The molecular comparisons between species genomes as well as the molecular comparison among single gene sequences are generally effective for determining relatedness between species.
To ascertain the link between the species and forecast the evolutionary evidence, these molecular correlations are usually utilized. The amino acid sequences of a representative protein found in the organisms may also be utilized to determine the relationship between the species in addition to the two methods mentioned above.
Living things are the essential biotic elements of an ecosystem, managing their functioning and regulating the ecological balance. They have more environmental significance on Earth since they are a crucial link in the food chain.
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pedigree diagram and punnette square
According to Punnett square, for colourblindness, TJ and DJ are either both girls or both boys, or one girl and one son.
The chance of having a hemophilia carrier girl is 1/2.
What is Punnett square?Asquare diagram is made up of a grid of typically four boxes that are used to compute and show all the frequencies and combinations of the various genotypes and phenotypes among the progeny of a cross in accordance with Mendelian inheritance.
What is Hemophilia?Hemophilia, a bleeding disorder where the blood does not clot properly, is typically inherited. This may result in both spontaneous bleeding and bleeding after injury or surgery. Blood contains a variety of clotting proteins that can aid in controlling bleeding. Low amounts of either factor VIII or factor IX are seen in hemophilic person.
Hence, according to Punnett square, for colourblindness, TJ and DJ are either both girls or both boys, or one girl and one son.
The chance of having a haemophilia carrier girl is 1/2.
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choose all that send inputs to the ans? multiple select question. spinal cord cerebral cortex medulla oblongata efferent motor neurons hypothalamus
Two chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) are used to speak in the autonomic apprehensive system are hypothalamus.
Norepinephrine Sensory and motor neurons tour via the brainstem, conveying messages among the mind and spinal cord. The brainstem controls many autonomic capabilities of the PNS, which includes respiration, coronary heart price and blood pressure.
The hypothalamus, simply above the mind stem, acts as an integrator for autonomic capabilities, receiving autonomic regulatory enter from the limbic system.
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Describe the structure of the cell membrane and include at least these terms in your description: phospholipid bilayer, semi-permeable, protein, hydrophilic, hydrophobic
The cell membrane composed of major lipids like phospholipid and proteins in a bilayer . The lipids are arranged such that polar head towards outer side which is hydrophilic and non polar tails towards the inner side which is hydrophobic. Hence non polar end is protected from aqueous end and also phospholipid layer comprises of cholesterol. The peripheral protein lies on the surface of membrane and integral protein are totally or partially burried in the membrane.
The widely accepted model is fluid mosaic model. According to this quasi fluid nature of lipids enable lateral movement of proteins within overall bilayer. This ability to move within the membrane is measured as fluidity.
Which of the following is the most precise description of the role of enzymes in catalyzing biochemical reactions? Enzymes provide a stable location for a reaction to occur, but do not participate directly in the reaction itself. Enzymes decrease the activation energy of a reaction by stabilizing the transition state. Enzymes increase the activation energy of the reactants, making a reaction more exergonic. Enzymes decrease the AG of the reactions, making them proceed rapidly.
Enzymes provide a stable location for a reaction to occur, but do not participate directly in the reaction itself.
Enzymes are proteins that aid in the acceleration of chemical reactions in our bodies. Enzymes are necessary for digestion, liver function, and many other things. Too much or too little of a particular enzyme can be harmful to one's health. Enzymes in our blood can also assist healthcare providers in the detection of injuries and diseases.
Enzymes catalyze a wide range of chemical reactions involved in growth, blood coagulation, healing, diseases, breathing, digestion, reproduction, and a variety of other biological activities.
Enzymes are protein catalysts that accelerate biochemical reactions by facilitating molecular rearrangements necessary for cell function.
Enzymes enable reactions to occur at the rate required for life. Enzymes play an important role in food digestion in animals. Digestive enzymes accelerate the breakdown of large molecules of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into smaller molecules that the body can use.
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You are learning about mimicry in entomology. Which microcope would be bet to look at the wing of two different butterflie to determine which i a Monarch Butterfly and which i a Viceroy Butterfly?
compound microcope
diection microcope
canning electron microcope
tranmiion electron microcope
A scanning electron microscope would be the best choice to look at the wings of two different butterflies and determine which one is a Monarch Butterfly and which one is a Viceroy Butterfly.
