The body attempts to repair any damage and return to a condition of stability and equilibrium during the third and final stage of the general adaptation syndrome, known as the “Exhaustion” stage.
Returning to Stability and Equilibrium: Understanding the Exhaustion Stage of the General Adaptation SyndromeThe General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is a three-stage physiological response to any type of stressor. The first stage is known as the alarm stage, in which the body responds to the stressor with a “fight or flight” response. The second stage is known as the resistance stage, in which the body attempts to adapt to the stressor by mobilizing its resources to counteract the stressor. The third and final stage is known as the exhaustion stage, in which the body attempts to repair any damage and return to a condition of stability and equilibrium.
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20The trout population in a large lake has been threatened by the accidental introduction of parasitic sea lampreys through man-made channels from the ocean. The lampreys attach themselves to the sides of trout, eventually killing many of the trout. Lampreys leave wounds on the skin of the trout. To control the lamprey population, costly chemicals, traps, and barriers have been used to prevent sea lampreys from reproducing. The graph below shows the effect of this lamprey control program in reducing the number of wounds on the native trout population.
It is effective and should be continued because the number of lamprey wounds are decreasing. According to yearly statistics, sea lamprey wounds on lake trout and landlocked Atlantic salmon started to decline in 2007.
Why Is Sea Lamprey Controlled?Lake trout also vanished from the lake by 1900 due to overfishing, pollution, and damming of rivers, which had eradicated native salmon from the lake by the middle of the 1800s. By 1985, it was evident that the effects of sea lamprey made it impossible to restore the salmon and lake trout fisheries. To bring the sea lamprey population in Lake Champlain down to a manageable level, the cooperative launched an integrated control effort.
What Is It The Sea Lamprey Control Program?An intensive regulatory review procedure was used to establish an 8-year sea lamprey control experiment. According to the National Environmental Policy Act, an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) was created, and Vermont's and New York's environmental and health authorities examined the permit applications. The planned experimental sea lamprey management program was approved in the Final EIS, and the state regulatory organizations provided the required licenses for its implementation.
Between 1990 and 1997, five (5) deltas and thirteen (13) streams were treated as part of the experimental sea lamprey control program.
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It is effective and should be continued because the number of lamprey wounds are decreasing. According to yearly statistics, sea lamprey wounds on lake trout started to decline in 2007.
Why Is Sea Lamprey Controlled?Lake trout also vanished from the lake by 1900 due to overfishing, pollution, and damming of rivers, which had eradicated native salmon from the lake by the middle of the 1800s. By 1985, it was evident that the effects of sea lamprey made it impossible to restore the salmon and lake fisheries. To bring the sea lamprey population in Lake Champlain down to a manageable level, the cooperative launched an integrated control effort.
What Is It The Sea Lamprey Control Program?An intensive regulatory review procedure was used to establish an 8-year sea lamprey control experiment. According to the National Environmental Policy Act, an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) was created, and Vermont's and New York's environmental and health authorities examined the permit applications. The planned experimental sea lamprey management program was approved in the Final EIS, and the state regulatory organizations provided the required licenses for its implementation.
Between 1990 and 1997, five (5) deltas and thirteen (13) streams were treated as part of the experimental sea lamprey control program.
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What are the 4 types of animal behavior?
The four categories of animal behaviour are instinct, training, imprinting, and imitation.
It's not necessary to practise or learn innate actions. These behaviours are also known as instinctive ones. An animal's capacity to carry out an action the first time it is exposed to the right stimuli is known as an instinct.
An animal's behaviour is conditioned by the results that follow in operant conditioning. In other words, an action will either occur more or less frequently depending on its outcomes. When an animal engages in a specific activity that yields a positive outcome, the animal is more likely to repeat the action.
A very young animal will focus its attention on the first item it experiences visually, aurally, or tactilely and will then pursue that object, a process known as imprinting in psychobiology. In psychology, imitation is the replication or performance of a behaviour that is sparked by the perception of a related behaviour by another animal or person.
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the two-neuron chain allows increased communication and control of the effector organ. t or f
Increased communication and control over the effector organ are made possible by the two-neuron chain.
