Reinforcement is the term that describes the continued divergence of species based on the low fitness of hybrid offspring.
Reinforcement is the process of speciation. Here, natural selection results in the reproductive isolation of the two population of species. This isolation can be complete or incomplete. If incomplete, mating can occurs between the two populations and the resultant hybrid has low fitness.
Divergence refers to the separation of two populations of homologous nature due to some reason like speciation, migration, etc. to form different species. These different species although have a common ancestor. Such species have same anatomical structures but perform different function due to adaptations.
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m protein, hyaluronidase, collagenase, and often a capsule, can be virulence factors for certain pathogenic strains of
M protein, hyaluronidase, collagenase, and often a capsule, can be virulence factors for certain pathogenic strains of streptococcus.
The capacity of an organism to infect a host and spread disease is known as virulence. The cellular components known as virulence factors give microbial pathogens the ability to do this as well as a number of other tasks, like evading the host's immune response, immunosuppressing, obtaining nutrients from the host, colonizing a niche in the host, and gaining entry and departure from cells.
These elements have the potential to either help and encourage colonization or harm the ecosystem. Virulence factors can take many different shapes. While some infections are mobile genetic elements like bacteriophages, others get their components from chromosomally encoded pathogens.
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how is protein-coding information encoded in the genome? group of answer choices by base complementarity between promoter elements and dna binding proteins by non-covalent bonds between the two strands of dna in the double helix by a triplet code that is read by the trnas and ribosome by small rnas that regulated the abundance of mrna
The DNA sequence's character string is transformed into an appropriate numerical sequence in order to apply adequate signal processing techniques for the identification of protein-coding regions.
Does DNA contain the protein coding region?Each amino acid in a protein's amino acid chain is converted into a triplet of nucleotides, commonly known as a codon, by a coding DNA sequence.
What do genes that code for proteins encode?DNA sequences that are translated into mRNA and then translated into polypeptide chains are known as protein-coding sequences. One amino acid in the polypeptide chain is encoded every three nucleotides, or "codon," in a protein coding sequence.
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if a student wanted to view the histology of nephron loops within renal pyramids, where in the kidney should they look?
The student should look at the Renal medulla.
What is the renal medulla?
The renal medulla, also known as the inner part of the kidney, consists of the medullary collecting ducts, loops of Henle, vasa recta and the interstitium.
The unique spatial arrangement of these components is essential as it has its function for the regulation of urine concentration and other specialized kidney functions.
If a student wanted to view the histology of nephron loops within renal pyramids, the student will find a tubule lined with simple cuboidal epithelium.
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approximately what portion of the human genome is composed of repetitive, noncoding sequences?
Protein-coding genes only make up around 1% of DNA; the remaining 99% are non-coding.
Why does DNA behave as it does?DNA contains the instructions necessary for a creature to develop, endure, and reproduce. In order to carry out these functions, proteins, which are the complex molecules that do the majority of the job in our bodies, must be made from DNA sequences that can be used as signals.
What is and where is DNA?Deoxyribonucleic acid, also referred to as DNA, is a sophisticated molecule that houses all the data required for the growth and upkeep of an organism. A living thing's DNA is present in every cell. A multicellular creature's cells really carry almost all of the DNA needed for that organism.
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the process in which nitrogen is cycled between the atmosphere, bacteria, and other organisms
This is known as nitrification. Plants may absorb compounds like nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, and ammonium from soils and use them to make plant and animal proteins. The key components of the terrestrial nitrogen cycle are depicted in this interactive.
The Nitrogen Cycle is a biogeochemical process in which nitrogen is transformed into various forms and then returned to the atmosphere. It includes numerous processes like as nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, degradation, and putrefaction.
Fixation is the process by which nitrogen is transformed from atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to useful forms such as NO2-. The bulk of nitrogen is fixed by bacteria, the majority of which are symbiotic with plants. Nitrogen returns to the soil as organisms expel waste or die and are degraded by bacteria and fungi.
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in mammals, which are possible compounds excreted for the elimination of nitrogen? a. ammonia b. urea c. pyrimidine d. uric acid
what are two basic ways to measure the enzyme activity of any enzyme? b. based on your answer for part a, how did you determine that the enzyme amylase was functioning? c. what is the purpose of dns in monitoring the activity of the enzyme? be specific. d. what is the original color of dna, what color is an indication that the enzyme activity is taking place?
The methods which are employed for measuring the enzymatic activities are known as spectrophotometry, fluorescence, and radiolabeling.
