the true statements about the proteins involved in cutting and pasting DNA also called DNA Replication are :
A particular restriction enzyme only cuts DNA at one very specific DNA sequence.
A restriction enzyme cuts DNA while DNA ligase pastes DNA.
DNA ligase pastes together segments of DNA with matching sticky ends.
A sequence of proteins assists in the unraveling and disconnection of the double-stranded DNA molecule in order to prepare it for replication. But since DNA has to be single-stranded prior to the replication could really begin, these proteins are required.
The biological method of creating two identical recreations of DNA from a single original DNA molecule is known as DNA replication.
DNA replication takes place in all living organisms and is the most important component of biological inheritance.
For more information on DNA replication, visit :
https://brainly.com/question/16464230
#SPJ4
Complete question :
Check each of the true statements about the proteins involved in cutting and pasting DNA. More than one statement may be true.
Two computer-generated images of protein enzymes.
Select all that apply
a) DNA ligase cuts DNA at specific locations called restriction sites.
b) A particular restriction enzyme cuts DNA at multiple sequences.
c) A particular restriction enzyme only cuts DNA at one very specific DNA sequence.
d) A restriction enzyme can cut DNA ligase at its restriction site.
e) A restriction enzyme cuts DNA while DNA ligase pastes DNA.
f) DNA ligase pastes together segments of DNA with matching sticky ends.
by studying the chemicals in rare plants that grow only in rainforests, scientists hope to discover new life-saving medicines. chances of finding such new medicines are reduced by
Researchers are looking at the compounds in rare plants that only grow in rain forests in the hopes of finding new, life-saving medications. Because of Haman's actions, there are fewer opportunities to discover such novel medication.
A medication is a drug that is used to identify, treat, or prevent disease. It is also referred to as a medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical drug, or simply a drug. A significant area of medicine is drug therapy, or pharmacotherapy, which depends on the science of pharmacology for ongoing development and on pharmacy for effective management. There are many different categories for drugs. One of the important divides is by level of control, which separates prescription pharmaceuticals from over-the-counter medicines (prescription drugs are those that a pharmacist can only give on the advice of a doctor, physician assistant, or licensed nurse) (those that consumers can order for themselves). Traditional small molecule drugs, which are typically made through chemical synthesis, and biopharmaceuticals, which include recombinant proteins, vaccines, blood products used for therapeutic purposes (like IVIG), gene therapy, monoclonal antibodies, and cell therapy, are another important distinction (for instance, stem cell therapies). Biological systems impacted, delivery method, mode of action, and therapeutic outcomes are further classification categories for medications. The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System is a complex and frequently used classification scheme. The list of necessary medications is maintained by the World Health Organization.
To learn more about medication here
https://brainly.com/question/22279496
#SPJ4
Why is the summer solstice the longest day of the year?
Answer:
because it is the day when the sun travels its longest path in the sky, allowing for the longest period of daylight to occur during one day each year.
Explanation:
hoped this helped:)
What is the relationship between protein structure and nucleic acids?
The nucleic acids deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) coordinate and carry out a complicated process that builds proteins (RNA) is the relationship between protein structure and nucleic acids.
The process, known as protein biosynthesis, entails building protein chains out of individual amino acids in a certain order. Nucleic acids have been suggested to act as templates for the creation of proteins and to control the order of amino acids in protein molecules. This involvement has been confirmed by statistical evidence.
Assembled proteins are polymers of amino acids that carry genetic information in nucleic acids. It transports the proper amino acid to the location where proteins are made, and base pairing between the mRNA and tRNA enables the proper amino acid to be placed into the polypeptide chain.
Learn to know more about Protein on
https://brainly.com/question/10058019
#SPJ4
Place the following digestive tract structures in the order they would be encountered by an ingested food molecule:
The placement of digestive tract structures in the order they would be encountered by an ingested food molecule would be Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Cecum, Ascending colon, Transverse colon and Descending colon.