Increased communication and control over the effector organ are possible with the two neuron chain? The two-neuromuscular chain enables improved communication and regulates the effector organ.The sympathetic division is where the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are found.ANS Basic Qualities:two neuronsTwo neurons and a synapse in an autonomic ganglia make up the visceral efferent (VE) pathways, which innervate glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.The brainstem or spinal cord of the central nervous system houses the preganglionic neurons' cell bodies (CNS).Preganglionic and postganglionic neurons make up the connection in the ANS between the CNS and its effector. The neuron's fundamental operations.These serve as: Signal receivers (or information).combine incoming signals (to determine whether or not the information should be passed along).Signal target cells with messages (other neurons or muscles or glands).To learn more about neuron refer
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By regulating the cell cycle, multicellular organisms gain which of these benefits?
Answer:
The regulation of the cell cycle helps in wound healing as well as replacing the lost cells by division. Thus, options B and C are correct.
Explanation:
The cell cycle can be described as the process of division and reproduction. The events result in the formation of multiple cells that have been able to deal with the repair mechanism of the body.
With the regulation of the cell cycle, the division process of the cell has been initiated and helps in the formation of multiple cells. The formed daughter cells have been able to heal the wounds effectively by accumulating and removing the dead cell.
The cell cycle has also been responsible for the replacement of lost cells, with the formation of new cells. Thus, options B and C are correct.
What is the name given to the process in which a DNA strand is used as a template for making mRNA?
Answer:
mRNA is made from a DNA template during the process of transcription.
Antioxidants that prevent oxidation in many processed foods and alcoholic beverages.a. Trueb. False
Antioxidants that prevent oxidation in many processed foods and alcoholic beverages is False.
What are is used to prevent oxidation in many processed foods in alcoholic beverages and in drugs?Most food is spoiled by the oxidation process, especially foods with a lot of fat. When fats are exposed to air, they rapidly go rancid. The oxidation process is stopped or inhibited by antioxidants. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and ascorbates are the two most popular antioxidant additions.These antioxidants include synthetic substances like butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and tertiary butylhydroquinone, as well as naturally occurring tocopherols (vitamin E derivatives) (TBHQ). Many dietary components may also be oxidized by particular enzymes.antimicrobials and antioxidants. Antioxidants are substances that slow down or stop foods from degrading due to oxidative processes. Antimicrobial substances prevent harmful and food-spoiled bacteria from proliferating.To learn more about antioxidants refer,
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A researcher placed a culture of cyanobacteria under green lights. Within a few weeks, the appearance of the cyanobacteria changed from green to red. The researcher claimed the color change in the culture was the result of an adaptation allowing greater photosynthesis.
Which of the following provides the best reasoning to justify the researcher's claim?
The correct answer is (D) In green light, more phycoerythrin molecules are produced, allowing more green light to be absorbed, thus increasing photosynthesis.
What are cyanobacteria?
Cyanobacteria are a phylum of bacteria that obtain energy via photosynthesis.
Changes in light can have an impact on cyanobacterial development and physiology. Light is a key factor in cyanobacterial growth.
Therefore, green light is that particular light that helps the cyanobacteria to produce more phycoerythrin molecules and increase the photosynthesis process.
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multigene families include two or more nearly identical genes or genes sharing nearly identical sequences. a classical example is the set of genes for globin molecules, including genes on human chromosomes 11 and 16. how might identical and obviously duplicated gene sequences have gotten from one chromosome to another?
Identical and duplicated gene sequences have gotten from one chromosome to another : by chromosomal translocation.
What is meant by chromosomal translocation?A translocation occurs when a chromosome breaks and the two fragmented pieces re-attach to different chromosomes. The detection of chromosomal translocations is important for the diagnosis of certain genetic diseases and disorders.
In genetics, chromosome translocation is a phenomenon that gives unusual rearrangement of chromosomes and includes balanced and unbalanced translocation, with two main types: reciprocal-, and Robertsonian translocation.
Translocations results from swapping of chromosomal arms between heterologous chromosomes and hence they are reciprocal in nature. DNA double-strand breaks are prerequisites for such translocations.
