X-rays are indeed physical mutagens. X-rays and UV radiation are physical mutagens. 2 Cosmic rays, gamma rays, and X-rays are all types of ionizing radiation.
That cause the cell's water to ionize and generate hydroxyl free radicals. Radiation that is not ionizing is UV light. Thymine dimer is produced as a result (Pyrimidine dimer). When DNA replication goes wrong, mutations can sometimes happen on their own. However, the likelihood of mutation is increased by mutagens. The three different types of mutagens. X-rays and UV radiation are physical mutagens. Ionizing radiation such as X-rays, gamma rays, and cosmic rays causes the release of the hydroxyl free radical by ionizing the cell's water (OH). Ionizing radiation, also known as ionizing radiation, is made up of subatomic particles or electromagnetic waves with enough energy to ionize atoms and molecules by severing their electron bonds. This type of radiation includes nuclear radiation.
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how to know which reaction will be reduction and which will be oxidized knowing standard reduction potentials
The more positive the value is for the standard reduction potential, the more likely the substance is to be reduced.
What is reduction potential?
The reduction eventuality of a species is its tendency to gain electrons and get reduced. It's measured in millivolts or volts. Larger positive values of reduction eventuality are reflective of a lesser tendency to get reduced. We've see before that the complex conformation is accompanied by a drop in the ionic exertion of the essence. Thus, the reduction eventuality of the essence ion decreases upon complexation. The standard reduction eventuality for a free Co 3 ion is 1.853 V, while in perplexed state(Co( NH3) 6) 3, it decreases to 0.1V. Also, a free Fe 3 ion has a standard reduction eventuality of 0.771 V, but ( Fe( CN) 6)−3 has the value of0.36V.To know more about the reduction potential, click the link given below:
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What happens when you mix H2SO4 and nacl?
When sulfuric acid and sodium chloride are mixed, a reaction occurs that produces sodium bisulphate and hydrogen chloride.
The chemical equation between sulfuric acid and sodium chloride is
2NaCl + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + 2 HCl(g)
When concentrated Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) is added to Sodium chloride, the formation of Sodium Bisulfite( NaHSO4 ) and Hydrochloric acid (HCL) will take place.The hydrogen chloride gas is released into the air, and can be harmful to breathe.The sodium sulphate is a solid that is left behind in the container.
In this reaction, concentrated Sulphuric acid acts as a strong oxidising agent and Chloride ion acts as a weak reducing agent. With the help of a strong acid, protonation of ions will take place to form Sodium Bisulphate.
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Write a nuclear equation to describe the neutron-induced fission of Pu-241 to form Kr-89 and Ce-149. Determine how many neutrons are produced in the reaction.
The number of neutrons produced in the reaction is 5.
Neutrons are the neutral particles present in the nucleus of any atom.
Nuclear equation:
2(1)n₀ + (241)Pu -----> (89)Kr + (149)Ce + 3n₀
In balancing nuclear equations- the sums of the superscripts and the subscripts must be the same on each side of the equation.
On Balancing the superscripts, we get:
2 + 241 = 89 + 149 + x
243 = 238 + x
x = 5
The balanced equation is:
2(1)n₀ + (241)Pu -----> (89)Kr + (149)Ce + 5n₀
Therefore, the number of neutrons produced in the reaction is 5.
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What patterns do you notice in the periodic table?
In the periodic table, we notice that elements move up or down a column, they are grouped together into groupings with comparable chemical properties.
The periodic table is reflected in the patterns and trends in its rows and columns. Elements are grouped together into groups that have similar chemical characteristics as they move up or down a column. The atoms trend smaller or larger in size, and their reactivities fluctuate left to right within a row.
Beyond periods and groups, the periodic table divides elements into four groups called blocks: the s block, the p block, the d block, and the f block. These groups provide more information about the arrangement of the electrons, who their likely neighbors are in the table, and which electrons are their valence electrons.
So, Elements are grouped together into groups with similar chemical properties as they progress up or down a column.