The pharynx is the part of respiratory system which carries air, food and fluid down from the nose and mouth. It connects to the esophagus, which is a long tube like structure that ends in the stomach. Stomach is a muscular bag like structure where food is broken down and passed into intestine as small pieces. The main role of the duodenum is to complete the first phase of digestion. The primary function of the jejunum and ileum is to absorb sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids. Cecum is the fermentation chamber. The colon has the function of reabsorption of water and some nutrients and electrolytes from partially digested food and removal of waste.
Learn more about Digestive tract as:
brainly.com/question/956634
#SPJ4
an immunoassay was developed to rapidly diagnose patients infected with an emerging virus. however, the researchers discovered that some individuals were producing false negatives when tested, despite being infected with the virus. what might explain this? a) rapid evolution of the viral antigen b) changes in the length of the viral dna c) number of genome copies carried in each virion d) changes in the antibody produced by thevirus
Despite having the virus, they passed the test. the viral antigen has evolved quickly (option a).
How to describe a virusA length of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA), encased in a protein coat, makes up a virus, an infectious bacterium. Since viruses are unable to multiply on their own, they must infect host cells in order to utilise those cells' components as building blocks for their own replication.
Where do viruses come from?Adaptable genetic components that could migrate across cells may have given origin to viruses. They could be the offspring of once-free-living creatures that developed a parasitic reproduction strategy. Perhaps viruses were present before cellular life evolved and were responsible for this.
To know more about Viruses visit:
https://brainly.com/question/2401502
#SPJ4
how many dna molecules would there be after four rounds of pcr if the initial reaction mixture contained two molecules?
The number of DNA ( Deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules that are produced after 'n' number of pcr ( polymerase chain reaction) can be given by the formula: N = d x 2ⁿ
where,
'N' is the number of DNA molecules obtained after 'n' number of polymerase chain reactions.
'd' is the number of DNA molecules originally present before the start of pcr cycle.
In the given question,
d = 2;
n = 4;
Then, N = 2 x 2⁴
N = 2 x 16
N = 32;
Thus, the number of DNA molecules that are obtained after 4 rounds of pcr when 2 molecules are present before the start of the process are 32.
Learn more about DNA and PCR at:
brainly.com/question/28444229
#SPJ4
the origin of a new plant species by hybridizing two existing species, coupled with accidents during cell division, is an example of _____.
The origin of a new plant species by hybridizing two existing species, coupled with accidents during cell division, is an example of hybrid speciation.
Hybrid speciation occurs when two existing species hybridize and a new species forms through the accidental alterations that can occur during cell division. Hybrid Speciation: The Evolution of a New Species Through Accidental Alterations in Cell DivisionHybrid speciation is a process of natural evolution which occurs when two existing species hybridize and a new species forms through the accidental alterations that can occur during cell division. These alterations can lead to new characteristics and traits that may give the new species an advantage over existing species in the same environment.
This process is often driven by a variety of factors, such as changes in the environment, competition for resources, and even the presence of different predators. Hybridization between two species is an unpredictable event, and the new species created may be better adapted for survival. Over time, this new species may become distinct enough to be considered a separate species from its parent species, allowing it to thrive and reproduce in its own environment.
Learn more about Hybrid species: https://brainly.com/question/16158646
#SPJ4
Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) plays a key role in supporting populations of fish and crabs in the shallow portions of the Chesapeake Bay and the rivers that flow into it. There are many species of underwater plants that make up SAV beds. Use what you know about photosynthesis and cellular respiration to explain why SAV beds are critical to the health of fish and crabs that live in the Chesapeake Bay. Use evidence and scientific reasoning to support your answer.
Submerged aquatic vegetation which is also called underwater aquatic plants play a key role in the survival of fish and crustaceans due to the products of photosynthesis, such as oxygen.
What is photosynthesis?Photosynthesis is the process in which green plants use a green pigment called chlorophyll to make their food by using energy from sunlight.
The result of photosynthesis is oxygen, which in turn is used by aquatic animals such as fish and crabs for cellular respiration.
Underwater plants consist of aquatic plants that grow completely underwater. Aquatic animals produce oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis to survive.
Underwater plants can be found in both fresh and salt water.
Therefore, aquatic plants play a key role in the survival of fish and crustaceans due to the products of photosynthesis, such as oxygen.
