
Operon: An operon is a collection of genes with similar functions that is regulated by a single promoter, operator, and repressor. There are two types of operons: When an inducer, such as the Lac operon, is present, this sort of operon turns on.
The operon is where?
Similar genes are frequently located together on the chromosome of bacteria, where they are produced as a single unit from a single promoter (RNA polymerase binding site). An operon is a collection of genes that is under the control of a single promoter.
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biodiesel fuel is produced from oils synthesized by and harvested from living plants. how does the use of biodiesel fuel compare to the use of fossil fuels with respect to the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere
Biofuels are fuels made from plant-based raw materials or from living organisms (hence their prefix "bio"). They stand in contrast to "fossil" fuels, which are the product of a degrading process that takes thousands of years.
In addition to reducing GHG emissions by 41% when compared to diesel, several major air pollutants are reduced, and the release of N, P, and pesticides has a negligible effect on human and environmental health. Biodiesel offers 93% more usable energy than the fossil energy required for its production. The use of biofuels in place of fossil fuels has the potential to lessen some of the negative effects of fossil fuel production and use, including exhaustible resource depletion, conventional and greenhouse gas (GHG) pollutant emissions, and dependence on unreliable foreign suppliers. Biofuels are fuels made from renewable organic material.
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PLS HELPP! ILL GIVE BRAINLIEST! Place the geologic layers and events below in order from oldest (1) to youngest (5).
The oldest geologic strata and events are in the following order: C-1, D-2, B-3, A-4, and E-5.
A geological layer is what?
Layers of sediment are deposited on top of one another to create horizontal strata as a result of the processes that create sedimentary rock. As more recent sediments are deposited on top of older sediments, a natural timeline is created that enables scientists to estimate the relative ages of the various layers.
Each layer is composed of deposited sediments that were weathered and worn away from distinct rock sources, making it possible to distinguish between the different sedimentary strata when they are exposed. Due to the various compositions of the rocks, they appear to be various tints and/or colours. The rock layers were initially horizontal with the ground due to the gravity of deposition.
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when performing a monohybrid cross, mendel noticed that not all individuals in the f2 generation were true breeding. what proportion were not?
Of the F2 individuals displaying the dominant shape, almost two thirds were not real breeders.
According to the law of dominance, only one of the contrasting features from the parents will be displayed in the F1 generation, and both parents' traits will be expressed in the F2 generation in a 3:1 ratio.
A recessive trait is one that is suppressed while a dominant trait is one that is displayed in the F1 generation. The law of dominance essentially argues that the dominant trait always outweighs or obscures the recessive traits. The Mendel experiment can be used to explain this law.
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Two alleles are neither completely dominant nor completely recessive, resulting in a phenotype that is a combination of the two: _______
If there is no link between the alleles' dominant and recessive alleles, codominance arises. However, the "mix" of alleles homozygotes or each individual allele might add phenotypic manifestations to the progeny.
what is An illustration of a homozygote is?If you inherit two identical copies of a gene, you are said to be homozygous for that gene. In contrast, a genotype with distinct alleles is called a heterozygous genotype. People with recessive characteristics, such as red hair or blue eyes, are always heterozygous for just that gene.
How do homozygote and heterozygote differ?The phrases heterozygous and homozygous are used to characterize allele pairings. Homozygous people have two copies of the same allele (RR or rr). Individual organisms with several alleles (Rr) are referred to as heterozygous.
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many neurons of joints help to inform the brain about the activity of the joint, including pain or position of the joint. these types of neurons are classified as _____________________ neurons.
Afferent somatic neurons are the answer. Numerous neurons in joints assist in communicating to the brain information regarding joint activity, such as pain or position. These neurons fall under the category of afferent somatic neurons.
The nerve fibers that carry sensory data from the outside environment into the brain are known as afferent neurons, also called sensory neurons. Skin, skeletal muscle, tendon, and joint receptors initiate impulses carried out by sensory neurons known as somatic afferent neurons. The receptors in the skin that sense touch, pressure, temperature, and pain are known as exteroceptors. Specific somatic afferent fibers in cranial nerves II and VIII carry sensory impulses from the special senses.