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what is the relationship among electrons, the octet rule, and the oxidation number of a monatomic ion
The electrons that are shared, lost, or gained are called valence electrons. The charge an ion will have after gaining or losing electrons is indicated by the oxidation number.
According to the octet rule, elements interact with one another to form a noble gas electron configuration by either gaining electrons or losing them. The number of electrons in an element's outermost shell is known as its valency, whereas the number of electrons an element has gained or lost in a compound is known as its oxidation state. The primary distinction between valency and oxidation state is this. Each shell can hold a maximum of half the number of elements in the corresponding period in terms of electrons.
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examine the melting points as you go down a family and across a period. is there a trend? if there is a trend, what is it? a. down a family: b. across a period
Both the melting and boiling factors lower down the group as the melting points as you go down a family and across a period. is there a trend.
As nicely discovered earlier, the greater delocalised electrons gift and the smaller the radius of the atom, the better the melting factor of the metallic. As we circulate throughout duration three the quantity of delocalised electrons consistent with metallic atom will increase and the radius of the factors decreases. This way the melting factor will increase.
The melting and boiling factors of the Group 1 factors lower on descending the group. This is because of a lower withinside the forces of appeal among the atoms. On crossing a duration withinside the Periodic Table the atomic length decreases. On descending a collection the atomic length will increase.In a duration, the melting and boiling factor first will increase after which decreases.
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Which is not found on the periodic table of elements. the atomic number of each element, the rarity of each element, the atomic mass of each element
Answer:
The rarity of each element.
Explanation:
The periodic table shows the atomic number and the atomic mass. The abundance (or rarity) of each element is not given.
Answer: sorry misclick
Explanation:
why are scientists studying mars
Give short answers for the following
1. Comment Dalton's atomic theory and the areas in which modifications were
made.
Dalton's atomic theory was having different postulates. Some of them are:
1. All matters are made up of tiny indivisible particles called atoms.
2. All atoms are identical in mass, size and many other properties.
3. Atoms can be neither created nor destroyed.
4. Atoms can be combined or separated from elements.
But all these theories were modified:
1. Atom can further be divided into 3 parts electron, proton and neutron.
2. Isotopes are members of same atoms family but still have different properties. Isotopes are the number which have same atomic number but different mass number. Example Carbon isotopes.
3. This Theory failed for isobars. Isobars are the elements which have different atomic number but same mass number. Example Ar and Ca
4. This theory failed for Allotropes. Allotropes are the member of same family with different properties. Example Diamond and Graphite which are of carbon family.
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ice freezing exothermic or endothermic?
Answer: exothermic reaction
Explanation:When water becomes a solid, it releases heat, warming up its surroundings. This makes freezing an exothermic reaction.
Answer: Exothermic Reaction
Explanation:
Exothermic: Releases heat and causes the temperature of the immediate surroundings to rise.
Endothermic: Absorbs heat and cools the surroundings.
When water becomes a solid, it releases heat, warming up its surroundings. This makes freezing an exothermic reaction.
Hope this helps :)
In an electrolytic cell the electrode at which the electrons enter the solution is called the ______ ; the chemical change that occurs at this electrode is called _______.
The leaves of the electroscope repelled each other when given a negative charge. Do you think it would be possible to get the leaves of the electroscope to attract each other? Explain.
No it would not work because an insulator stops electrons from moving from moving to atom to atom so there is no way to get a charge to the metal leaves
What is metal leaf electroscope ?
Gold leaf electroscop has two gold leafs suspended from a metal(usually brass) stem in a vacuumed glass jar and connected to a metal cap. The glass is grounded with the help of a metal foil to make it uncharged. It can be used to:
Detect charge: Body under test is touched with the metal cap. If the leaves diverge, the body is charged and if there is no effect on leaves, then the body is uncharged.
To identify the nature of charge: The electroscope is charged by a known body(say positively charged body) and then the body is removed. Next, the body under test is brought in contact with the metal cap. If the leaves diverge further, the body has same charge(positive) and if the leaves come closer to each other, the body has opposite charge(negative).