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how does planting more plants impact the nitrogen cycle?? please can a bot not answer this its been happening so much lately
Answer:
Plant and animal wastes decompose, adding nitrogen to the soil. Bacteria in the soil convert those forms of nitrogen into forms plants can use. Plants use the nitrogen in the soil to grow. People and animals eat the plants; then animal and plant residues return nitrogen to the soil again, completing the cycle.
how many dna molecules would there be after four rounds of pcr if the initial reaction mixture contained two molecules?
After 4 cycles of amplification the DNA molecules we have at the end would be - 2 * 24 = 32.
PCR or polymerase chain reaction is a method to amplify DNA molecules making it a very useful for scientists to amplify small amount of DNA to a large enough amount to study it in detail.
The formula for calculating the DNA molecules at the end of a PCR reaction is - 2n
where n is the number of cycles. (as at each cycle the amount of DNA gets doubled).
Since we are having two molecules of DNA to start with, we will be using 2 * 2n.
After 4 cycles of amplification the DNA molecules we have at the end would be - 2 * 24 = 32.
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During glycolysis, the molecule glucose is broken down into pyruvate. What type of reaction is this? choose 1 answer:.
During glycolysis, the molecule glucose is broken down into pyruvate. It is a type of anaerobic reaction.
Glycolysis refers to a series of anaerobic reactions, which are reactions that can take place in the absence of oxygen. Pyruvate is produced by breaking, t his results in the creation of two ATP, each of which is capable of releasing energy.
This mechanism generates four ATP altogether, although it consumes two ATP very early on in the chain of reactions. This indicates that there is an overall gain of two ATP due to this process. So the reaction is called an aerobic reaction as it proceeds without oxygen.
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The epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells. The signaling pathway is activated by the binding of epinephrine to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1.
A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway involves enzymes activating other enzymes.
Cells can react to signals from their surroundings thanks to signal transduction pathways. A signal is amplified in the majority of signal transduction pathways, causing most steps to result in more active components than earlier steps. For instance, signal amplification causes a liver cell to release plenty of glucose molecules after spotting just one epinephrine molecule.
Numerous locations can lead to signal amplification. For instance, a receptor can activate a series of G proteins as long as epinephrine is attached to the receptor. Each adenylyl cyclase enzyme can also convert a large number of ATP molecules into cyclic AMP molecules. The pathway's other active enzymes can also continuously catalyse processes. Contrarily, the G protein is required for the continued activation of adenylyl cyclase and only stimulates one adenylyl cyclase enzyme at a time. The cellular response's termination is just as crucial as its initiation. The several participants in the pathway must be controlled such that they are activated for a brief amount of time in order for a cell to respond only when a signal is there.
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Meiosis is called reduction division. When does the reduction in chromosome number occur?
The reduction in chromosome number occurs during meiosis I.
Chromosomes are long molecules of DNA that contain some or all of an organism's genetic material. In most chromosomes, very long, thin strands of DNA are coated with packaging proteins. In eukaryotic cells, the histones are the most important of these proteins.
Within the nucleus of all cells, DNA molecules are packaged into thread-like structures called chromosomes. Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly wrapped many times around proteins called histones that support its structure.
Another type of cell division, meiosis, ensures that humans have the same number of chromosomes from generation to generation. This is a two-step process in which the number of chromosomes is halved from 46 to 23 to form sperm and eggs.
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What kind of reaction is also commonly called burning?
Combustion is the popular name for the burning reaction. When a material interacts fast with oxygen, a combustion reaction occurs (O2).
Hydrocarbons are chemicals found in fuel that burns in a combustion process. Hydrocarbons are carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) compounds (H).
When a fuel combines swiftly with oxygen (O2) to form carbon dioxide (CO2) and water, this is referred to as a full combustion process (H2O). Fuel + O2 CO2 + H2O is the general equation for a full combustion reaction.
The fuel used in a combustion reaction is typically made up of hydrocarbons, which contain solely carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). Methane (CH4), the major component of natural gas, is an example of a hydrocarbon.
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Why is it important to monitor environmental parameters when making policy decisions?