Learn more about photosynthesis here;
https://brainly.com/question/26568636
#SPJ1
The characteristic that determines which generation in plants is dominant is the generation that:
a) is diploid
b) is haploid
c) carries out the majority of photosynthesis
d) produces the most gametes
The function that determines which era in flora is dominant is the technology option C. which includes the majority of photosynthesis.
The sporophyte is the dominant generation, however multicellular male and lady gametophytes are produced inside the flora of the sporophyte.
Dominant trends are the ones that are inherited unchanged in a hybridization. Recessive developments turn out to be latent or disappear, in the offspring of a hybridization. The recessive trait does, however, reappear within the progeny of the hybrid offspring. An instance of a dominant trait is the violet-flower trait.
Learn more about dominant here
https://brainly.com/question/12708051
#SPJ4
Place the following labels in order indicating the passage of light through the eyeball. Vitreous humor Lens Ante Posterior chamber Tunica vasculosa Poste Anterior chamber Cornea Vit Tunica interna Tur Pupil Tuni Reset
The correct order indicating the passage of light through the eyeball is described below:
CorneaAnterior ChamberPupil Posterior Chamber Vascular Tunic LensVitreous Humor RetinaHow does light pass through the eyeball?Light first enters through the cornea and passes through the anterior chamber, which is a fluid-filled space between the cornea and pupil.
The light then passes through the pupil and into the posterior chamber, which is also filled with fluid. From there, it enters the vascular tunic, or middle layer.
The light then passes through the lens and vitreous humor to the retina which converts the light to an electrochemical signal.
Learn more about the retina at: https://brainly.com/question/5854936
#SPJ1
Classify each description as a characteristic of nondisjunction in meiosis I or nondisjunction in meiosis II.
a. homologous chromosomes fail to separate
b. results in one cell that is n+1, one cell that is n-1, and 2 normal cells
c. sister chromatids fail to separate
d. results in 4 abnormal cells
Meiosis 1 characteristics include d. results in 4 abnormal cells and a. homologous chromosomes fail to separate, while Meiosis 2 features include b. results in one cell that is n+1, one cell that is n-1, and 2 normal cells and c. sister chromatids fail to separate.
What is the process of meiosis?The process of meiosis is a type of cell division characterized to form gametes germinal cells which are based on producing four cells each one having half genetic material and this process has two successive cell divisions called meiosis I and meiosis II in which non disjunction problems may change the amount of genetic material on daughter cells.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the process of meiosis is able to generate four cells that have the half genetic material which may be altered due to non disjunction problems.
Learn more about the process of meiosis here:
https://brainly.com/question/2735539
#SPJ1
a woman whose father is a hemophiliac marries a man with normal clotting ability.b what is the probability that her first child will have hemophilia
The probability of having a son with hemophilia is 25% (or one in four). a 25% possibility of having a son that clots normally. a 25% possibility of having a carrier daughter. having a daughter with hemophilia has a 25% risk.
Should the father have hemophilia: As a result of receiving their mother's healthy X chromosome, none of his sons will be affected by hemophilia, but his daughters have a 50/50 chance of carrying the condition.
Overall, each pregnancy has a 1 in 4 (25%) chance of producing a male with hemophilia and a 1 in 4 (25%) chance of producing a daughter who is heterozygous.
Learn more about to hemophiliac visit here;
https://brainly.com/question/1869416
#SPJ4
a man with hemophilia (a recessive, sex-linked condition) has a normal daughter, who marries a normal man. what is the probability that a daughter will be a hemophiliac? a son? if the couple has four sons, that all will be affected?
Answer:
read explanation
Explanation:
suppose the daughter has the reccesive gene and so does her husband the chances are aproximatly 25% in that case one of the 4 sons will be affected
if there are 50 flowers, 30 red (rr), 15 pink (rr) and 5 white (r), how many recessive alleles is in the population?
About 25 recessive alleles are there in the flower population.
The genetic diversity of a population at equilibrium can be determined using the Hardy-Weinberg equation. This equation is given by, p²+2pq+q² = 1.
Where p² is the frequency of homozygous dominant, q² is the frequency of homozygous recessive, 2pq is the frequency of heterozygous, p is the frequency of the dominant allele, and q is the recessive allele frequency.