So, we can say Afferent somatic neurons, which are present in many joints and assist in informing the brain about joint activity, such as pain or position, are the solution.
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dr. dre has progressed to studying neurons. he applies a potassium leak channel inhibitor to a culture of neurons. what would be one effect of inhibiting these channels? group of answer choices
If a potassium leak channel inhibitor is applied to a culture of neurons the resting membrane potential would become more positively charged.
Since they control intracellular and extracellular ionic concentrations and produce resting or action potentials, ionic channels in neurons are essential. In contrast to the action potential, which always happens after this, the resting potential makes the neuron appear inactivated when conveying a signal and does not take stimuli from others. The resting potential would be extended and would possibly approach total rest for a long time if the potassium channels of a neuron were to remain closed. High levels of neuronal intracellular potassium prevent action potentials from being triggered, hence this neuron would not experience a membrane action potential, cause muscular contractions, or transmit signals.
The complete question is:
Dr. Dre has progressed to studying neurons. he applies a potassium leak channel inhibitor to a culture of neurons. what would be one effect of inhibiting these channels? group of answer choices
(A). No action potential.
(B). The resting membrane potential would become more positively charged.
(C). The resting membrane potential would become more negatively charged.
(D). The membrane potential would go to zero.
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how can variations in proteins between species be used to determine their evolutionary relationships?
Protein sequence similarities can be used to infer evolutionary relationships. The results are more trustworthy when the sequences being compared are longer.
This is owing to both statistical factors and the potential of convergent evolution, which does not imply common ancestry, in which small sequences or portions of a longer sequence may have developed towards a common goal (for instance, an enzyme active site).
A continuous pace of random mutations takes place. Based on the differences between the two protein sequences, it is possible to determine the time of divergence using this rate of change. It's called a molecular clock. Species divergence can be addressed using this information. Numerous organisms share conserved genes and the proteins they codify. Typically, these are proteins with functions in widely used metabolic and developmental processes. Given that they do not undergo fast evolutionary change, these conserved genes and proteins are the most helpful for establishing evolutionary links.
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What type of energy is heat from a fire?
The form of energy that is heat and is fire is called as thermal energy and sun energy's or solar energy.
Energy withinside the flame is withinside the shape of heat, i.e. kinetic energy of the molecules,plus withinside the shape of electromagnetic radiation, photons, each infrared and visibleThermal energy. Thermal electricity radiates from a hearthplace and warms a folks hands.
Thermal radiation is one in all 3 approaches that thermal electricity may be transferred.Thermal energyThermal electricity radiates from a hearthplace and warms a folks hands. Thermal radiation is one in all 3 approaches that thermal electricity may be transferred.
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Where do the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division originate in the cns?
The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
They lie in the lateral horn of the spinal cord and send out their axons to the sympathetic ganglia of the sympathetic trunk located near the vertebral column. The axons of these preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic trunk ganglia. The postganglionic neurons then send their axons to the organs and glands of the body, where they release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. This norepinephrine activates the body’s fight-or-flight response, prompting the body to prepare for action. This includes increased heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure. It also causes the breakdown of glucose and the release of cortisol which can further increase energy levels in the body.
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most communication between the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system takes place via __________ that enter and exit the spinal cord.
Most communication between the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system takes place via spinal nerves that enter and exit the spinal cord.
The spinal cord extends from the base of your brain. It's made from nerve cells and corporations of nerves that deliver messages to your mind and the relaxation of your body.
The three primary roles of the spinal cord are to send motor instructions from the mind to the body, ship sensory facts from the body to the brain, and coordinate reflexes.
Overall, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves grouped locally through the spinal area. more, in particular, there are eight cervical nerve pairs (C1-C8), twelve thoracic nerve pairs (T1-T12), 5 lumbar nerve pairs (L1-L5), five sacral (S1-S5), and an unmarried coccygeal nerve pair.
