The frequency of triplet-repeat expansion would rise in the presence of a defective DNA polymerase that boosts strand slippage.
What is DNA polymerase?A DNA polymerase belongs to a group of enzymes that catalyzing the synthesis of Dna strands using nucleoside triphosphates, which are the basic building blocks of DNA. These enzymes, which are necessary for DNA replication, typically function in groups to split one single original DNA duplex into two identical DNA duplexes. One nucleotide at the a time, DNA polymerase inserts nucleotides to a DNA strand's three primary (3')-end. DNA polymerases are needed to duplicate a cell's DNA each time it divides in order to send a replica of the original DNA molecule to each daughter cell. This is how genetic information is transmitted down through the generations.
These enzymes help the chemical process to happen.
Deoxynucleoside Triphosphate + DNAn ⇌ Pyrophosphate + DNAn+1.
What does a DNA polymerase do?A dual DNA molecule is duplicated to two identical DNA molecules during the dna replication Process, which is carried out by DNA polymerase. With the help of the polymerase chain reaction, generally known as PCR, scientists have been able to duplicate DNA molecules inside test tubes. DNA polymerase alpha (Pol ), DNA polymerase delta (Pol ), & DNA polymerase epsilon (Pol ) are at least 3 DNA polymerases needed in eukaryotic genome replication (1). By creating an RNA/DNA hybrid primer, Pol starts the synthesis of both the leading & lagging strands of DNA.
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which protein functions as a motor protein that applies the power stroke during muscle contraction? interaction between thick and thin filaments during muscle contraction. which protein functions as a motor protein that applies the power stroke during muscle contraction? interaction between thick and thin filaments during muscle contraction. a b c d
To drive molecular movement along the actin subunits of the thin myofilaments, the myosin head groups hydrolyse ATP.
Myosin's head domains are located on the thick filaments' surface and interact with actin in the thin filaments. A change in the working stroke of the actin-bound myosin head's conformation, which causes filament sliding, occurs. The myosin heads bind and hydrolyze ATP in addition to binding actin, which gives filament sliding its energy. Changes in the structure of myosin brought on by ATP binding mediate the conversion of chemical energy to movement.
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Does GONORRHEA What microbe causes your disease?
Gonorrhea is a sexualy transmitted deasease caused by a bacteria called Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
match the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) step to its accurate description. - denaturation - annealing - extension - expansion - centrifugation 1. not a step of pcr 2. not a step of pcr 3. dna polymerase builds a complementary dna strand 4. primers bind to the dna strands once the temperature is lowered. 5. temperature is elevated and the two dna strands are separated.
please help im crying so much
In mammalian females, the majority of one X chromosome's genes are shut down in a process called X chromosome _____. The inactive X is condensed and afterwards called a _____. Because the shutdown is random in the embryonic cells formed by the time inactivation occurs, all mature mammalian females are a
_____ for the expression of X chromosome genes. The inactivation of one X in the female is thought to balance gene expression between males and females, a theory called _____. The shutdown of the X chromosome is accomplished by the
______ gene. _____ is the master gene for male sex determination in mammals and is found on the human Y-chromosome.
In mammalian females, the majority of one X chromosome's genes are shut down in a process called X chromosome inactivation. The inactive X is condensed and afterwards called a barrbodies. Because the shutdown is random in the embryonic cells formed by the time inactivation occurs, all mature mammalian females are a inactivate for the expression of X chromosome genes. The inactivation of one X in the female is thought to balance gene expression between males and females, a theory called X-inactivation/Lyonisation. The shutdown of the X chromosome is accomplished by the Xist gene. SRY is the master gene for male sex determination in mammals and is found on the human Y-chromosome.
3. Where do the producers get their energy from?
Answer: The Sun.
Explanation:
Producers make their own energy from sunlight.
Answer:
their energy comes from the sun.
A person has the genotype GG. Where did they get that genotype from?
The genotype GG dominant for both the alleles is inherited from both the parents, i.e., mother and father.