To test the functioning of amylase, the amylase test is performed by clinicians. If the amylase test detects high level of amylase in blood or urine, then it indicates pancreas disorder. In amylase solution, add 2-3 drops of 10% iodine solution directly onto the edge of colonies and Wait 10- 15 minutes and record the results. If the medium turns dark then it shows positive result. The dinitro salicylate or DNS method determines the reducing sugars liberated by the action of hydrolase enzymes on carbohydrates, under standard pH and temperatures. The enzyme activity can be detected by the presence of dark violet color which appears because of oxidation reaction.
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what structure allows the lymphatic system to absorb dietary fats from the small intestine?
The lacteal is the structure allows the lymphatic system to absorb dietary fats from the small intestine.
What is the function of a lacteal?A lymphatic narrow called a lacteal is liable for retaining dietary lipids in the small digestive system's villi.Bile emulsifies fatty oils, which are then processed by the lipase protein into a mix of unsaturated fats, di-, and monoglycerides From that point forward, they go from the gastrointestinal lumen into the enterocyte, where they go through re-esterification to make fatty oils. Chylomicrons are made by joining the fatty substance with phospholipids, cholesterol ester, and apolipoprotein B48.When inside the lacteals, these chylomicrons make chyle, a smooth material. The chyle is moved through the lacteals, which join to make greater lymphatic vessels, to the thoracic conduit, where it is delivered into the flow at the subclavian vein.Learn more about lacteal refer to :
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a microbiologist decides to use a nutrient medium that contains thioglycolic acid. what type of microbe is she attempting to culture?
A microbiological culture, also known as a microbial culture, is a technique for increasing the number of microbial organisms by allowing them to reproduce in a predefined culture media under carefully monitored lab conditions. As a research tool in molecular biology, microbial cultures are fundamental diagnostic techniques.
The diversity of microbes is absolutely astounding, but they can all be divided into five basic categories: viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protists. An organism that is only visible under a microscope. Bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi are examples of microorganisms. Although they are not regarded to be living things, viruses are occasionally categorized as microbes.
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A farmer is trying to increase the diversity of corn kernel color and size in his crops. The trait for corn color is controlled by two alleles. Yellow corn (b ) is completely dominant over white corn (b ). The trait for corn kernel size is controlled by two alleles. Big kernel (k ) is completely dominant over small kernel (k ). Which combination of corn should he cross to get the highest variety and percent of genotypes in the next generation?.
The combination of corn that he should cross to get the highest variety and percent of genotypes in the next generation is Bb x Bb.
What is a genotype?The total complement of an organism's hereditary material is referred to as its genotype. The alleles or variants that an individual carries in a specific gene or genetic region are also referred to as their genotype.
From the scenario above, there are three distinct categories of genotypes: heterozygous recessive (pp), heterozygous dominant (PP), and homozygous recessive (pp).
We know that the dominant homozygous genotype and the dominant heterozygous genotype exhibit the same characteristics.
So in conclusion, if the farmer crosses Bb with Bb, the offspring will have BB, Bb, and bb genotypes, which will increase the diversity of corn kernel color and size in his crops.
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28 The pedigree below shows the inheritance pattern of a genetic disease caused by homozygous recessive lethal alleles. If the disease caused the death of individual II–2, then _[blank]_.
individual II-4 must be a carrier of the diseaseindividual II-4 must be a carrier of the disease , ,
individual II-1 must be a carrier of the diseaseindividual II-1 must be a carrier of the disease , ,
individual II-2 will pass it on to any offspring she hasindividual II-2 will pass it on to any offspring she has , ,
individuals I-1 and I-2 are carriers of the diseaseindividuals I-1 and I-2 are carriers of the disease , ,
Both I-1 nor I-2 are disease transmitters if the condition has resulted in the death of II-2.
What is a homozygous example?Both dominant (two alleles for brown eyes) and heterozygous individuals can have brown eyes (one for brown and one for blue). Contrary to the recessive blue eye gene, this one is dominant. To have blue eyes, you must possess two unique blue eye alleles.
Describe the homozygous trait.In terms of genetics, being homogeneous means having gotten the same alleles (versions) of a chromosomal marker from both bio mother. A person who carries two identical copies of either a DNA barcode is referred to as homozygous for such a marker.
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If the illness led to the demise of II-2, then neither I-1 nor I-2 are disease carriers.
What is an example of homozygosity?
Individuals with brown eyes might be heterozygous or dominant (have two alleles for them) (one for brown and one for blue). This gene, in contrast to the recessive blue eye gene, is dominant. You need two different blue eye alleles in order to have blue eyes.