Identify a body as conductor or insulator: Take two electroscopes. Charge one of the electroscopes so that its leaves will diverge. Then, connect the two electroscopes by the object under test. If the leaves of other electroscope diverge, the body is a conductor and if there is no effect on the electroscopes, the body is an insulator.
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Which are easier for your body to metabolize: saturated or unsaturated fats?
The unsaturated fats are easier for the body to break because they are liquid at room temperature.
What are unsaturated fatty acids?Unsaturated fats, which are liquid at room temperature, are regarded as healthy fats because they help reduce inflammation and raise blood cholesterol levels. Unsaturated fatty acids that have been converted to saturated fatty acids are known as trans fats.
Conversely, saturated fats lack double bonds, while unsaturated fats do. As a result, they take on a kinkier shape and don't pack as tightly. Their bonds are more easily broken when molecules are farther apart.
Therefore, since unsaturated fats are liquid at normal temperatures, the body may more easily break them down.
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What are the relative positions of the sun, Earth, and moon at the times of lunar and solar eclipses, as well as new, first-quarter, full, and last-quarter phases of the moon?
The relative positions of the sun, Earth, and moon at the times of lunar and solar eclipse is the earth comes in between the moon and the sun.
The relative positions of the sun, Earth, and moon :
1) New moon : they are lined up with the moon comes in between the earth and the sun.
2) first quarter : the first quarter phase is when the earth - moo line is 90 ° away from the earth and sun line.
3) full moon : The moon , the earth and the sun line up and the earth is comes in between the moon and the sun.
4) the last quarter : the the last quarter phase is when the earth moon line is 270° away from the earth sun.
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What are the 3 types of chemical bond which atoms do they form between?
There are three primary types of chemical bonding such as ionic bond, covalent bond, and metallic bond.
A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms or ions that enables the formation of molecules and crystals. The bond may result from the electrostatic force between oppositely charged ions as in ionic bonds, or through the sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds. The strength of chemical bonds varies considerably; there are "strong bonds" or "primary bonds" such as covalent, ionic and metallic bonds, and "weak bonds" or "secondary bonds" such as dipole–dipole interactions, the London dispersion force and hydrogen bonding. Strong chemical bonding arises from the sharing or transfer of electrons between the participating atoms.
There are three primary types of bonding: ionic, covalent, and metallic.
An ionic bond is formed when valence electrons are transferred from one atom to the other to complete the outer electron shell.Example of an ionic bond is the formation of sodium fluoride, NaF, from a sodium atom and a fluorine atom.
A covalent bond is formed when the valence electrons from one atom are shared between two or more particular atoms.Covalent bonds usually occur between nonmetals. For example, in water (H2O) each hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) share a pair of electrons to make a molecule of two hydrogen atoms single bonded to a single oxygen atom.
A metallic bond is formed when the valence electrons are not associated with a particular atom or ion, but exist as a "cloud" of electrons around the ion centres.Metallic bonding is especially common in minerals involving transition metals. Gold, silver, and copper are examples of minerals with metallic bonds.
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the half life of a certain radioactive sample is 1 hr. if the mass of the sample is 1 gram at noon, what will be the mass of the sample at 3pm?
The half life of a certain radioactive sample is 1 hr. if the mass of the sample is 1 gram at noon, what will be the mass of the sample at 3pm?
The half-life is the time it takes for one-half of the radioactive element to decay. The value of the half-life given here is one hour.
After one hour (1 PM) there would only be
(1/2)*(1 g)= 0.5 g of the element remaining.
After three hours (3 PM) there would only be
(1/2)*(1/2)*(1/2)*(1 g) = (1/8)g remaining.
Half-life is the time required for a quantity to reduce to half of its initial value. The term is commonly used in nuclear physics to describe how quickly unstable atoms undergo radioactive decay or how long stable atoms survive. The term is also used more generally to characterize any type of exponential decay.
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Why does calcium chloride melt ice the fastest?
Because of the low freezing point of calcium chloride it melts the ice fastest.