Given, p² is 30, 2pq is 15, and q is 5. We have to find the frequency of homozygous recessive.
q² = 5² = 25
Therefore, the answer is 25. The correct option is option d.
The complete question is -
If there are 50 flowers, 30 red (RR), 15 pink (Rr) and 5 white (r), how many recessive alleles is in the population?
a)5 b)10 c)20 d)25
To know more about Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium:
https://brainly.com/question/16823644
#SPJ4
The half-reaction that occurs at the cathode during electrolysis of an aqueous sodium iodide solution is.
Answer: answer is below
Explanation:Reaction equation showing ionization of NaI is as follows. Reaction equation showing ionization of water is as follows. At cathode, only reduction reactions take place. Hence, reactions taking place at cathode are as follows. = -2.71Standard reduction potential equation for hydrogen ions is as follows. = 0.00 If a cation has more negative reduction potential then that ion is difficult to reduce as compared to the cation that has lower negative reduction potential.As has less electronegative reduction potential than .Thus, will be reduced easily and you will get the product at cathode.
Using the structural classification, what type of joint is the epiphyseal plate? a. fibrous joint b. synarthrotic joint c. cartilaginous joint d. amphiarthrotic joint
Using the structural classification, cartilaginous joint type of joint is the epiphyseal plate.
There is a chance that we will be able to do so with the fact that we will be able to compete with them. Synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable), and diarthrosis are the three functional types of joints (freely moveable). Synarthroses are fibrous, amphiarthroses are cartilaginous, and diarthroses are synovial, according to the two classification schemes.
Other joints, such as sutures between skull bones, allow very little movement (only during birth) to protect the brain and sense organs. A joint is the connection between a tooth and the jawbone, and it is described as a fibrous joint known as a gomphosis. Joints are classified structurally as well as functionally.
To learn more about types of joints, here
https://brainly.com/question/1097348
#SPJ4
dental infections can lead to serious complications, since veins in the head and neck generally lack valves that prevent the backflow of blood. group of answer choices a. both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b. both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c. the statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d. neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
Dental infections can develop in the tooth or its supporting structures and then spread to the nearby tissues. The head and neck region primarily lacks venous valves. It has been discovered that it can be challenging to identify and treat early face and dental infections.
What happens if a tooth infection is not treated?The harmful bacteria in your mouth can cause infections when your dental health is neglected and poor oral hygiene is practiced. An untreated tooth infection (abscess) can eventually make you ill.
What makes tooth infections more likely for me?Tooth infections are more likely to occur in those with diabetes, compromised immune systems, and those on particular drugs. Dental infections can spread to the surrounding tissues after starting in the tooth or its supporting structures.
To know more about Infections visit:-
brainly.com/question/28462823
#SPJ4
The chitin in the walls of the tracheae has a similar chemical bonding and function as cellulose in plant cell walls. Explain how the chemical bonding in chitin enables it to carry out this function in insects. [3]
which labeled structure is in charge of editing and sorting incoming sensory stimuli, and controlling information entry into the cerebral cortex?
Thalamus is in charge of editing and sorting incoming sensory stimuli, and controlling information entry into the cerebral cortex.
What is thalamus?
The brain's primary relay center is the thalamus. This central structure is traversed by motor pathways, limbic pathways, and sensory pathways other than olfaction.
s of the world's top ten percent of the world'ss of the world's greatest or to' the Each nucleus has distinct input routes and a variety of output projections, the majority of which communicate with the cerebral cortex.
The thalamus, a pair of egg-shaped structures located beneath the brain, has evolved to become larger and more complicated (like the cerebral cortex), and as mammals broke away from reptiles, its wiring grew considerably more complex.
Read more about thalamus:
https://brainly.com/question/1022285
#SPJ4
what is being measured in this investigation to determine the rate at which photosynthesis is occurring? what conclusions can you make as the lamp intensity was increased? (use specific values from the investigation to support your answer.) what conclusions can you make as the temperature was increased? (use specific values from the investigation to support your answer.)
Measurement of CO2 uptake by plants: Since CO2 is required for photosynthesis, determining how much of it is taken up by plants can tell us how much photosynthesis is taking place.