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which of the following is a basic step in the scientific method? question 13 options: a) perform an experiment and collect data b) analyze experimental data and propose a hypothesis c) none of the above d) all of the above e) test a hypothesis and state a theory or law
Answer is Option D) All of the above. The essential stages in the scientific method are to conduct an experiment, gather data, evaluate the data, propose a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, and then express a theory or law.
A well-written hypothesis is a prediction of the solution to a specific problem. Based on study and past understanding, scientific method it is completed. To obtain information, pose hypothesis data-related questions. Study and visualize the scientific method outcomes. Experimental data are statistically analyzed to find mistakes and eliminate them. The scientific method mistakes are brought about by human error, such as a poor experimental design, or by measuring equipment flaws. Repeat after hone.
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for example, g. magnirostris eat large seeds, and g. magnirostris can outcompete all other finches. the big birds and g. fortis fight over smaller seeds and water holes, but the big birds are dominant to g. fortis because they are almost twice the size of g. fortis. given what you know about g. fortis, g. magnirostris, and the big bird lineage, what do you predict will happen as the drought continues?
All crops, minerals, and nutrients will be diminished as long as the drought persists. If it persists, there will be a major food shortage for both people and animals, which could possibly be fatal. There is a heated debate about the scarcity of food and water.
G. Magnirostris and larger G. Fortis will compete for the finest food source, which is the huge seeds. Many G. Magnirostris and G. Fortis, which have enormous beaks and are the ancestors of big birds, can perish in severe drought. Food supplies will be reduced. Animals will plan how to obtain nourishment. The key element in the formation of the birds' beaks is seed.
As a result, G. Fortis's beak would eventually get smaller as a result of this. In terms of presentation, it would be in terms of size so people could get the stuff that is already available.
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what percent of the carbon that humans have emitted to the atmosphere is still in the atmosphere? i.e.: has not been taken up by photosynthesis on land or in the ocean?
About 55 percent of the extra carbon that humans have added to the atmosphere so far has been absorbed by land plants and the ocean, with the remaining 45 percent remaining in the atmosphere.
When carbon dioxide (CO2) from burning fossil fuels is released into the atmosphere, around 50% of it stays in the atmosphere, 25% is absorbed by land plants and trees, and the remaining 25% is absorbed into specific oceanic regions. Despite an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide entering the ocean, its ability to absorb emissions—about 31%—has remained mostly steady. In a cycle that affects almost all life on Earth and controls the climate, carbon moves between the atmosphere, land, and ocean.
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Help fast!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
The best explanation for why cells in adult tissues are constantly being replaced and the tissues remain the same is: the rate of cell death and cell division are equal.
The correct answer choice is option b.
What is meant by cell division?Cell division can simply be defined as the process which involves the division of cell's nucleus and cytoplasm leading to the multiplication of cells and to ensure the continuity of life. However, the cells of living organisms are usually dividing and being replaced by new ones to ensure growth and development by the process of cell division. The tissues remains the same time size simply because the division which occurs with the cell of an organism and the rate of replacement of these cells happens simultaneously.
The importance of cell division cannot be overemphasized as it help in tissue repair, growth and development.
In conclusion, we can now confirm from the explanation given above that cell division enhances cell multiplication.
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you are measuring recombination between three genes: dbt, mfn2 and aspm. the recombination fraction between the dbt and mfn2 is 15% and between mfn2 and aspm is 18%. however, the recombination fraction between dbt and aspm is slightly smaller than, but close to, 33%. what is the best explanation for this?
The best explanation for this is 2.When looking atypBT and ASPM, some individuals counted as parental are actually double recombinant
The sum of the two intervening distances is larger than the distance between the outside genes DBT and ASPM (less than 33 map units). Why? because not all of the recombination events (double crossovers) are taken into account by the calculated distance between DBT and ASPM.
Thus, the map distance would have been greater if there were more double recombinants. Again, the map distance would decrease if the number of parents was higher. The map distance is lower here than anticipated. This indicates that the number of parents is higher than it ought to be.