Tell us about the homozygous characteristic.
Being homogenous in terms of genetics entails receiving the same alleles (versions) of a chromosomal marker from both biological mothers. A individual is said to be homozygous for a certain marker if they have two identical copies of either DNA barcode.
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hannah plans to become an emt and work in on a team that helps patients in ambulances. what high school course might be beneficial for hannah to take now so that she can reach that goal? a. biology b. gymnastics c. web design d. astronomy
infrared spectroscopy is particularly good at detecting functional groups such as...
IR is particularly good at detecting functional groups that contain oxygen such as hydroxyl groups, -OH, carbonyls, C=O, and aliphatic C-O linkages.
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a technique for measuring absorption that is widely used in both qualitative and quantitative analyses. The electromagnetic radiation in the infrared region of the spectrum can change the vibrational and rotational states of covalent bonds in organic molecules.
Infrared spectroscopy takes advantage of the fact that molecules absorb specific frequencies that are unique to their structure. These absorptions have resonant frequencies, which means that the frequency of the absorbed radiation matches the frequency of the vibrating bond or group. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) is used to determine molecular structure, identify chemical species, quantify and qualitatively determine chemical species, and in a variety of other applications. This method is used to investigate matter in its solid, liquid, and gaseous states.
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How do proteins
determine the traits of an organism?
Answer:
by building the body of an organism
Explanation:
this is because protein foods cointain same of the. nutrians that a body of an organism need to build the body and make it healthly
a substance moves by facilitated diffusion into a cell. what is required for its transport? group of answer choices a pump atp only both atp and a protein channel either a protein channel or a carrier protein
Answer:
substance
Explanation:
One method of moving molecules is called "facilitated diffusion," and it makes use of proteins that are introduced into the plasma membrane, such as ion channels, carriers, and permeases, hence option C is correct.
What is facilitated diffusion?Proteins that act as channels or carriers both assist transfer. Numerous additional molecules, including ions, amino acids, and monosaccharides, cannot pass through the plasma membrane because they are polar or have a very big size.
The existence of transporter proteins is required for the cell to acquire or discard these chemicals. Because it makes use of the molecules' concentration gradient and uses no energy, diffusion is a form of passive transport.
Therefore, facilitated diffusion required either a protein channel or a carrier protein.
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which of these organisms convert atmospheric nitrogen gas to a form that can be utilized by plants?
The organisms that convert atmospheric nitrogen gas to a form that can be utilized by plants are bacteria. So the correct option is C.
What are bacteria?Bacteria are microorganisms with different sizes which have the characteristic of not having a nucleus, that is, their genetic material is dispersed in the cytoplasm. They are quite old types of cells, they have characteristics such as being able to live in extreme temperature and pressure conditions.
If the bacteria are not evil, a small percentage of the bacteria are actually bad. In our body there are many types of bacteria that help the body, it is even said that there are more bacteria than human cells.
There is a specific type of bacteria that are nitrogen fixers which will help integrate nitrogen into arid soils and help the vegetative development of plants.
Therefore, we can confirm that the correct option is C. bacteria.
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Which of these organisms convert atmospheric nitrogen gas to a form that can be utilized by plants?
A) animals
B) fungi
C) bacteria
D) protists
what kinds of cells engulf whatever foreign cells and molecules they encounter and recognize?
Phagocytic cells engulf whatever foreign cells and molecules they encounter and recognize.
A macrophage is a large phagocytic cell that ingests diseases and other objects. Complementary pattern recognition receptors enable macrophages to identify PAMPs (PRRs).A neutropenic patient's blood smear displaying just one neutrophil. White blood cells called phagocytes employ the process of phagocytosis to ingest germs, foreign objects, and dead cells in order to defend the body.The immune system's phagocytic cells are predominately neutrophils and macrophages. The main cellular effectors of non-specific host defence and inflammation are these cells.Phagocytes are immune system white blood cells like neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and mast cells. Phagocytosis is another function of dendritic cells, which are antigen-presenting cells. In fact, because they are so good at it, they are referred to as professional phagocytes.To know more macrophages check the below link:
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what replaces the membranes and nutrition source of amniotic eggs in organisms that exhibit live birth without amniotic eggs?
The placenta replaces the membranes and nutrition source of amniotic eggs in organisms that exhibit live birth without amniotic eggs.