An electron microscope called a scanning electron microscope (SEM) scans a sample's surface with a concentrated stream of electrons to create pictures of the material. As the electrons contact with the sample's atoms, different signals emerge that provide details about the sample's surface topography and composition.
A raster scan pattern is used to scan the electron beam, and a picture is created by combining the detected signal's strength with the beam's position. Using a secondary electron detector, the most popular SEM mode detects secondary electrons released by atoms stimulated by the electron beam (Everhart–Thornley detector).
The specimen topography affects, among other things, the quantity of secondary electrons that may be detected and, consequently, the signal intensity.
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define a question you could investigate that links a stressful scenario you identified in preparation task 4 to sexual reproduction in yeast. formulate a hypothesis that could be tested regarding your question. include your reasoning that led to this hypothesis.
In order to manufacture vast quantities of the gene's protein product, the human clotting factor gene could be extracted from the human genome and put into bacteria. The bacteria could then be cultivated in vats.
What sort of thing is a hypothesis example?One independent and one dependent variable are all that a straightforward hypothesis says are related. Examples: You will feel exhausted the next day if you stay up late. Your phone charges more quickly while it is turned off.
How come it's termed a hypothesis?The word "hypothesis" originally meant a synopsis of a classical drama's storyline. The Greek term hypothesis is where the English word hypothesis is derived from, and its literal or etymological meaning is "putting or setting under."
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You work in a lab and you have discovered a brilliant way to specifically control chromatin remodeling on a gene by gene basis. You work in a lab and you have discovered a brilliant method for targeted control of chromatin remodeling on a gene-by-gene basis. You are specifically interested in modifying the transcription of oncogenes, which are genes whose overexpression can lead to cancer. Select modifications you would make in cancer cells that are over expressing oncogenes.
Increase acetylation of histones
Decrease acetylation of histones
Decrease phosphorylation of histones
Increase phosphorylation of histones Increase methylation of histones Decrease methylation of histones
An essential and dynamic central regulator of transcription is chromatin.
In response to dysregulated oncogenic signals, a vast number of genomic loci that are repressed in the physiologic state are activated by abnormal expression and/or activity of remodelers in malignant cells.
Therefore, altered gene activation and/or inappropriate gene silencing result from chromatin deregulation. Recent findings demonstrate that gene‐translocations leading to fusions of transcription factors increase oncogenesis by changing chromatin architecture.
A number of tumour suppressors, including retinoblastoma (pRb), p53, and Ini1/hSNF5, are also misregulated in some malignancies and use chromatin remodelling as part of their regular roles. Additionally, in cancer, the epigenetic landscape is constantly and dynamically regulated.
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In guinea pigs, black fur is dominant over white fur. How could an animal breeder test whether a black guinea pig is homozygous or heterozygous?
The animal breeder test can use to test cross identify whether the black Guinea Pig is heterozygous or homozygous. Once the cross is over, one can identify the zygosity of parents by analyzing the ratio of offspring.
How do you determine if an allele is homozygous or heterozygous?A test cross can be used to determine whether an organism exhibiting a dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous for a specific allele. Genetic testing before breeding helps identify if potential parents carry deleterious variants that might be passed onto offspring. The genetic results can then be used in a breed-specific manner to properly pair dogs to avoid producing at risk puppies.On animal breeder in Guinea Pigs, if homozygous black, then all the offspring will be black. If its heterozygous black, then 50% of the offspring will be black and 50% will be white. The table of analyze of it, shown on attached.
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A mother has four times the mass of her young son. Both are running with the same kinetic energy.
Mother has four times the mass of her son and the same kinetic energy. Then the ratio of the speed between her young son and the speed of the mother is 2:1.
The concept needed to solve this problem is kinetic energy.
First, find expressions about the kinetic energy of the mother and child. Determine the ratio of the speed of the boy to the speed of the mother provided that the mass of the mother is four times the mass of the child.
The kinetic energy of the mass m moving with speed v is given as follows:
KE = [tex]\frac{1}{2} mv^2[/tex]
Here, m is mass and v are velocities.