What occurs when the brightness of the light is increased?The rate of photosynthesis increases as light intensity rises, but only until another factor—a limiting factor—becomes scarce. Until another factor becomes limiting, the rate of photosynthesis is directly proportional to the amount of light.
What occurs when the temperature rises?The kinetic energy of molecules increases with temperature. The likelihood of the reaction happening is raised by the molecules' increased movement and frequency of collisions. The reaction rate is accelerated by this.
To know more about photosynthesis visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/29776072
#SPJ4
which medication directly inhibits osteoclasts, thereby reducing bone loss and increasing bone mass density (bmd)?
Calcitonin(Miacalcin) directly inhibits osteoclasts, thereby reducing bone loss and increasing bone mass density (BMD).
Osteoclasts are directly inhibited by calcitonin, which reduces bone loss and raises BMD. Raloxifene lowers the risk of osteoporosis by maintaining BMD without affecting the uterus estrogenically. The FDA recently gave teriparatide the go-ahead to treat osteoporosis. Calcium is more readily absorbed when vitamin D is present.
Calcitonin is a nasal spray and injection used to treat Paget's disease of the bones, excessive calcium, and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It's not a first-choice treatment option, despite being offered in a less expensive generic form.
For more information on calcitonin kindly visit to
https://brainly.com/question/14649956
#SPJ4
What are accommodation reflexes, and how do they support seeing objects that are near and far
Why do rods not function effectively in bright light while cones do not function effectively in dim lights?
The accommodation reflex, also known as the close reaction, is a three-part reflex that thickens the lens, constricts the pupil, and rotates the eyes inward, or converges the eyes.
What accommodation reflexes and rods relations?When a person examines a close object, the medial rectus muscle becomes more toned and the pupil constrictes (the papillae constrictor muscle contracts), which together result in accommodation and convergence of the eyes.
Therefore, The accommodation reflex's job is to coordinate the visual focus of attention on nearby things. Diplopia is avoided by proper convergence. The depth of field is increased by pupil constriction.
Learn more about accommodation reflexes here:
https://brainly.com/question/14080697
#SPJ1
What is the difference between active and passive transport across a membrane?
A
Both active and passive transport move substances down their concentration gradients.
B
Active transport is ATP dependent. Passive transport does not require energy.
C
Active transport requires cell to cell communication. Passive transport does not require cell communication.
D
Active transport can be performed without transport proteins while passive transport cannot.
Active transport is ATP dependent. Passive transport does not require energy.
Cells require some molecules to be transported across the membrane. Transported molecules can be a waste material or it can be a metabolic product. Membrane transport are of two types active and passive transport. Active transport uses energy from hydrolysis of ATP to transport molecules across membranes. Active transport moves molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. Special membrane proteins perform active transport for example sodium potassium pumps. Passive transport does not require energy to transport molecules since it moves molecules from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration. Passive transport is of two types: simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
To know more about active transport-
https://brainly.com/question/12133248
#SPJ4
Tn response to falling blood glucose levels, which pancreatic islet cell releases glucagon?
The pancreatic beta islet cells react to a drop in blood sugar levels by releasing glucagon.
What is glucagon?Glucagon is a synthetic hormone that is used to treat very low blood sugar levels in diabetics who are taking insulin. This drug can also be used to help facilitate radiological examination of the digestive tract.
Beta cells (β Cells) are a type of cell found in the islets of the pancreas that synthesize and secrete insulin. Beta cells account for about 50-70% of the cells in the islets of the pancreas in the human body. The insulin hormone functions to lower blood sugar levels.
Learn more about the function of the pancreas here :
https://brainly.com/question/12128369
#SPJ4
in a 3-point cross, crossovers that occur during the formation of which gametes can be scored using the phenotype of f2 progeny?
In gametes generated by F1 tri-hybrids and gametes produced by parents from true-breeding populations.
When non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material during meiosis, novel allelic combinations are created in the daughter cells. The locations of three genes in the genome of an organism are identified using a three-point cross. A homozygous recessive individual is crossed with a person who is heterozygous for three mutations, and the progeny's phenotypes are graded. When F1 progeny are self-pollinated, a 3:1 ratio of F2 progeny are created.
