induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors

Hormone suppresses spermatogenesis without affecting testosterone secretion is Inhibin.

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Cytokinesis is considered as the physical process of cell division, that divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells. takes two types of nuclear division called mitosis and meiosis, occur in animal cells.

In general, Mitosis is nuclear cell division that helps to duplicate chromosomes that are segregated and distributed into daughter nuclei. But the cell will divide after the process of mitosis in a process called cytokinesis that helps cytoplasm to separate results in two daughter cells .

Hence, the separation of sister chromatids also marks the beginning of anaphase, at this point chromosomes separated to opposite poles of the spindle, at this place they decondense and form intact nuclei.

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A mutation that develops in an organism's gametes will most likely be passed on to the organism's siblings. Mutations that are passed on to offspring are referred to as inherited mutations.

What is  genetic diversity?

Only when a mutation affects reproductive cells may it be passed down via the family. Before, during, and after mitosis and meiosis, mutations can take place. A mutation can be passed on to offspring and increase the genetic diversity of the population if it happens in the cells that will undergo meiosis to produce gametes or during the process itself. Each gene is present in two copies in every organism.

Each gamete receives one of the gene copies at random during reproduction. Somatic mutations, as opposed to germ-line mutations, take place in cells from different parts of an organism's body.

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Water and carbon dioxide are mainly found as reactants in photosynthesis. We now understand that plants need carbon dioxide and water to produce their own food.

Plants convert carbon dioxide, water, and sunshine into oxygen and sugar-based energy through a process called photosynthesis.

The reactants in photosynthesis are sunlight, atmospheric carbon dioxide, and water. Reactants are the primary components employed in a chemical reaction, whereas products are the outcomes. Sunlight stimulates light activities in chlorophyll molecules, which are used in photosynthesis.

It is important because photosynthesis is the process through which plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide into oxygen. Animals depend on oxygen for survival, while plants purify the air by eliminating dangerous carbon dioxide.

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Slave soldiers who converted to islam and became fiercely loyal warriors for the ottoman empire were: Janissaries .

Mamluk, usually spelled Mameluke, is a term for a slave soldier who served during one of the armies with slaves formed during the Abbasid dynasty and eventually succeeded in seizing political control of a number of Muslim kingdoms.

When Reign Of sultan Murad I established the Janissaries, an elite standing army of infantrymen, in the early 14th century. The name derives from the Turkish word yeniçeri, which means "young soldier."They were technically the sultan's slaves, but over the years they served as musketeers, crossbowmen, and bowmen.

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Sources of energy includes two major sources - Renewable and Non-renewable energy sources.

Renewable energy sources are abundant in nature and are long-lasting. These energy supplies can be renewed spontaneously and are environmentally safe. Renewable energy sources include solar energy, geothermal energy, wind energy, biomass, hydropower, and tidal energy.

A non-renewable resource is a natural resource situated under the earth's surface. These types of energy supplies do not refill at the same rate as they are consumed. It takes millions of years to refill them.

Coal, oil, and natural gas are prime examples of nonrenewable resources. Natural gas, coal, petroleum, nuclear energy, and hydrocarbon gas liquids are examples of nonrenewable energy sources.

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Carbon cycling would be shifted towards an increase in deposition in sediments and fossil fuels and a decrease in inorganic CO2 levels.

The carbon cycle is a biogeochemical process that allows carbon to be exchanged between the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth.

Carbon is the primary component of both biological compounds and numerous minerals, including limestone. The ability of the Earth to support life is dependent on three cycles, the carbon cycle being one of them together with the nitrogen cycle and the water cycle.

It explains how carbon is moved throughout the biosphere as it is recycled and used again, as well as the lengthy procedures of carbon sequestration to and release from carbon sinks. Currently, the land and the ocean act as carbon sinks by absorbing roughly one-fourth of yearly anthropogenic carbon emissions.

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Question:-

Suppose human activities that influence the carbon cycle came to a complete stop. Use the information provided in the figure to predict the net effect on global carbon cycling.

a) Carbon cycling would be brought into balance so that it moves at equal rates through all compartments.

b) Carbon cycling would be shifted toward an increase in deposition in sediments and fossil fuels and a decrease in inorganic carbon dioxide levels.

c) Carbon cycling would be shifted toward an increase in outgassing of carbon dioxide from ocean waters and a decrease in carbon levels in living plant biomass.

d) Carbon cycling would be shifted toward an increase in dissolution of carbon dioxide into ocean waters and a decrease in carbon levels in living plant biomass.