Assumed:
For example, KEs child is kinetic energy for the child and
The mother's KEm is the mother's kinetic energy, and it is known that both of them have the same kinetic energy
KEs = KEm
[tex]\frac{1}{2} m_sv_s^2[/tex] = [tex]\frac{1}{2} m_mv_m^2[/tex] → (x2)
[tex]m_sv_s^2[/tex] = [tex]m_mv_m^2[/tex]
[tex]\frac{v_s^2}{v_m^2}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{m_m}{m_s}[/tex] → (The mass of the mother is 4 times the mass of the child)
[tex]\frac{v_s^2}{v_m^2}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{4}{1}[/tex]
[tex]\frac{v_s^2}{v_m^2}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{2}{1}[/tex]
The rate ratio is v children/v mothers = 2:1
The questions are incomplete, the complete question in this matter is
A mother has four times the mass of her young son. Both are running with the same kinetic energy. What is the ratio v[tex]__s_o_n[/tex]/v[tex]__m_o_t_h_e_r[/tex] of their speeds?
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35 Tortoises with long necks are the only tortoises living on an island. Fossil evidence showed that tortoises with short necks had once lived on the island.
Which of the following statements correctly describes how natural selection drove the evolution of the tortoises?
Over an extended period of time, the shorter vegetation became less available and tortoises with short necks had a disadvantage for survival.
So, the short-necked tortoises migrated and left the island for more food, which caused a shift in the traits of tortoises in the population statement correctly describes how natural selection drove the evolution of the tortoises.
What is natural selection?
The process through which populations of living things adapt and change is known as natural selection. A population's members are naturally varied, which means that they are all distinctive in some ways. This variety indicates that some people have characteristics that are more environment-appropriate than others.
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Over an extended period of time, the shorter vegetation became less available and tortoises with short necks had a disadvantage for survival.
So, the short-necked tortoises migrated and left the island for more food, which caused a shift in the traits of tortoises in the population statement correctly describes how natural selection drove the evolution of the tortoises.
What is natural selection?The process through which populations of living things adapt and change is known as natural selection. A population's members are naturally varied, which means that they are all distinctive in some ways. This variety indicates that some people have characteristics that are more environment-appropriate than others.
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what is a gene?(1 point) responses a large molecule that performs a specific function a large molecule that performs a specific function a point that joins two halves of a chromosome a point that joins two halves of a chromosome a section of dna that encodes a specific protein a section of dna that encodes a specific protein a structure that contains many chromosomes
Gen is a point that joins two halves of a chromosome a section of DNA
that encodes a specific protein.
What is the function of genes?Genes function to pass down genetic information by coding proteins. Genes determine the physical traits that parents will pass on to their offspring.
Genes are the smallest units of genetic material that control the heredity of organisms. Genes consist of DNA spun by histone proteins and arranged in a linear and orderly series at loci on chromosomes.
Each chromosome has hundreds of loci so in a cell, there are thousands of genes. There are 3 types of gene components, namely cistrons, recons, and muttons.
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What is the relationship between proteins amino acids and genes?
The main difference between proteins amino acids and genes is that genes help in the production of proteins.
Proteins are biomolecules (linear sequence) that contain a long chain of amino acids. Protein-encoding genes help in the formation of amino acids. Proteins are responsible for the functioning of nearly every cell in the human body.
Gene is a measure of inheritance whereas amino acids are molecules that form proteins. They help in the synthetization of proteins. Genes direct protein production through gene expressions like transcription and translation.
The journey from gene to protein is complex and tightly controlled within each cell. Amino acids are organic compounds and are building blocks of life.
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both female and male reproductive systems are primarily nonfunctional until puberty.
a. true
b. false
True
What is puberty?
When a boy or girl reaches puberty, they reach sexual maturity. It's a procedure that typically takes place between the ages of 12 and 16 for boys and between 10 and 14 for girls. It results in bodily changes and has varied effects on boys and girls.
True, both female and male reproductive systems are primarily nonfunctional until puberty. For the human reproductive system to generate human offspring, the male supplies sperm and the female contributes the ovum. When the gonadotropin-releasing hormone is present, the pituitary gland releases FSH and LH.