Amniotic membranes shield the eggs from damage. The creation of these membranes has given another the unique aquatic environment they require for development. Amniotic eggs exhibit the characteristic development of the amniotic membrane. These membranes include the chorion, which aids in the exchange of gases between the mother and the embryo, the amnion, which shields the embryo from harm and shock and also helps with hydration, and the allantois, which facilitates the excretion of nitrogenous wastes like urea and uric acid, among others, and also aids in respiration. Because lipids are present, watertight skin is another trait. Another is the presence of costal rib ventilation, which permits CO2 loss through the lungs as opposed to buccal pumping as found in naive animals.
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which of the following is a function of the seminal vesicles? a. allow for maturation of sperm b. temporary storage of sperm c. produce seminal fluid d. provide nitric oxide for erections e. site of spermatogenesis
The function of the seminal vesicles is the production of seminal fluid.
Some male mammals have a pair of convoluted tubular glands called seminal vesicles that are located behind the urine bladder. The seminal glands, or vesicular glands, are other names for the seminal vesicles.
The two seminal vesicles function as glands to create and store seminal fluid that will eventually turn into semen. As sperm must travel a distance inside the female body to fertilize, semen gives the sperm better mobility and nourishment.
The epididymis is a cordlike structure that helps in the maturation and storage of sperm. And, seminiferous tubules are the site at which spermatogenesis occurs.
Therefore, the correct option is option c.
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Reflection question: summarize the connection between the heart and the lungs. How are these organs working together to deliver oxygen to the body? be sure to use the terms pulmonary and systemic in your answer.
The heart and lungs work together to make sure the body has the O₂rich blood that it needs to function properly.
The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from veins and pumps it to your lungs, where it picks up oxygen and gets rid of CO₂. It is called pulmonary circulation & left side of your heart receives oxygenated blood from your lungs and pumps it through your arteries to the rest of the body, this pumps blood to the aorta by systemic circulation.
A blood circulatory gadget is a machine of organs that consists of the coronary heart, blood vessels, and blood that's circulated throughout the whole body of a human or another vertebrate. It includes the cardiovascular machine, or vascular gadget, that includes the coronary heart and blood vessels.
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Consider the reaction.
2 upper N upper o upper c l double-headed arrow 2 upper N upper O (g) plus upper C l subscript 2 (g).
At equilibrium, the concentrations are as follows.
[NOCl] = 1.4 ´ 10–2 M
[NO] = 1.2 ´ 10–3 M
[Cl2] = 2.2 ´ 10–3 M
What is the value of Keq for the reaction expressed in scientific notation?
1.6 ´ 10–5
6.2 ´ 10–4
6.2 ´ 104
1.6 ´ 105
The value of Keq for the reaction expressed in scientific notation is
1.6 ´ 10–5
The first option is correct.
What are scientific notation?Scientific notation is described as a way of expressing numbers that are too large or too small to be conveniently written in decimal form.
Since equilibrium constant, Keq, is the ratio of product of concentration of products to the product of concentration of reactants each term raised to their stochiometric coefficients.
Where
[NOCl] = 1,4·10⁻² M.[NO] = 1,2·10⁻³ M.[Cl₂] = 2,2·10⁻³ M.K = [NO]² · [Cl₂] ÷ [NOCl]².K = (1,2·10⁻³ M)² · 2,2·10⁻³ M ÷ (1,4·10⁻² M)².Therefore K = 1,6·10⁻⁵.Learn more about scientic notation at: https://brainly.com/question/1767229
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the immune system is capable of mounting specific responses to particular microorganisms because ________.
The body contains an enormous diversity of lymphocytes
What is microorganisms ?
a living thing that can only be observed under a microscope. Protozoa, algae, fungus, and bacteria are all examples of microorganisms. Viruses are occasionally categorised as microbes even though they are not thought of as living things.
The immune system is capable of mounting specific responses to particular microorganisms because the body contains an enormous diversity of lymphocytes, each with the ability to respond to a different antigen.
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Polypeptides in the er are usually larger than polypeptides synthesized from the same mrna that have not entered the er.
a. True
b. False
The statement 'polypeptides in the ER are usually larger than polypeptides synthesized from the same mRNA that have not entered the ER' is false.
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is the site where polypeptides enter so that protein formation can take place. Apart from protein formation, polypeptides are needed for various other metabolic functions by the ER.
Those polypeptides that are smaller in size can enter the endoplasmic reticulum because of the entering space and the small size of the endoplasmic reticulum. On the other hand, the polypeptides that are large, although being synthesized from the same mRNA, stay outside as they cannot enter the ER due to their large size.
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The growth hormone axis contains at least one example of a negative feedback loop.TrueFalse
The growth hormone axis contains at least one example of a negative feedback loop is True.