The importance of monitoring environmental parameters when making policy decisions as an evaluation of the working mechanism of an environmental management system.
What are environmental pollution parameters?Economic development also affects the environment. As a result of development that does not consider environmental impacts and pollution, environmental pollution begins to occur and destroys the habitats of other living things.
Several parameters that can be used as indicators of environmental pollution include:
Chemical parametersBiochemical parameters include BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), namely the amount of oxygen contained or dissolved in water.Physical parametersBiological parametersWith these parameters, it will be easier to make evaluation decisions on environmental treatment systems.
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Multigene families include two or more nearly identical genes or genes sharing nearly identical sequences. a classical example is the set of genes for globin molecules, including genes on human chromosomes 11 and 16. how might identical and obviously duplicated gene sequences have gotten from one chromosome to another?
Identical and duplicate gene sequences get from one chromosome to another through chromosomal translocation and gene duplication.
A chromosomal translocation is often an abnormality that results from the breaking of a portion of a chromosome, which later joins and reattaches to a different chromosome.
Either the whole portion of the broken chromosome or a small part of the chromosome could attach itself to a different chromosome. This might lead to the transfer of genes that bear similar phenotypic characteristics to the other chromosome.
As a result, you might find genes sharing an identical gene sequence which then leads to the same characteristics that result from the gene sequence. This process is called gene duplication since there is an exact copy of the gene that attaches to the new chromosome. This is what is referred to as multigene families.
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in the nasal cavity, what is the name of the tiny hairs that move mucus to the pharynx?
In the nasal cavity, the tiny hairs that move mucus to the pharynx are called Cilia.
Cilia are tiny hair-like entities that move in a waving or slashing motion, moving mucous upward toward the pharynx and allowing trapped microbes or particles to be coughed up.
Cilia are hair-like structural and functional units on the outside of all mammalian cells. They are primitive in nature and can be single or multiple. Cilia play an important role in locomotion. They are also involved in mechanoreception. Ciliated microbes are those equipped with cilia.
The cilium, also recognized as the cilia, is a membrane-bound structure located on most eukaryotic cells and certain ciliate microbes. Bacteria and archaea do not contain cilia. The cilium is a thin microfilaments extension that extends from the outside of the cell body, which is much larger.
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drag each of the following labels into the appropriate box to identify which division of the autonomic nervous system is identified by the given function.
The division of the autonomic nervous system is identified by the given function Parasympathetic.
Parasympathetic
-Digesting
-Defecation
-Diuresis
Sympathetic
-Running
-Stress
-Excitement
-Fight-or- Flight system
The nervous system has two major elements: The primary nervous gadget is made from the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous gadget is made of nerves that department off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body.
The nervous system plays a function in almost every component of our health and properly-being. It courses regular activities inclusive of waking up; computerized activities including respiratory; and complicated processes together with questioning, studying, remembering, and feeling feelings.
The nervous system is made up of the mind, spinal wire, and nerves. It controls lots of what you believe you studied and sense and what your body does.
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Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble vitamins. Sort the phrases as describing vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, or vitamin K.
a. deficiency can cause rickets b. deficiency can cause night blindness c. cofactor d. production takes place in skin e. prevents oxidative damage to membrane lipids f. regulates gene expression in epithelial tissue g. hormone precursor and visual pigment h. hormone precursor derived from a steroid i. functions in fibrin formation -antioxidant
Fat-answerable vitamins include vitamins A, D, E, and K. Sort the expressions according to whether they describe vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, or vitamin K. Rickets is caused by a lack of vitamin D.
What's vitamin?
Vitamins are organic substances that must be consumed in small quantities. They perform a variety of functions, including adding the rate of metabolism in the body, strengthening the vulnerable system, promoting proper growth and development of bones and other body corridor, and so on.
Vitamins perform a veritably unique function that distinguishes them from other nutrients in that they convert energy from other sources, similar as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and oil painting, into a form that's useful to the body system.