Genotype is defined as the composition of genes of an organism. The genotype determines whether a trait a person possesses is dominant or recessive. It also clarifies if the trait is homozygous dominant or heterozygous.
Alleles are the alternative forms of a gene. These are the result of mutations. Usually there are two allelic forms of a gene but there can be more than two alleles as well. For example, in the question the genotype GG has two similar form of alleles which is G individually derived from mother as well as father.
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You have prepared a karyotype of an individual and have found that one of the chromatids of chromosome 4 is shorter than its homologous. What can you conclude has happened to this chromosome?
The conclusion that can be revealed from this consequence of the shortening of one of the chromatids is that sister chromatids do not split equally during the anaphase of mitosis.
What is a Karyotype?A karyotype may be defined as the complete set of chromosomes of any individual. It represents all sorts of numbers, sizes, and any abnormalities of the chromosomes in an organism.
According to the context of this question, in a karyotype of an individual, you have found that one of the chromatids of chromosome 4 is shorter than its homologous. It is due to the process when sister chromatids do not split equally during the anaphase of mitosis.
As a result of this, one daughter cell would have more chromosomes than normal and one daughter cell along with size variabilities in the chromatids of the chromosomes.
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Write a 250 word response on the below.
• Scientific research can cause pain to individuals if it is good for the greater good.
Force-feeding the test material can cause a great deal of distress. Gavage is the method commonly utilised to provide the test dose straight into the animal's stomach.
What makes scientific research so crucial?We needs scientific studies to guide us all through our ever new reality Now without, we would be compelled to rely on the judgement of others, our instincts, and destiny. Since scientific knowledge is based on unbiased, verifiable facts, systematic scientific study gives us an objective understanding.
What are the two categories of scientific study?The studies can be broadly divided into two categories: Research that is basic or basic or research that is applied. Normal inquiry and revolutionary research are the two primary types of basic and applied research.
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AUU GAU ACU GCA GC
b) What are the first four amino acids coded by this sequence? Hint: Look up the amino acids on the codon table. (1 point)
Answer: Isoleucine - Asparagine - Threonine - Alanine
Explanation:
Use the table to find what amino acid corresponds with the three letter codons. These are the first four.
Nucleus,cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, cytoplasm, nucleolus,vacuoles, lysosomes,ribosomes, nuclear membrane,centriole,chromatin,
Golgi complex , endoplasmic reticulum,chloroplast
Answer:
CytoplasmNucleusChloroplastRibosomesCell MembraneMitochondrion Nuclear MembraneLysosomesCell WallVacoulesCentrioleendoplasmic reticulumRNAChromosomeschromatinExplanation:
Which particles orbit around the nucleus?
Answer: Electrons
Explanation:
What is the most specific ecological level?A. a habitatB. an organismC. an ecosystemD. a biosphere
We have to consider that the ecology, in aims to classify from a more general to a more specific magnitude, and propose a categorization of the ecological levels approaching how broad or narrow they are. In this sense, a broader level would be the biosphere, since there are too many components of the biome. and a narrower level would be a very organism since it would be the more specific category (B answer option), as we can see in the following picture:
a stretch of 100 base pairs of dna contains 15 complete rotations. this dna molecule is please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. answer choices denatured. relaxed. negatively supercoiled. positively supercoiled.
Positively supercoiled molecules make up DNA.
How many base pairs of DNA are supercoiled around each nucleosome?In the nucleoprotein particles known as nucleosomes found in eukaryotic chromatin, the DNA double helix is repeatedly supercoiled. A typical nucleosome has a core composed of 145–147 base pairs (bp) of DNA that wraps around an octamer of histones in 1.7 left-handed superhelical twists (1–3).
What is the mechanism by which information is transferred from one DNA molecule to its daughter molecules?DNA replication is the mechanism by which a cell duplicates its chromosomal DNA after each cell division. After then, the duplicated DNA is separated into two "daughter" cells that get the same genetic material. Chromosome segregation is the term for this process.
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If laci were mutated such that the lac repressor could no longer bind dna, what effect would this have on the regulation of the lac operon?.
The lac operon would be overexpressed as a result of the repressor protein's dysfunction.