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in the process of urine formation, less than 50% of important solutes and water are resorbed. question 23 options: true false
False. Reabsorption of water and specific solutes in urine formation occurs to different degrees.
Reabsorption includes the reabsorption of salt during perspiration, the reabsorption of mild medications, and the inhibition of serotonin reabsorption by nerve terminals.
Resorption is a carefully controlled process that is altered to maintain stable levels of blood volume, pressure, plasma osmolarity, and pH.
Reabsorbed liquids, ions, and molecules do not return to the bloodstream through the peri-tubular capillaries to be excreted in the urine.
The kidneys perform two important roles in preserving the acid-base balance: they regenerate and reabsorb bicarbonate from urine and release hydrogen ions and fixed acids (acid anions) into the urine.
The first step in producing urine is filtering. Fluid and minute solutes are compelled to flow from the glomerulus into the capsular space of the glomerular capsule under pressure.
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based on the data, in which crop did the percent of planted acres using conservation tillage increase the most during the study period?
Crop rotations are organised successions of crops grown on the same farm over time. Crop rotation increases production by boosting soil nitrogen levels and disrupting crop insect life cycles.
Crop rotation is an option for farmers who want to manage their limited resources, such as labour, during planting and harvesting or to lower production risk through diversification.
By crop and area, conservation practises can differ. The adoption of no-till and strip-till planting systems, cover crops, and nitrogen fertilizer application rates/timing/methods were also examined at the national and regional levels in the ERS publication, Conservation-Practice Adoption Rates Vary Widely by Crop and Region (EIB-147, December 2015). By crop and area, American farmers' use of these approaches varies greatly. Many farmers only implement these conservation methods on a portion of their land, or on a "partial" basis. In 2010–11, no-till/strip-till was used on about 40% of the combined acreage of maize, soybeans, wheat, and cotton, with adoption rates being greater for specific crops (like soybeans) and some geographical areas.
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The cambrian explosion occurred 541 million years ago. this event resulted in an increase in _____.
The cambrian explosion occurred 541 million years ago. this event resulted in an increase in oxygen.
The have a look at is the primary to reveal that in the Cambrian explosion there has been sizeable correlation among surges in oxygen ranges and bursts in animal evolution and biodiversity, in addition to extinction activities all through durations of low oxygen.
Some factor to the growth in oxygen that started out round seven-hundred million years in the past, supplying gas for motion and the evolution of extra complicated frame structures. Others advise that an extinction of existence simply earlier than the Cambrian unfolded ecological roles, or "adaptive space," that the brand new paperwork exploited.Cambrian explosion, the exceptional emergence of organisms among 541 million and about 530 million years in the past at the start of the Cambrian Period.
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What environmental parameters would need to be monitored as ddt moves up the food web of an ecosystem?
DDT impacts the meals chain via way of means of bioaccumulating in organisms, in addition to lowering populace sizes which could feed better trophic levels.
A tough instance of the meals chain might have fish ingesting bugs which have been poisoned with DDT. Chemical insecticides including DDT and dieldrin persist withinside the surroundings and grow to be focused in unexpected, unwanted places. They will have unpredictable outcomes through interfering with an ecosystem. Predator/prey relationships may be completely disrupted whilst the meals chain is impacted through poisonous poisons constructing up.
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Asiatic tigers are considered an endangered species. The tiger population is rapidly declining across Asia due to poaching and habitat loss. Which type of investigation would provide the most accurate data on the tiger population?
A. systematic observation of Asiatic tigers that counts the number of tigers observed
B. a field study that observes asiatic tigers in their natural habitat
C. a comparison of asiatic tigers to the bengal tigers
D. a model representation of the asiatic tiger range
Answer: the answer is A
Explanation:
The systematic observation is a type of investigation which would provide the most accurate data on the tiger population. Thus, the correct option is A.
What are the reasons for declining population of tigers?Asiatic tigers have been lost with an estimated percentage of over 95 of their historical range. Their natural habitat has been destroyed, degraded, and fragmented by human activities which lead to their loss. The clearing of forest areas for agricultural activities and timber, as well as the building of road networks and other development activities, pose serious threats to the tiger habitats are the major threats to tiger population.