Therefore, the best choice is 2.
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(complete question)
You are measuring recombination between three genes: DBT, MEN2 and ASPM. The recombination fraction between the DBT and MFN2 is 15% and between MFN2 and ASPM is 18%: However, the recombination fraction between DBT and ASPM is slightly smaller than, but close to, 33%. What is the best explanation for this?
One of these genes may be on different chromosomes than the other two but this fact is masked because of double recombinants When looking atypBT and ASPM, some individuals counted as parental are actually double recombinantWhen looking at DBT and ASPM, some individuals counted as double recombinants are actually parentalDBT and ASPM actually assort independentlyNotch is a receptor protein displayed on the surface of certain cells in developing fruit fly embryos. Notch's ligand is a membrane-bound protein called Delta that is displayed on the surface of adjacent cells. When Notch is activated by its ligand, the intracellular tail of the Notch protein becomes separated from the rest of the protein. This allows the intracellular tail to move to the cell's nucleus and alter the expression of specific genes.
Which of the following statements best explains Delta's role in regulating cell communication through the Notch signaling pathway?
Notch is a receptor protein, which is displayed on the surface of certain cells. It is observed in the developing fruit fly embryos.
Within a growing embryo, delta limits cell communication to short distances.In the Delta-Notch signaling pathway, the receptor protein Notch plays a key role. Notch interacts with ligands like Delta to transduce short-range impulses.The fruit fly embryo's growing short-range cell communication distances are constrained by delta.Humans have 4 Notch receptors (Notch 1-4), which bind to a group of 5 ligands (Jagged 1 and 2 and Delta-like 1-3). The Notch receptors are membrane-bound heterodimeric proteins that are expressed on the cell surface. The ligand-binding that causes extracellular domain cleavage by an ADAM family metalloprotease and transmembrane domain cleavage by gamma secretase complex is what initiates signaling through the Notch receptors.To know more about Notch check the below link:
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A mutation that occurs in a somatic cell in an organism will most likely be transferred to:______.
Cancer is most likely to develop when a mutation takes place in a somatic cell of an organism.
What takes place when a somatic cell undergoes a mutation?a DNA mutation that happens after conception. All body cells, excluding the germ cells (sperm and egg), are susceptible to somatic mutations, which are not passed on to offspring. These changes may, but are not always, the root of cancer or other illnesses.
How do somatic cells become mutated?After fertilization, each cell in a person's body that isn't an egg or sperm experiences a somatic mutation, which alters their DNA (germ cells). Human cells replicate and replace one another constantly.
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chronic, progressive autoimmune disease that affects the blood vessels and connective tissue of the skin and other organs
Scleroderma is a chronic, progressive autoimmune disease that affects the blood vessels and connective tissue of the skin and other organs.
Scleroderma, also known as systemic sclerosis, is a group of rare diseases characterized by skin hardening and tightening. It may also affect blood vessels, internal organs, and the digestive tract.
The immune system attacks blood vessels in this rare disorder. Vasculitis is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and blood vessel narrowing (arteries, veins and capillaries). These vessels transport blood to and from the heart and other organs.
Some types are mild and may resolve on their own, whereas others can cause serious and life-threatening complications. Scleroderma has no cure, but most people with the condition can live a full and productive life.
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The cell cycle of yeast cells grown in the nutrient-poor environment is approximately what percent of the cell cycle of yeast cells grown in the nutrient-rich environment? responses 168 168 127 127 179 1 79 160.
The percentage of yeast cell cycles growing in a nutrient-poor environment of yeast cell cycles growing in a nutrient-rich environment is about 168.
The nutrient-rich yeast cell cycle lasts about 90 minutes or 1.5 hours.
The nutrient-poor yeast cell cycle lasts about 161 minutes or 5.3 hours.
So that, (161/98) x 100
The answer is 168 %.
In the yeast cell cycle, cell growth and cell division are closely linked and depend on factors such as nutrient concentrations. If the media is rich in nutrients, yeast cell division will be relatively fast because there is sufficient energy available. Meanwhile, in nutrient-poor media, the division is inhibited due to limited energy availability.