What function would the repressor protein serve?In relation to genomics, a repressor is a protein that prevents the expression of one or even more genes. The repressor protein inhibits the synthesis of messenger RNA by attaching to the promoter region of something like the gene(s) (mRNA). For the gene expression to be controlled in cells, repressor proteins are necessary.
What do repressor proteins do?A repressor is a class of protein that binds to the DNA of both the lac operon and inhibits the production of the lac operon genes. The gene expression of said enzymes that break down lactose in cells is regulated by the lac operon in E. coli. The lac operon will activate and the genes will become active as in presence of lactose.
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what is one thing that members of the same species can do, that the other peers of organism cannot
Breeding between different species, although possible, is often complicated as it results in infertile or non-viable offspring. This usually occurs due to the difference in the karyotype.
The karyotype is the set of chromosomes that an organism possesses, for example, the human has 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 chromosomes).
For reproduction to be successful and give rise to healthy organisms, the parents must be of the same species (have the same number of chromosomes and these chromosomes must be homologous, i.e. have similar genes).
Therefore, unlike organisms of different species, the reproduction of 2 organisms of the same species can result in fertile offspring capable of reproduction.
Which terms best describe the class of questions that insel and young were addressing when they studied the effect of antidiuretic hormone on monogamous voles by experimentally increasing the number of receptors in the brain?.
When insel and young conducted an experimental study on the effects of antidiuretic hormone on monogamous voles using brain receptors, they were primarily interested in proximate, mechanistic questions.
What does biology mean by mechanistic?In biology, there are three different interpretations of the term "mechanism." It may be used to describe a theoretical proposition regarding the origins of life and biology, the inner workings of a machine-like structure, or the explanation for the cause of a specific phenomena.
What distinguishes organic from mechanical?High levels of centralization, formalization, and complexity define a mechanical organizational structure. In contrast, low centralization, moderate formalization, or low complexity are the hallmarks of an organic organizational structure.
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Without knowing any additional information, a pair of species within the same ____________ most likely shares the most recent common ancestor.
Without knowing any additional information, a pair of species within the same monophyletic group most likely shares the most recent common ancestor.
A clade is a branch of a phylogeny that includes an ancestral lineage and all of its descendants. Because this group of organisms has the property of monophyly, it is also known as a monophyletic group. The evolutionary history of a group of related organisms is known as phylogeny. It is represented by a phylogenetic tree, which demonstrates how species are related to one another via common ancestors. A clade is a group of organisms composed of an ancestor and all of its descendants.
A "clade" would consist of the common ancestor of apes and all of its descendant species.
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The trichonympha is a protozoan that breaks down the wood eaten by the __________ and both organisms absorb the nutrients.
The Trichonympha is a protozoan that breaks down the wood eaten by the termite and both organisms absorb the nutrients.
Symbiotic relationships are close associations formed by two species. They take many forms, including parasitism (in which one species benefits while the other suffers) and commensalism (where one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped).
The protozoan Trichonympha lives in the termite's shelter and space. The Protozoa in the gut digest the wood on which the termite feeds. Without Trichonympha, the termite is unable to digest wood and dies. Trichonympha is a symbiotic flagellate of many termite species as well as the wood-feeding cockroach. Surprisingly, this unicellular organism has up to ten thousand flagella on its surface, which help it navigate the viscous environment of the host hindgut.
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What is the term used to describe a metabolic pathway that breaks apart glucose anaerobically to produce a small amount of ATP and pyruvate?1) glycolysis2) cellular respiration3) fermentation4) Citric Acid Cycle5) Oxidative Phosphorylation
Solution:
Remember that, fermentation is an incomplete oxidation process, which does not require oxygen, and whose final product is an organic compound and ATP. So that, we can conclude that the correct answer is:
FERMENTATION
High frequency has a ________ wavelength. low frequency has a ______ wavelength. question 1 options: short, long long, short medium, short long, medium
High frequency has a short wavelength. low frequency has a long wavelength.