Tiger populations can be saved by protecting tigers and their habitat, build capacity in range states, reduce human-tiger conflict, and conduct scientific research on the tigers to help inform conservation strategies.
A systematic observation of the Asiatic tigers that counts the number of tigers observed in an area would provide the most accurate data on the tiger population.
Therefore, the correct option is A.
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Which of the following facts supports the argument that it is unsafe to give antibiotics to mature poultry?
O many consumers avoid products from farms that use antibiotics.
O antibiotics can be passed on to humans through meat and eggs.
O most antibiotics reduce illness and increase performance.
O some commercial feeds contain antibiotics and supplements.
Answer:
option C is right
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what gland is not working properly in both cushing syndrome and addison disease?
Given that about 25% of the mammalian genome is associated with genes, including introns and regulatory sequence, what would be the approximate average length of DNA per gene, if the genome contained 20,000 genes?
If the genome contained 20,000 genes, the average length of DNA per gene will be 40,000 base pairs.
Genes are the basic physical and functional units of heredity. Genes are made of DNA. Some genes act as instructions for making molecules called proteins. However, many genes do not code for proteins. In humans, genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA bases to over two million bases.
Genes you inherit determine many of your characteristics, such as the color of your hair and skin. Perhaps Emma's mother had one brown-haired gene and one red-haired gene, and she passed on the red-haired gene to Emma. She could explain her red hair if her father carried the red hair gene for two of her.
Genes carry instructions that direct how cells work and grow. Cells are the building blocks of the body. Every part of your body is made up of billions of cells working together. Genes are arranged in structures called chromosomes.
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Which of these environmental factors is most likely to disrupt a female's
reproductive cycle?
O A. Physical stress
OB. Regular exercise
OC. Regular sleep habits
OD. A balanced diet
Answer:
Option (A)
Explanation:
High levels of physical or emotional stress or exposure to chemicals such as pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organic solvents and carbon disulfide, may disrupt the balance.
microbiology which type of virus is most likely to cause cell lysis and rupturing of an infected animal cell when it is released? enveloped virus nonenveloped virus rna virus dna virus
A phage behaves like a conventional virus during the lytic cycle by stealing the resources of its host cell to produce several young phages, which ultimately causes the host cell to lyse (burst) and die.
A virulent phage is one that always lyses the host cell following the five replication steps mentioned above. The replication cycle known as the lytic cycle refers to this. Additionally, there are viruses called temperate phages that have two choices for replication. A bacteriophage is a kind of virus that affects bacteria. Since bacteriophages kill off their host cells, the word "bacteriophage" really means "bacteria eater" in the original Greek. A nucleic acid molecule encased in a protein structure makes up the core of every bacteriophage.
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Which part of the research report contains details of how the research was planned and conducted?.
Part of the research report regarding planned and implemented research is the research design
A research report is a written document regarding the results of a research conducted and compiled according to certain research methods and systematics. The function of the research report is to provide insight to readers or become a means of supervising researchers without having to check directly into the field.
The elements of a research report include title, abstract, introduction, literature review, research materials and methods, results, discussion, conclusions and suggestions, then finally the bibliography. Research methodology is the part that distinguishes research reports from being scientific works or not. This section describes in detail the approach and research design. The research design explains the form of research is qualitative or quantitative research. This section also describes how research is carried out, for example by survey, exploration, experimentation or other general approaches.
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Please help!! Question is in the images.
Considering that sounds and odors both trigger changes in the patterns of action potentials from sensory cells, how does the brain perceive which sense is which when the action potentials reach the brain? a. The action potentials stimulated by sounds are different in size and shape from those stimulated by an odor. b. The axons from different sensory neurons go to different areas of the brain. c. Mechanoreception is not consciously perceived by the brain, whereas chemoreception is. d. Chemoreception is not consciously perceived by the brain, whereas mechanoreception is.
Given that odors and sounds both cause changes in the patterns of action potentials from sensory cells, chemoreception—which is not consciously perceived by the brain—occurs when action potentials reach the brain. Mechanoreception, on the other hand, occurs when action potentials reach the brain. The right option is (d).