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Cellular respiration is the process in which cells break down glucose and make energy in the form of?
Cellular respiration is the process in which cells break down glucose and make energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
ATP production is essential for cells to carry out their daily functions, including:
Muscle contractionProtein synthesisTransport of molecules across cell membranes.How does the cellular respiration process occur?Cellular respiration is a metabolic process that occurs in the cells of all living organisms. It is the process that converts the energy in food molecules into a form of energy that the cell can use, called ATP.
During this process, oxygen is used to convert the energy stored in glucose into ATP. Cellular respiration has three stages:
In glycolysis, glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate. During the Krebs cycle, the pyruvate is further broken down, releasing more energy and producing more ATP.The electron transport chain uses oxygen to help produce more ATP.In the end, the process of cellular respiration converts glucose into energy in the form of ATP, which can then be used by the cell to carry out its functions.
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What characteristic do protozoa and fungi share?
Answer:
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Explanation:
Fungi and protozoa both belong to domain Eukarya, which means that they are made of eukaryotic cells that have many organelles and a membrane-bound nucleus.
acnh how to duplicate flowers do you have to open animal crossing every day in order for them to duplicate
In the event that you water a solitary flower that isn't straightforwardly close to one more flower of a similar sort, that flower can copy, or "clone" itself. The clone is indistinguishable from the original flower.
To begin with, pick the flower you need to clone. Planting hybrid flowers is the smartest option, as they can clone themselves and likewise draw in the most extraordinary bugs to them. Then, at that point, find a spot on your island that is Not even close to some other plants. This is important, as the hybrid flower needs space to clone itself and NOT cross with different flowers.
Once planted, make a point to water your hybrid flower. Watering the flower sets off the hybrid cycle and since there could be no different flowers close to it for it to cross with, the flower ought to just clone itself over and over.
Animal Crossing players have had incredible accomplishment with this strategy. On the off chance that you plant a flower close by its other relatives it could cross with those and make hybrid flowers of a similar kind. Assuming that you plant the flower alone, it will rather create clones. The key is to be patient and water the flowers, and give it close to up to 14 days for those to blossom into their clones and hybrids.
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what are the cellular structures that digest intracellular antigenic proteins for subsequent presentation on the cell surface by class i mhc molecules?
The cellular structures known as proteosomes break down intracellular antigenic proteins so that class I mhc molecules can then present them on the cell surface.
In order for class I mhc molecules to present intracellular antigenic proteins on the cell surface, the cellular structures known as proteosomes must first disassemble them.
All eukaryotic, archaea, and certain bacteria contain proteasomes. Proteasomes are found in the cytoplasm and nucleus of eukaryotes. The proteasome is a cylinder-shaped complex with a central pore formed by a "core" of four stacked rings.
When other cellular proteins are no longer required, a huge protein complex called a proteasome aids in their destruction. Cancer treatment using proteasome inhibitors is currently being researched.
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classify the following traits as specific to either cells or viruses, or shared by both.
Unique to cells: can actively respond to environmental stimuli, can contain organelles that are bound by membranes, and can autonomously carry out the biological process.
Shared by cells and viruses: contain genetic material capable of undergoing evolution by natural selection. Unique to viruses: contain genetic material protected by a protein coat, requiring a host to replicate.
Because viruses can only exist and multiply inside the cells of other living things, they are unique from other living things. They only proliferate inside the host cell. A virus's genetic material, either in the form of DNA or RNA, is housed inside a protein-based capsid that acts as a protective shell.
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The complete question is:
Classify the traits as specific to either cells or viruses, or shared by both.
Unique to cells: _____
Shared by cells and viruses: _____
Unique to viruses: _____
can actively respond to environmental stimuli can contain organelles that are bound by membranes can autonomously carry out the biological process. contain genetic material capable of undergoing evolution by natural selection contain genetic material protected by a protein coat require a host to replicate