Hormones are a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms that are sent to distant organs by complex biological processes to regulate physiology and behavior. Hormones are necessary for the proper development of animals, plants, and fungi.
Hormones are the body's chemical messengers. They travel to tissues and organs in the bloodstream. They function slowly over time and influence many different processes, including growth and development. Metabolism is how your body gets energy from what you eat.
Hormones play a major role in normal functioning. They control heart rate, sleep cycles, sexual function, and reproduction. Metabolism, appetite, growth and development, mood, stress, and body temperature are all influenced by hormones.
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the thermal energy of an object depends on its what
a. mass
b temperature
c. specific heat
d. two of the above
what is the function of the release factor (rf)?what is the function of the release factor (rf)?it releases the amino acid from its trna to allow the amino acid to form a peptide bond.it supplies a source of energy for termination of translation.it separates trna in the a site from the growing polypeptide.it releases the ribosome from the er to allow polypeptides into the cytosol.it binds to the stop codon in the a site in place of a trna.
In the A site, it binds to the stop codon in place of a tRNA. In order to add the amino acid to the expanding polypeptide, it frees the amino acid from its tRNA.
What use does the quizlet on release factor RF serve?What role does the release factor play in the translation process in eukaryotes? In order to let polypeptides enter the cytosol, it frees the ribosome from the ER. It offers a supply of energy for stopping translation.
What are release factor proteins used for?A release factor is a protein that permits the halting of translation by identifying the stop codon or termination codon in an mRNA sequence. They get their name from the ribosomes' release of fresh peptides.
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Question: Skeletal muscles must work in pairs because they can only _____.
Pls help it’s due tomorrow
Answer: easy contract! Happy A my guy/girl
Explanation:
radiograph of an ap knee shows that the joint spaces are not equally open and the proximal fibular is completely superimposed over the tibia. which specific positioning error leads to this radiographic outcome?
The radiograph result is caused by a positioning mistake that causes lateral rotation of the lower leg specifically. An AP knee's radiograph reveals that the joint spaces are not all uniformly accessible and that the proximal fibula is entirely superimposed over the tibia.
With the proximal fibula foot extended, the image receptor in radiograph is flat against the plantar surface. The proximal fibula foot has to be obliquely positioned 30 to 40 degrees for the anterior-posterior medial radiograph view. First, second, and third metatarsal bones, whose heads (distal ends) are in touch with the ground, are impacted anteriorly by the weight transferred by the cuneiform bones. The proximal fibula calcaneus, cuboid, fourth, and fifth metatarsal bones support the body weight as it is radiograph transmitted anteriorly from the talus to the side.
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Sort the items according to whether they may be found only in free virus particles, only in uninfected host cells, or in both viruses and host cells.
Virus Only: Envelope with glycoproteins, capsomere, capsid
Host cell only: ribosome
Both: protein, DNA, RNA
According to whether they may be found only in free virus particles, only in uninfected host cells, or in both viruses and host cells the items are classified into :
Viruses only- Capsid, Capsomere (core protein), Envelope with glycoproteins
Host cell only- Ribosome
Both- Protein, RNA, DNA
A virus is a submicroscopic important pathogen that replicates only within an organism's living cells. Viruses infect all forms of life, including animals and plants, as well as microorganisms such as bacteria and archaea.
Different viruses have distinct modes of pathogenesis, and glycoproteins play a direct role in host binding and entry. During host cell maturation, viruses have host glycoproteins on their exterior to eliminate host immunity.
Nucleic acid (the genome) and protein are critical elements of infectious viral particles. Furthermore, all enveloped viruses have lipid in their envelopes as well as carbohydrates in their glycoprotein peplomers (as well as that in the nucleic acid). A virus is composed of a core of genetic material, either DNA or RNA, accompanied by a protein-based protective coat called a capsid. The envelope is an extra pointy coat that surrounds the capsid. Viruses have the ability to attach to host cells and enter them.
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The evolutionary mechanism that allows for species to adapt to the environmental conditions found in their habitat is:_______.
One method of evolution is natural selection. More successful organisms carry the genes that made them successful and are better adapted to their surroundings. Over time, species change and diverge as a result of
What are the eight different species?What similarities and differences did these ancient human species share? They included Homo soloensis, Homo placental mammal, Homo denisova, Homo rudolfensis, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo erectus, Homo proved, and Homo sapiens. Only Homo sapiens, or us, survived out of these eight different human species.
What is the number of species?There are about 8.7 million plant and animal species in the world, according to scientists. But only about 1.2 million species, majority of whom are insects, have been named and described thus far.
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