Traditionally, a shift in breathing caused by variations in CO2/H+ observed in the brain is referred to as central chemoreception. Since the last Handbook of Physiology was released in 1986, interest in central chemoreception has increased significantly. The ventral medullary surface was initially thought to be the site of central chemoreception, and this theory was supported by the recent discovery of potential chemoreceptor neurons with particular characteristics close to one of these sites.
However, there is strong evidence that many locations, some of which are distant from the ventral medulla, engage in central chemoreception. The sensing of brain interstitial fluid H+ by central chemoreception serves to detect and integrate data on 1) alveolar breathing (arterial PCO2), 2) brain blood flow and metabolism, and 3) brain blood pressure. 3) acid-base balance, which can then have an impact on arousal, blood pressure (sympathetic tone), respiration, airway resistance, and blood pressure.
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1. If two roan cattle were crossed, what percent of the offspring would you expect to have a roan coat?.
If two roan cattle were crossed, 50 percent of the offspring would have a roan coat.
Codominance is a genetic inheritance pattern in which both alleles are passed down from parents and reproduced in the offspring, yet the phenotype is distinct from that of the parents.
A roan coat is a sort of coat color that is characterized by an even distribution between colored and white hairs on the animal's surface. Roans are most commonly found on cattle.
The CRCW genotype can be found in Roan cattle (CR red, CW-white)
When two roan cattle are bred together, the following will occur:
CRCW × CRCW
a look at punnet square reveals:
CR CW
The ratio of genotypes, CR CRCR CWCR, is equal to 1 : 2 : 1.
CW, CWCR, and CWCW have a phenotypic ratio of equal parts 1 : 2 : 1.
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What would happen if complexes i-iv of the mitochondrial electron transport chain pumped protons in the opposite direction?
If complexes i-iv of the mitochondrial electron transport chain pumped protons in the opposite direction There wouldn't be any ATP production.
The electron transport chain's complexes I through IV force protons out of the mitochondrial matrix and into the intermembrane space. This is how the electrons go downward, helping to create the ATP molecules.
If the complexes pumped or transported the electron upward or against the gradient, there would be no proton and electron exchange and no ATP synthesis.
The majority of ATP is created during oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, specifically through the action of an electron transport chain (ETC) in the inner mitochondrial membrane. A little quantity of ATP is produced during respiration as a result of glycolysis in the cytoplasm.
Without ATP, we wouldn't be able to think or move a muscle. Our nerves and heart both require ATP to beat. It is our body's "energetic currency." All life on earth, including human cells, uses it as their main source of energy.
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in humans, assume straight hairline is recessive to widow's peak. a woman with a straight hairline and a man with a widow's peak whose mother had a straight hairline have children together. what are the chances of the couple having a child with a straight hairline?
There is a 50% possibility that the couple will give birth to a child with a straight hairline. Assume that in humans, the widow's peak is recessive to the straight hairline. a male with a widow's peak and a lady with a straight hairline.
Straight hairlines, light hair, and light eyes are examples of recessive traits that are encoded by recessive alleles. Only when a person possesses two recessive alleles for these qualities and none of their dominant alleles do they manifest. The dominant phenotype hairlines will be produced by the genotypes WW and Ww, but the ww genotype will not create a widow's peak (the recessive phenotype). We may forecast hairline the potential genotypes and phenotypes in the parents' kids if we are aware of their genetics (first generation).
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A cell has 50% solute and 50% solvent. The solution the cell is sitting in has 30% solvent, and 70% solute. What would happen to the cell, if the membrane only allowed diffusion to take place.
From the options ;The cell would crenate, the solvent would move into the solution ( A )
Hello your question is incomplete attached below is the complete question
since the cell has a 50% solute and 50% solvent while the solution where the cell is sitted contains a 30% solvent and a 70% solute. and the cell membrane allows for osmosis. this shows that the solute concentration in the solution is higher than solute concentration in the cell.
The solution is hypertonic ( has a higher solute percentage ) therefore the water ( solvent ) from the cell will move into the solution causing the cell to crenate.
hence we can conclude that the cell would crenate and the solvent would move into the solution