Vitamin A insufficiency causes night blindness. Vitamin C acts as a cofactor.Vitamin D product takes place in the skin. Vitamin E prevents ooxidative damage to membrane lipds. Vitamin D regulate gene expression in epithelial apkins.Vitamin A are hormone precursor and visual color.Vitamin D are hormone precursor deduced from a steroid. Vitamin K Function in fibin conformation and antioxidant.Learn more about Vitamin here: https://brainly.com/question/6974286
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which of the following is not an anomaly of the maxillary incisors? group of answer choices a. peg lateral b. shovel shape c. supernumerary tooth d. bifid/bifurcated root
The maxillary incisors do not have bifid or bifurcated roots as an abnormality.
Permanent maxillary incisors frequently acquire abnormalities such as the talons cusp and palate-radicular groove. These malformations exhibit a range of cosmetic and functional consequences that call for preventative and conclusive treatment strategies. An impacted maxillary central incisor is connected to numerous extra teeth. Dens invaginatus (DI), talon cusp, dens evaginatus, gemination, fusion, root dilacerations, taurodontism, and concrescence are examples of form anomalies. DI is an anomaly caused by an enamel and dentin-lined invagination on the crown of a tooth, or more rarely, the root. Supernumerary teeth, also known as hyperdontia, and hypodontia, or congenitally absent teeth, are examples of numerical aberrations. The talon cusp has been linked to developmental dental malformations such as peg-shaped lateral incisors and ectopic or impacted canines etc..
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as soils form, distinct layers known as horizons develop over time. identify one specific abiotic component of the a horizon.
A soil horizon is a layer that is parallel to the soil surface and has different properties from the layers above and below in terms of its physical, chemical, and biological makeup.
Horizons are frequently defined by visible physical characteristics, primarily color and texture.
(i) Name one abiotic element that makes up the A horizon.
(II) The A horizon is home to a large number of macro- or decompressing invertebrates, including millipedes, earthworms, and pillbugs.
Abiotic factors, or everything that is not alive, such as minerals, water, and air, are included in the second category.
he most prevalent minerals that stimulate plant growth in soil are phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen gas. Other, less common minerals include calcium, magnesium, and sulfur.
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How do you show respect to human sexuality?
Your sexuality is valuable for your self-identity, and now no longer being capable of explicit that is unfavorable for your feel of self confidence and average intellectual health.
For some, popping out results in reputation and guide, however this can now no longer usually be the case. Sexual admire is a dedication to speaking and appearing with integrity and admire for others, won't make the identical picks approximately sexual activity, apprehend a persons' gender identity, or proportion the identical sexual orientation, however respecting people's variations creates an ecosystem of reputation and guide which could assist all and sundry apprehend sexuality and gain suitable sexual health.
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in terms of ecological impact, shrimp farming is less destructive than shrimp trawling. true false
In terms of ecological impact, shrimp farming is less destructive than shrimp trawling - False
The primary goal of commercial shrimp fisheries is to maximise their target catch in order to maximise profit. Using trawl nets, commercial shrimp fisheries achieve this purpose. Trawling is a particularly damaging type of fishing that, regrettably, ignores the effects on the environment. Trawling with beam or otter trawls increases the amount of shrimp that can be caught, but it also increases the amount of by-catch that can be landed. By a wide margin, by-catch outweighs shrimp and other target species that are collected in trawls. Most by-catch, which includes young fish, non-commercial fish, and benthic debris, is landed and thrown back into the water dead. By-catch is then dumped into the water, where it contaminates it and kills fish.
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a mutation results in an amino acid substitution at a site distant from the active site of an enzyme. how might this amino acid change alter the active site and substrate specificity of the enzyme?
An amino acid substitution away from the active region has no effect on the enzyme's substrate selectivity.
If the enzyme changes shape, the active site may no longer bind to the right substrate, resulting in a slower rate of reaction. Temperature and pH fluctuations will ultimately cause enzymes to denature.
The active site and substrate selectivity of an enzyme can be altered by modifying the structure of the enzyme's amino acids.
This is because the changed amino acid codes for the production of a different protein (an enzyme is a protein).
Because this protein has a changed 3D structure and shape, the active site, where the substrate should bind, no longer fits.
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Describe 3 ways mutations can affect DNA and chromosomes.