The calcium chloride provided a better performance at a lower temperature.
As the decrease in temperature, it dissociates into three ions instead of only two ions. These ion allows a way to the bond of water to get rid of the strong bonds.
Also, the hygroscopic properties of calcium chloride makes it attract the moisture from the surroundings.
The faster brine making ability of calcium chloride allows it to melt the ice faster and also when calcium chloride melt the ice it releases heat.
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Which group is most likely to react with the halogens?
What is the formula of gas?
The equations describing these laws are special cases of the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, where P is the pressure of the gas, V is its volume, n is the number of moles of the gas, T is its kelvin temperature, and R is the ideal (universal) gas constant.
By rearranging the ideal gas law, P=n(RTV)=nconst, it can be demonstrated that the pressure of a sample of gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas present when volume and temperature are maintained constant. The common measurement of pressure is the pascal (Pa). The kilopascal is the most practical measure for measuring commonplace gas pressures since a pascal is a relatively tiny unit of pressure (kPa). There are 1000 pascals in a kilopascal. The atmosphere is yet another widely used pressure measurement unit (atm).
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the compound of which two elements is most likely to involve covalent bonding? electronegativities of unknown elements q 0.9 x 3.0 r 1.0 z 4.0 t 2.8
The compound of T and X is most likely to involve covalent bonding.
The ability of an atom or functional group to draw electrons to itself is known as electronegativity in chemistry. An atom's electronegativity is influenced by both its atomic number and how far away from its charged nuclei its valence electrons are located.
The differences in the electronegativities are:
Q and Z : 4.0-0.9 = 3.1
R and X : 3.0-1.0 = 2.0
T and Z : 2.8-0.9 = 1.9
T and X : 3.0-2.8 = 0.2
Q and T : 2.8 - 0.9 = 1.9
Smallest difference in electronegativity causes a higher overlap in the orbitals of the shared electrons.
Therefore, the smallest difference between the given elements is between T and X.
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You are titrating a solution of sodium hydroxide of unknown concentration with a solution of phosphoric acid that has a concentration of 0. 220 m. Starting with 24. 0 ml of the sodium hydroxide solution, you use 19. 4 ml of the acid to titrate the base to completion. Calculate the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution.
The concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution after titration is 0.816M.
Calculate the concentration of the base by using the equation for neutralization reaction.
n₁M₁V₁ = n₂M₂V₂
Where,
n₁, M₁ and V₁ are the are the n-factor, molarity and volume of acid (H₃PO₄).
n₂, M₂ and V₂ are the n-factor, molarity and volume of base (NaOH).
Given,
n₁ = 3
M₁ = 0.220 M
V₁ = 24 mL
n₂ = 1
M₂ = ?
V₂ = 19.4 mL
Substituting the values we get,
n₁M₁V₁ = n₂M₂V₂
⇒ 3 × 0.22 × 24 = 1 × M₂ × 19.4
⇒ M₂ = (3 × 0.22 × 24) / 19.4
⇒ M₂ = 0.816 mL
Hence, the value of the concentration of the base is 0.816 mL.
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What happens to water molecules when they freeze and become solid ice?
The potential energy of water is decreased when water molecules when they freeze and become solid ice.
Because molecules have energy, they move constantly. Water molecules move more quickly and are essentially in continuous interaction with one another when they are in a liquid state instead of to a solid state.
The potential energy of the liquid decreases as it cools, which causes the molecules to start moving more slowly. The molecules of water bind together at a temperature of about 0°C to produce ice.
Intermolecular hydrogen bonds keep water molecules together, make it a liquid.
Hence, When water molecules freeze and turn into solid ice, their potential energy decreases.
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how many grams of pbbr2 will precipitate when excess nh4br solution is added to 79.0 ml of 0.546 m pb(no3)2 solution?
The number of moles of HI needed is 0.1234 mol, Mass of PbBr2 is 21.3g , Volume of HI solution needed is 237 ml.
What is precipitate ?