Apoptosis, which is a type of controlled cell death, does not cause the cell to enlarge.

Which of the following is not a trait of an animal cell that has gone into apoptosis? Explanation: The mitochondria in apoptotic cells either shrink or maintain their original size. In contrast, the ER might be enlarged. The remaining possibilities are accurate apoptotic events.

The characteristic morphological characteristics of apoptosis include cell shrinkage, fragmentation into membrane-bound apoptotic particles, and fast phagocytosis by neighboring cells.

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The part of a bacterial cloning vector that contains many restriction enzyme recognition sequences is called a Origin of replication.

In bacteria, the DNA replication machinery is assembled in a specific location at the single origin of DNA replication. The replisome is found at one end of the rod-shaped bacterium Caulobacter, but it is found in the middle of the cell E. coli.

Topoisomerase II, also known as DNA gyrase, relaxes the supercoiled chromosome to allow bacterial DNA replication to begin. The DNA strands are then separated by an enzyme called helicase, which breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs. The majority of bacteria reproduce through binary fission. The bacterium, which is a single cell, divides into two identical daughter cells during this process. When the bacterium's DNA divides into two, binary fission occurs (replicates).

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The following statement is true: Prokaryotes can consume a considerably wider diversity of chemicals than can eukaryotes.

While the majority of eukaryotic ribosomes are membrane-bound, prokaryotic ribosomes are found loose in the cytoplasm. The two subunits known as the big and small subunit are present in both varieties of ribosomes. Ribosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ primarily in size and placement within the cell.

In prokaryotes, ribosomes are smaller, only found in free form and not in any other organelles. They are composed of three different types of three-stranded rRNA and fifty different forms of protein. In eukaryotes, ribosomes can be found in other organelles (like mitochondria) or in free form.

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The claim that supports that brown fat keeps the animal warm is that the uncoupling protein will keep the proton gradient down so it will produce heat without producing ATP. So the correct option is B.

Brown fat is a type of adipose tissue that will exist in many mammals that will give thermogenesis as its main function when exposed to cold temperatures. Brown fat will be quite vascularized and will have much more mitochondria than white fat, this is because brown fat will metabolize more calories in order to generate heat.

Thermogenin is an uncoupling protein located in the mitochondria of brown fat that will have the function of generating heat, it will do so by returning the protons expelled to the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix, thus dissipating heat.

Therefore, we can confirm that the correct option is B. The uncoupling protein in this tissue reduces the proton gradient across the membrane and thus produces heat to warm the animal without ATP production.

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Brown fat is a type of fat tissue found in hibernating mammals. Inside the mitochondria of these fat tissue cells, these mammals have an uncoupling protein embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This uncoupling protein allows hydrogen ions to leak from the intermembrane space back into the mitochondrial matrix. Figure 1 shows details of the processes in the inner mitochondrial membrane.Which of the following statements provides reasoning that supports the claim that brown fatty tissue keeps an animal warm?

A. The uncoupling protein in this tissue increases the production of ATP and causes more body heat to be produced to warm the animal.

B. The uncoupling protein in this tissue reduces the proton gradient across the membrane and thus produces heat to warm the animal without ATP production.

C. The uncoupling protein in this tissue causes an increase in the proton gradient, which causes more ATP to be produced that helps to warm the animal.

D. The uncoupling protein in this tissue reduces the production of ATP and creates an increase in the proton gradient that allows more heat energy to be produced to warm the animal..

The division of the autonomic nervous system that is anatomically known as the thoracolumbar division is the autonomic division.

The autonomic nervous system  is a part of the peripheral nervous system  that regulates involuntary physical processes as well as pulse rate, vital sign, respiration, digestion, and arousal. It contains 3 anatomic divisions are sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric.

Thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system that is guilty to initiate bodily stress response (“flight or fight”) Preganglionic neurons. Neurons of the intermediolateral column of the neural structure, found among the amount T1-T12 and L1-L3. Ii is responsible for stimulating fight-or-flight responses in the body.

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Thick and thin filaments flowed past one another to produce both types of contractions. Both kinds of contractions can happen without the help of calcium ions.

Cardiac muscle is a striated muscle, just like skeletal muscle, and their mechanisms of contraction are mostly comparable. Both require actin and myosin, which are arranged in a highly structured lattice as the foundation of the force-generating mechanism.