Explanation:
In deletion, a whole or one part of a chromosome is lost. Duplication presents an extra copy of a whole or one part of a chromosome. In an inversion, parts of a chromosome change order, while in translocation a part of one chromosome detaches and then connects to another.
which would be expected to lead to allopatric speciation? plants of the same species separated by a river are visited by the same pollinating insects. two plants of the same species produce flowers of different colors that attract different pollinators. two plants of different species interbreed to form a fertile polyploid plant. seeds of a plant native to australia are carried to japan, where they are dispersed into the wild.
Recent geographic barriers, like a river or a valley, that separate species and lead to allopatric speciation. The same insects that pollinate plants visit plants of the same kind that are separated by rivers.
What distinguishes sympatric from allopatric behavior?In allopatric speciation, groups from an ancestral population divide into separate species over a period of geographic isolation. In a process known as sympatric speciation, groups from the same ancestral population divide into distinct species without any geographical separation.
What is another name for allopatric speciation?Geographic speciation, sometimes referred to as allopatric speciation, is the process of biological populations of the same species becoming isolated because of geographic changes like the formation of mountains or social changes like emigration.
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An important trend in animal evolution was cephalization. an animal is said to show cephalization when it _____.
An important trend in animal evolution was cephalization. an animal is said to show cephalization when it has an aggregation of neurons at the head end.
What is the significance of cephalization in animals?As they enter, the sensory mechanisms in the anterior end allow animals to detect their surroundings.
It offers a place for internal organs to be suspended, preventing them from being forced on by muscles and twisted out of shape by bodily motions.
The brain serves as a command and control centre for sensory input. Animals can evolve sophisticated neurological systems and increased intellect throughout time. The second benefit of cephalization is that sensory organs may be concentrated toward the front of the body.
Cephalization is an evolutionary tendency in which the mouth, sensory organs, and nerve ganglia become concentrated at the front end of an animal over many generations, resulting in a head area.
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What research question did david tilman and colleagues address when they planted varying numbers of species from different functional groups of grassland plants in experimental plots?
They were curious to know if more species-rich assemblages would result in greater biomass production.
What is the long-term ecosystem experiment of David Tilman?
David Tilman, an American ecologist, came up with the theory. According to this theory, the species that can survive at the lowest equilibrium resource level will be able to outcompete all other species if numerous species are vying for the same limited resource.
David Tilman conducted some research utilising outdoor plots to clarify the relationship between species and biomass. He demonstrated that plots with more species, or more biodiversity, displayed higher production and exhibited fewer changes in biomass from year to year.
In order to explain the diversity and relative abundance of species within ecosystems, Tilman introduces a novel theory called stochastic niche theory.
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reactive oxygen intermediates and reactive nitrogen intermediates produced by phagocytic cells are effective in killing invading microorganisms.
a) true
b) false
An antigen is the name for the pathogen or invader. It can trigger an immunological response and is perceived as a threat by the immune system. Antigens are proteins that are present on the pathogen's surface.
What exactly does the invasion of microbes in a tissue mean?
When a bacterium infiltrates and starts to multiply within a host, an infection is caused. Disease develops when a bacterium invades a tissue and spreads, impairing its ability to function.
What do you call an organism that enters the body?
A microorganism with the potential to cause disease is referred to as a pathogen. The invasion and proliferation of pathogenic bacteria in an individual or group is referred to as an infection. Disease is when an infection compromises a person's critical systems or functions. Disease is not usually the outcome of an infection.
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the bending of a tip link protein leads to depolarization of the hair cell by allowing ions to diffuse across the membrane into the cell.
By permitting potassium ions to pass over the membrane and into the cell, the bending of a tip link protein causes depolarization of the hair cell.
What function does the protein tip link serve in hair cells?As the membrane is pressed against the hair cell stereocilia, they tilt in the direction of the highest one. The other tip links are pulled as the higher stereocilium flexes. The next shorter stereocilium's ion gate is attached to the tip link, which pulls the gate open to let K+ ions enter the cell and depolarize it.
Which of the following causes the stereocilia of hair cells to bend?Stereocilia on both inner and outer hair cells will flex in response to basilar membrane movement.
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