Frequency is defined as the number of waves that pass a specific point in unit time. The SI unit used in case of frequency is Hertz (Hz). If the frequency is 1 Hz, it depicts that only 1 wave passed the point at a specific amount of time.
Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive crests or troughs of a wave. The representation of wavelength is done by the symbol λ (lambda). The frequency and wavelength have an inverse relation. This can be observed by the formula
ν (frequency) = c (speed of light) / λ (wavelength).
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To reduce one molecule of o2 how many electrons passed through electron transport chain.
To reduce one molecule of O2 it takes 4 electrons.
Electron transfer is the last process of aerobic respiration that occurs in the inner membrane of mitochondria. In electron transport, the process of making ATP occurs which will later be used by cells to carry out activities in the body. The material for making ATP comes from NADH and FADH2 which are produced in glycolysis, oxidative decarboxylation, and the Krebs cycle. O2 acts as the final electron acceptor which will later form H2O which will be removed from the cell.
In electron transport, NADH and FADH are utilized in a series of oxidation-reduction reactions until finally used to reduce O2 to H2O. This redox reaction involving various protein complexes in the mitochondrial inner membrane is referred to as oxidative phosphorylation. The energy released in this redox process is converted into a high-energy molecule, namely ATP. To reduce one molecule of O2 it takes 4 electrons.
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how does the concentration of prokaryotic cells at the surface of pelagic water compare with the concentrations at depths below 1000 m?
The concentration of prokaryotic cells at the surface of pelagic water compare with the concentrations at depths below 1000 m as option B: there is a decrease in concentration with increasing depth.
Prokaryotic cell counts often peak in sediments close to the surface and then rapidly decline as depth increases. However, the average cell concentration is still extremely significant at the typical marine sediment depth of 500 m. Prokaryotic cells are believed to have decreased by 97% due to the preferential removal of the most easily degradable organic matter components during burial. As a result, the remaining organic matter becomes more resistant and can only support a smaller prokaryotic population.
The Proteobacteria genus contains the majority of prokaryotic organisms in the ocean. These creatures have a variety of adaptations, such as compressible lungs and swim bladders that resemble lungs, to help them deal with the intense water pressure in their deep-water habitat.
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Complete question is:
How does the concentration of prokaryotic cells at the surface of pelagic water compare with the concentrations at depths below 1000 m?
A) There is a decrease in concentration from 1 m to 1000 m in depth, then a dramatic increase below 1000 m.
B) There is a decrease in concentration with increasing depth.
C) There is a steady increase in concentration with increasing depth.
D) There is an increase in concentration at depths below 1000 m.
what does a mutagen cause? view available hint(s)for part a what does a mutagen cause? a reduction in the number of trna molecules available for protein synthesis a change in the sequence of dna decreased permeability of the nuclear envelope problems with mitosis decreased enzyme activity throughout the cell
Mutagen causes a change in DNA sequence it changes the nucleotide base pairs, it may be radioactive elements acts as a mutagen.
What is mutagen?A modification to the DNA's sequence, any factor that results in a mutation (a change in the DNA of a cell).
Mutagens may injure cells and cause some illnesses, including cancer, by altering DNA nucleotide base pairs.
Therefore, radioactive elements, x-rays, UV rays, and certain compounds are examples of mutagens, and changes in DNA sequence.
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Match the definition provided with the correct type of membrane transport.
Please help me
The definitions are matched according:
Water diffuses across a partially permeable membrane from a high water concentration area to a low water concentration area until equilibrium is established. Molecules move over a partially permeable membrane from a high concentration area to a low concentration area until equilibrium is attained.
Osmosis occurs when molecules flow via a Partially permeable membrane with the help of a transport protein from a high concentration area to a low concentration area until equilibrium is attained.
Facilitated Diffusion: Molecules that pass across a partially permeable membrane with the help of a transport protein and require energy to move from a low-concentration area to a high-concentration area without achieving equilibrium.
Active Transport: Molecules that flow over a partially permeable membrane with the help of a transport protein and require energy from a low-concentration area to a high-concentration area without achieving equilibrium.