It is common for an insoluble compound to form when a solution having a specific cation (a positively charged ion) is mixed with another solution carrying a specific anion (a negatively charged ion). The solid that divides is referred to as a precipitate.
What is excess solution ?
Reactant or reagent that is still present after a chemical reaction has finished is known as excess reagent. In other words, when a chemical reaction occurs, more of a reactant is present than is needed to complete the reaction.
1) Volume of Pb(NO3)2 solution = 76.0ml = ( 76.0ml) x ( 1L / 1000ml) = 0.0760 L
Number of moles of Pb(NO3)2 reacted = Molarity of Pb(NO3)2 solution x Volume of Pb(NO3)2 solution
= 0.764 molL-1 x 0.0760 L ( here M can be shown as molL-1)
= 0.05806 mol
As NH4Br is mentioned to be present in excess the amount of product PbBr2 depends on Pb(NO3)2
Number of moles of PbBr2 formed = Number of Pb(NO3)2 moles reacted = 0.05806 mol
Mass of PbBr2 = moles of PbBr2 x molar mass of PbBr2
= 0.05806 mol x 367 g/mol
= 21.3g
Thus mass of PbBr2 that will precipitate = 21.3g
2) MgCO3 moles = ( mass of MgCO3) / ( molar mass fo MgCO3)
= ( 5.20g / 84.3g/mol) = 0.0617 mol
Number of moles of HI needed = 2 x MgCO3 moles ( based on balanced equation coefficients)
= 2 x 0.0617 mol = 0.1234 mol
Volume of HI solution needed = ( Moles of HI solution needed) / ( Molarity of HI solution)
= ( 0.1234 mol / 0.520molL-1) ( here units M can be shown as molL-1)
= 0.237L
= 0.237L x ( 1000 ml / 1L)
= 237 ml
Thus volume of HI solution needed = 237 ml
Therefore, Number of moles of HI needed is 0.1234 mol, Mass of PbBr2 is 21.3g , Volume of HI solution needed is 237 ml.
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you are in a place that is extremely hot and dense. you can't see far because your surroundings are opaque to light. around you, nuclear fusion is converting carbon into oxygen and other elements. where are you?
The expansion of the universe suggests that items were once closer together, because material becomes hotter and denser when it is compressed.
Nuclear fusion is transforming carbon into oxygen and other elements while you are at the center of a big star near the end of its life, which makes it difficult for you to see far because the area is opaque to light around you. Later, in a process known as stellar nucleosynthesis, the heavier elements were produced from hydrogen. This was a prolonged process whereby hydrogen and helium were fused together in the stars, which acted as enormous furnaces, at various points of their lives. The universe had gotten bigger.
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Why the reduction potential of Cu2+ is positive?
When compared to H+/H, a positive result for Cu2+/Cu implies that the reduction occurs more quickly. It is a stronger oxidising agent as a result.
It also implies that Cu is unable to convert acidic H+ ions to H2 using this process. A species' propensity to gain electrons and become reduced is known as its reduction potential. It is expressed in volts or millivolts. Greater reduction potential is indicated by larger positive reduction potential readings. High enthalpy of atomization and low enthalpy of hydration characterise copper. Because the considerable energy required to convert Cu(s) to Cu(aq)2+ is not offset by hydration enthalpy, the value of E(Cu2+/Cu) is unusually positive. Cu2+ has a typical reduction potential of +0.34 For instance, Cu2+ possesses a positive charge and has lost two electrons. oxidise to bring about the loss of electrons in an atom or group of atoms during a chemical process.
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write the balanced molecular chemical equation for the reaction in aqueous solution for strontium hydroxide and manganese(v) iodide. if no reaction occurs, simply write only nr. be sure to include the proper phases for all species within the reaction.
Balanced molecular chemical equation for the reaction in aqueous solution for strontium hydroxide and manganese(v) iodide. 5 Sr(OH)₂(aq) + 2 MnI₅(aq) → 2 Mn(OH)₅(s) + 5 SrI₂(aq).