Skeletal muscles can contract at a variety of rates, in contrast to the extremely sluggish contraction of smooth muscles. The fibers that make up skeletal muscles can contract quickly, slowly, or a combination of both.

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A person with both A and B pattern genes will have four bands on their chromosomes: the two bands linked to the B pattern, plus the two additional bands linked to the A pattern.

This is because a heterozygous person possesses both the A pattern and the B pattern alleles. The DNA would be split into three fragments in order to investigate the A pattern. The B pattern’s DNA would then be examined after being divided into two pieces. One of the two fragments would match the DNA for the A pattern exactly, whereas the other would be different. The heterozygote would then have four unique bands visible in its DNA, which would be split into four separate parts.

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It doubles........................

Answer:

it doubles

Explanation:

The gene pool is the collection of genetic information found in particular population members of a species who share identical.

Genes consist of a piece of DNA that determines individual traits through the formation of polypeptides. Genes are between 4 - 8 m (microns) in size.

Genes act as controllers of traits in organisms. Genes play an important role in the process of inheritance. Some inherited traits include skin color, eye shape, hair shape, or certain types of diseases. The process of passing on traits from parents to their children is called heredity.

Some of the properties of the gene are:

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It's best to choose option d. The thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast are where the photosynthetic reactions that depend on light take place.

Chemical energy is transformed into light energy by light-dependent processes. In order to make ATP and NADPH, the light-dependent processes of photosynthesis must first collect energy from the sun. The two energy-storing molecules are subsequently put to use in processes that don't require light.

During light-dependent reactions, chlorophyll absorbs solar energy and converts it into chemical energy that is subsequently stored. In light-independent reactions, sugar molecules are assembled from carbon dioxide using the chemical energy generated during light-dependent reactions.

As a result, we can conclude that option d is the best alternative. The light-dependent photosynthetic reactions take place in the chloroplast's thylakoid membranes.

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Answer:

The only part of the body that has no blood supply is the cornea in the eye. It takes in oxygen directly from the air.

The process in which a DNA strand is used as a template for making mRNA is Transcription.

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The bonding compound between atoms that has the least ionic character is HI.

HI because the degree of iconicity can be determined by the difference in electronegativity, which is 0.5 for HI. Also, hydrogen iodide is composed of hydrogen halides and diatomic molecules, both of which are nonmetals. HF 1.9, HCL 0.9, and HBR 0.7 So the bond between the atoms that have the smallest ionic is HI, which is 0.5.

Ionic bonds are bonds that occur due to the handover of electrons to form positive ions and negative ions whose electron configuration is the same as that of noble gases.

This question has multiple choices:

a) HF

b) HCI

c) HBr

d) HI

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The statement that the symptoms of diphtheria are due to an exotoxin that blocks protein synthesis in host cells is true.

The pathogenic bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria, secretes the exotoxin known as diphtheria toxin. A prophage known as corynephage encodes the toxin gene. By entering the cell cytoplasm and preventing protein synthesis, the toxin causes sickness in humans. A toxin may be produced by bacteria that cause diphtheria. This toxin causes tissue damage in the infection's immediate vicinity, typically the nose and throat. An unyielding, grey membrane composed of bacteria, dead cells, and other elements develops at that location as a result of the infection. Breathing may be restricted by this membrane.

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The two products of burning hydrocarbons is water vapor and carbon dioxide.

A hydrocarbon reacting with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and heat is referred to as a hydrocarbon combustion. Molecules of hydrocarbons are made up of carbon and hydrogen. They are mostly referred to for being one of the the main ingredients in fossil fuels consisting coal, oil, and gas.

For this reason, hydrocarbon resources are frequently used to refer to fossil fuel resources. Fossil fuels are converted into energy by combustion, or burning. Although there are impurities in fossil fuels, the main method of burning them is hydrocarbon combustion.

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1. Information gathered via sensory receptors is sent to the central nervous system.2. Information is analyzed to decide the best course of action.3. Effectors, including such muscles or glands, receive a directive.

The nervous system regulates and controls the other bodily systems to keep the body in a state of homeostasis.A receptor is stimulated by a departure from the a normal set point, which causes it to send nerve impulses to the brain's regulatory center.