What is the use of osmosis?
By balancing the levels of water and intracellular fluids, osmosis assists in the stability of the organism's internal environment. Additionally, nutrients and minerals enter the cell through osmosis, which is necessary for cell survival.
It is used to preserve the freshness of fruits and meat. Salt preserves meat, fish, and vegetables, but sugar preserves fruits. Bacteria that infect them attack them swiftly.
Preservatives like sugar and salt cause bacteria to lose water and halt their metabolism. The germs will perish as a result.
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does the cytosol play a role in eukaryote metabolism
Yes, cytosol play a role in eukaryote metabolism.
What is cytosol's function in eukaryotic cells?Cytosol is a major product within the eukaryotes where all the cells organelles resides. It is home to the cytoskeleton. The cytosol contains dissolved nutrients, aids in waste breakdown, and transports material within the cell.
In animals, cytosol plays a role in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pentose pathway as well as biosynthesis of protein. For plants, fatty acid synthesis occurs within their chloroplasts and they are not part of the cytoplasm.
The nucleus sometimes changes along side the cytoplasm as it moves and changes shape. Cytosol is also present in prokaryotes in a gel-like form.
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Insulin and enzymes are examples of which macromolecule?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Answer:
Insulin is protein hormones while enzymes are protein macromolecule
Explanation:
Answer:
proteins
Explanation: i got it on the test correctly
In the menstrual cycle, the ____________ releases an _______________ every ______________.
In the menstrual cycle, the Ovary releases an egg every 14 days.
Your uterus' lining sheds each month throughout your menstrual cycle period. The words menses, menstrual period, cycle, and period are also used to refer to menstruation. Flowing from your uterus through your cervix and out of your body through it, menstruation blood is a mixture of blood and tissue from the interior of your uterus. When your body prepares for the possibility of pregnancy each month, a series of processes known as the menstrual cycle take place. It is believed that a menstrual cycle starts on the first day of a period. The duration of a cycle can vary from 21 to around 35 days, with the typical cycle lasting 28 days.
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Many ocean animals like whales and sea turtles migrate north from the Caribbean Sea in the summer to feed. On which ocean current do they travel? What do these animals do while in the Caribbean Sea?
The Gulf Stream travels up the US and Canadian east coasts before crossing over to Europe. If not eating, then they mate in warm water.
How is the migration process seen?
The most migratory species on the planet, leatherback sea turtles can move up to 10,000 miles annually between feeding grounds in quest of jellyfish. From Caribbean beaches, they go up the US East Coast to Canada in the Atlantic. Many people travel through the Pacific Ocean from Southeast Asia (Indonesia and Malaysia) to California and then up to the waters of Alaska.
Hence, the answer is, the turtles and whales travel via the Gulf stream and they mate or eat in the warm water.
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Please help I don’t know what I’m doing: If 3000 J of energy is released from 1kg of air, what would the final temperature be if it started out at 25°C?
The final temperature started out at 25°C would be 27.9°C, if 3000 J of energy is released from 1kg of air.
Equation
The ratio of a material's capacity to absorb heat to the change in temperature is known as heat capacity. In terms of the actual amount of material being taken into account, which is most frequently a mole, it is typically stated as calories per degree (the molecular weight in grams). Specific heat capacity is the heat capacity expressed in calories per gram.
The change in heat of the air can be given by
q = (Cp)mΔT
where,
Specific heat of 1.005 J/gC, and m is the mass of air in the calorimeter in grams.
Delta T is the temperature change.
∆T= T(final)-T(initial)
q = 3000J
T(final)=x
T(initial)= 25
m=1kg = 1000g
q= (Cp)mΔT
3000 = (1.005)*1000*(x-25)
x = 27.9°C
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You have 23 pairs of chromosomes in your body cells. Why do your chromosomes occur in pairs? Where does each chromosome in the pair come from?
Answer:
You have your chromosomes in pairs because you get 23 from each parent.
Your chromosome pairs come from your parents, 23 from your mom (egg), 23 from your dad (sperm). Which totals to 46 chromosomes in your body.