To konw more about homologous chromosomes please click on the link brainly.com/question/27258467
#SPJ4
how would a researcher differentiate between two different cells in the same organism that look similar to each other?
Check the cell's proteome- There are numerous approaches of studying proteins in proteomics. Proteins can typically be found via mass spectrometry, electrophoresis, or antibodies (immunoassays).
The total set of proteins that an organism expresses is known as its proteome. The phrase can also be used to refer to the variety of proteins made at a certain period in a specific type of cell or tissue. Proteomics is the comprehensive analysis of the structure and function of proteins to comprehend the makeup of an organism.
The crucial tool of mass spectrometry is utilized to profile proteins in the cell. However, due to their complexity and dynamic nature, biomarker discovery continues to be the primary issue in proteomics.
Learn more about " proteome " to visit here;
https://brainly.com/question/28459376
#SPJ4
An analogy is a similarity due to convergent evolution, resulting in similar adaptations.
a. True
b. False
The statement that An analogy is a similarity due to convergent evolution, resulting in similar adaptations is true.
Analogy is similarity due to convergent evolution. Convergent evolution occurs when certain environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages. All organisms have derived their traits from the ancestors. They can either be homologous or analogous. Homologous structures have a similar embryonic origin but on the other hand analogous organs have a similar function. Convergent evolution simply signifies the fact that organisms with different ancestral origin, over a period of time adapt to perform certain similar functions. For example, the wings of birds and butterflies are adapted to perform the function of flight, flippers of Penguins and Dolphins to swim etc.
Learn more about convergent evolution at:
brainly.com/question/29733033
#SPJ4
Genes that code for a specific protein can be inserted into bacterial plasmids, and then the plasmids are used to transform cells. Many useful human proteins are now synthesized by these transgenic bacteria.
Uses for the synthesized proteins include human insulin used to treat diabetes and human growth hormone used to treat dwarfism
2) Which tenet of cell theory BEST serves as a basis for this type of biotechnology?
A) All living things are made up of cells.
B) All cells come from pre-existing cells by division.
The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living things.
D) Cells contains hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during cell division
I think the best tenet of cell theory that describe this molecular biotechnology is that cell contains hereditory information which is passed from cell to cell during cell division because plasmid is an extrachromosomal genetic material of bacteria which replicates,divide along with bacterial division and hence each bacteria then possess this new hereditory material and hence increase amount of useful products like insulin.
the flow of highly energetic electrons through the electron transport chain changes the of the pump proteins, which causes them to transport protons across the membrane.
The flow of the highly energetic electrons through electron transport chain will change the shape of the pump.
As the high-energy electrons are transported along the chain, some of their energy is trapped. This energy is used to drive hydrogen ions (from NADH and FADH2) from the matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space.
In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed from one molecule to another and the energy released in these electron transfers is used to form an electrochemical gradient.
Chemiosmosis uses the energy stored in the gradient to produce ATP. When an electron moves from a lower energy level to a higher energy level, energy is absorbed by the atom.
Therefore, the flow of highly energetic electrons through the electron transport chain changes the Electron transport chain of the pump proteins, which causes them to transport protons across the membrane.
To know more about the electron transport chain, refer: brainly.com/question/24372542
#SPJ4
m protein, hyaluronidase, collagenase, and often a capsule, can be virulence factors for certain pathogenic strains of:________
M protein, hyaluronidase, collagenase, and often a capsule, can be virulence factors for certain pathogenic strains of streptococcus.
Virulence is the ability of an organism to infect a host and cause disease. Virulence factors are the cellular structures that enable microbial pathogens to achieve that as well as several things, such as:
Evading the host's immune response.Immunosuppression.Obtain nutritions from its host.Colonization of a niche in its host.Gain entry and exit out of cells.These factors can be used to either assist and promote colonization or bring damage to the bost.
Virulence factors can appear in many forms. Some pathogens are chromosomally encoded, while others obtain their factors from mobile genetic elements like bacteriophages.
Learn more about virulence at https://brainly.com/question/13051917
#SPJ4