The spinal cord, or medulla, its pons, its cerebellum, the midbrain, a diencephalon, as well as the cerebral hemispheres are generally regarded as the seven basic components of the central nervous system, which is defined as that of the brain and spinal cord.

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In many instances, you can record natural sounds. Using your video camera to record background noise is the simplest method. Simply place the camera in a decent location to record the scene's ambient noise, being careful to avoid being too near to anything that sounds notably louder than the rest of the background.

You'll need a digital recorder and a microphone to record animals. A self-contained system, like those in cellphones and voice recorders, is one choice. A hydrophone is an underwater instrument that listens for and captures all ocean noises.

Their application in a natural sound recording is constrained, nevertheless, because they do not react linearly to all frequencies. Condenser mics, which provide a higher-quality signal but need a power source, are the preferred choice for most field recordists. Little condensers are electret microphones.

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Transposable elements cause DNA mutations by jumping genes throughout the genome.

A transposable element, also referred to as a jumping gene, is a DNA nucleic acid sequence that can transfer locations within a genome, occasionally creating or correcting mutations and altering the genetic make-up and genome size of the cell.

A large amount of the genome and the majority of the DNA mass in a eukaryotic cell are made up of transposable elements. Transposons, although being self-serving genetic components, are important to the evolution and operation of the genome. In order to change the DNA of a living organism, transposons are a very useful tool for biologists.

Instead of an RNA intermediary, Class II TEs transpose information via a cut-and-paste mechanism. The transpositions are catalyzed by a number of transposase enzymes. While some transposases only bind to particular target sequences, others attach to any DNA target site.

Hence, transposon travel within gene to produce mutation or undo it.

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Each cell in this colony will most likely,  (4) Synthesize the same proteins and enzymes.

Enzymes are proteins with catalytic properties that are essential to carry out multiple functions. A group of enzymes that are required for life to exist in the cell carry out metabolic processes and other chemical reactions. The enzymes that react with the substrate, a molecule, during the early step of the metabolic process, are what make it happen. Substrates are transformed into products, which are new, unique molecules, by enzymes.

Depending on the organism, colonies can develop in a variety of forms. For instance, a bacterial colony is a collection of cells that are all the same (clones). These colonies, which are often descended from a single parent cell, frequently develop and proliferate on the surface of (or within) a solid medium.

Hence, each cell in this colony will most likely,  (4) Synthesize the same proteins and enzymes.

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During times of relaxation, the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system utilizes discrete and localized innervation stimulating only one or a few structures at the same time True.

The parasympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system balances the sympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system controls the body's fight or flight response, while the parasympathetic nervous system helps control the body's responses during rest.

Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system slows the heart and breathing lowers blood pressure and aids digestion. Our bodies enter a state of relaxation and this relaxation leads to recovery. The more time we spend in the PSNS state, the healthier we are. This part of the autonomic nervous system works in opposition to the sympathetic nervous system.

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Cervical: 7 vertebrae (C1 = highest; C7 = lowest)

Thoracic: 12 vertebrae (T1 = highest; T12 = lowest)

Lumbar: 5 vertebrae (L1 = highest; L5 = lowest)

Sacral: 5 fused vertebrae (S1 = highest; S5 = lowest)

Coccygeal: 3-4 fused vertebrae (Co1 = highest; Co3 = lowest)

M protein, hyaluronidase, collagenase, and often a capsule, can be virulence factors for certain pathogenic strains of Streptococcus. Streptococcus (GAS), often referred to as Streptococcus pyogenes, is a bacterium that can colonize the anogenital tract, skin, and throat.

What does Streptococcus pyogenes cause?

Streptococcus pyogenes can be spread through shared food or drinks, or through droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

What type of infection is Streptococcus pyogenes?

The most common cause of pharyngitis in children and teenagers is streptococcus pyogenes, generally referred to as group A streptococcus (GAS). Clinical and epidemiological evidence should be used by clinicians to assess the possibility of GAS pharyngitis.

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Destruction of forests contributes towards climate change because trees have the ability to restore the carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas) in the environment into oxygen by performing the photosynthesis process. No trees will results in abundance of carbon dioxide in the environment.

Greenhouse gases are the ones that can absorb and emit the radiant energy thereby increasing the temperature of the earth. The example of these gases is: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, etc.

Photosynthesis is the process of synthesizing food by the plant by using the inorganic raw materials like sunlight energy, water and carbon dioxide in order to produce sugars and the by-product oxygen.

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