Chemical equations are symbolic representations of chemical processes where the reactants and products are specified in terms of the corresponding chemical formulae. Chemical equations utilize symbols to indicate things like the direction of a reaction and the physical states of the parties involved in the process. The first chemical equation was developed in 1615 by the French chemist Jean Beguin. Chemical equations can be used to depict chemical processes on paper; an example of this is provided below (for the reaction between hydrogen gas and oxygen gas to form water).
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
The responding entities are written on the left side of the chemical equation, whereas the products produced during chemical reactions are written on the right side, as can be seen in the example presented above.
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if an ideal gas initially at 5 bar and 12.5 l is compressed at constant temperature to 2.5 l, what is the final pressure of the gas? g
The final pressure of the gas with initial pressure of 5 bar and initial volume of 12.5 L is 25 bar.
The Boyle's law can be used to explain the pressure-volume relationship of an ideal gas at constant temperature. The final pressure can be easily predicted using the relation as shown below if the beginning pressure and volume of an ideal gas are known at a constant temperature with the final volume.
P1V 1 = P2V 2
P 1 denotes the starting pressure, P2 is the ending pressure, V 1 is the starting volume, and V 2 is the ending volume.
The initial pressure P1= 5 bar
The initial volume V1= 12.5 L
The final volume V2= 2.5 L
The final pressure P2=?
P1V1=P2V2
5×12.5= P2× 2.5
P2= 62.5/2.5
P2= 25 bar
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Which of the following is a sign that a chemical change has occurred?
Group of answer choices
glass changes shape when it falls and breaks
water produces a gas when it is placed on a hot stovetop
a firework explodes releasing heat, sound, and light energy
a substance becomes cold when it is placed in the freezer
The change that represents a chemical change is; a firework explodes releasing heat, sound, and light energy
What is a chemical change?We define a chemical change as one in which there is the alteration of the reactants and the products. The chemical bonds in the reactants and the products are broken up in a chemical change.
This is why we can say that when there is a chemical change, there would be the formation of a new substance and then there could be some markers of a chemical change that could take place in the system and these may include but are not limited to;
Appearance of a new color
Change in the temperature
Evolution of a gas
Thus the explosion of the firework is a typical example of the ocurence of a chemical change .
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How much amount of NaCl is decomposed by 4.9 g of H2SO4 if 6g of nahso4 and 1.825 g of HCL are produced in the same reaction 6 g 4.9 g 1.825 g 2.925 g?
2.925 g NaCl is decomposed by 4.9 g of H2SO4. If 6g of nahso4 and 1.825 g of HCL are produced in the same reaction
We have to find out how much amount of NaCl is decomposed in reaction,Where we have given mass of reactant and product as follow;
Mass of H2SO4 = 4.9g
Mass of NaHSo4 = 6g
Mass of HCL = 1.825g
The reaction can be given as:
NaCl + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HCl
According to law of conservation of mass:
W(NaCl) + W(H2SO4) = W(NaHSO4) + W(HCl)
W(NaCl) + 4.9g = 6g + 1.825g
W(NaCl) = 6+1.825−4.9
W(NaCl) = 2.925 g
So, 2.95 g of NaCl is Decomposed by H2SO4 during reaction.
What is the law of conservation of mass?
It states that all chemical equations must be balanced because matter cannot be created or destroyed in chemical reactions. Mass of Reactant and Mass of product after reaction are always same.
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How do you calculate moles at STP?
The following formula will calculate the amount of moles at STP: Molar volume at STP (litres)/Volume at STP (litres).
At STP, moles can be converted to gas volume and gas volume to moles using molar volume. The conversion factor is based on the equality 1mol=22.4L. The molar volume of a gas at STP, which is defined as 273.15 K (0°C) and 1 atm, is 22.414 L/mol. 0°C (273.15 K) and 1 atm of pressure are considered standard temperature and pressure (STP). The volume of one mole of a gas at STP is its molar volume. A mole (6.02 1023 typical particles) of any gas at STP takes up 22.4 L of space.
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