Diphtheria requires treatment with both antibiotics and antitoxins.
Antibiotics are drug treatments that combat infections resulting from bacteria in humans and animals by using both killing the microorganism and making it difficult for the bacteria to develop and multiply. Microorganisms are germs. They live within the environment and all over the outside and inside of our bodies.
An antibiotic is a sort of antimicrobial substance lively towards microorganisms. It's miles the most important sort of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections, and antibiotic medicinal drugs are widely used in the remedy and prevention of such infections.
Antibiotics are used to deal with or save you from some forms of bacterial contamination.
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The origin of a new plant species by hybridizing two existing species, coupled with accidents during cell division, is an example of _____.
The origin for any new plant species using hybridizing two present species, coupled by accidents during cell division process, is an example for Symmpatric speciation and allopolyploidy.
The process by which new species emerge is known as speciation. It happens when populations within a species separate and experience reproductive isolation. When two closely related plant species hybridize, the number of chromosomes alters, a process known as allopolyploidy.
Although this event is not always feasible, when it is, it can quickly give rise to a new species of plant that is incompatible with both of the parent species in terms of reproduction. The geographical separation of two (or more) populations by a physical barrier, such as a river, causes reproductive isolation in allopatric speciation.
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the cambrian explosion occurred 541 million years ago. this event resulted in an increase in _____.
The Cambrian explosion occurred 541 million years ago. this event resulted in an increase in diversity of multicellular organisms.
A multicellular organism, as opposed to a unicellular organism, is one that has more than one cell. All animals, land plants, and most fungi are multicellular, as are many algae, with the exception of slime moulds and social amoebae such as the genus Dictyostelium, which are partially unicellular and partially multicellular. Multicellular organisms form in a variety of ways, including cell division and the aggregation of several single cells.
Colonial organisms form when many identical individuals band together to form a colony. However, it can often be difficult to distinguish colonial protists from truthful multicellular organisms, because the two concepts really aren't distinct; colonial protists have indeed been dubbed "pluricellular" instead of "multicellular".
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Which is a biological sign of aging?
O A. Considering whether to keep working
OB. Retiring from work
O C. Experiencing a decline in height
O D. All of the above
The provided option claims that a decrease in height is a biological indicator of aging.
What does aging biologically look like?Because the thickness and density of a bone are diminished with age, the bone becomes weaker and is more susceptible to fracture. You may even grow a little bit shorter. Your equilibrium, stability, and coordination may be affected as a result of the normal deterioration of muscles in regards to strength, endurance, and flexibility.
Which are the top 5 biological explanations for aging?Wear and tear, error catastrophe, free radical theory, DNA damage hypothesis, loss of adaptive cellular mechanism, and mitochondrial theory are examples of stochastic theories.
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parent 1 is heterozygous for both the ""a"" and the ""b"" alleles. parent 2 is homozygous recessive for the ""a"" allele and homozygous dominant for the ""b"" allele. what are the possible gametes each parent can produce in regards to these two traits?
If parent 1 is heterozygous for both the "a" and the "b" alleles, this means that they have one copy of the dominant "A" allele and one copy of the recessive "a" allele for the "a" trait, and one copy of the dominant "B" allele and one copy of the recessive "b" allele for the "b" trait.
This means that parent 1 can produce two different types of gametes for each trait: those containing the "A" and "B" alleles, and those containing the "a" and "b" alleles.
Therefore, the possible gametes that parent 1 can produce in regards to these two traits are "A"/"B", "A"/"b", "a"/"B", and "a"/"b".
If parent 2 is homozygous recessive for the "a" allele and homozygous dominant for the "b" allele, this means that they have two copies of the recessive "a" allele for the "a" trait, and two copies of the dominant "B" allele for the "b" trait. This means that parent 2 can only produce gametes containing the "a" and "B" alleles.
Therefore, the possible gametes that parent 2 can produce in regards to these two traits are "a"/"B".
When the gametes from both parents combine during fertilization, there will be four possible combinations of alleles for each trait: "A"/"B", "A"/"b", "a"/"B", and "a"/"b".
These combinations will give rise to different genotypes and phenotypes in the offspring, depending on the dominant and recessive nature of the alleles.
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which factors are measured by polysomnography? select all that apply. eye movements brain activity heart rate oxygen level blood pressure
Polysomnography is used to measure eye movements, brain activity, heart rate, and oxygen saturation.
A type of sleep study called polysomnography is a multi-parameter sleep study and a diagnostic tool in sleep medicine. The test outcome is known as a polysomnogram, or PSG for short. A thorough examination performed to identify sleep abnormalities is termed polysomnography, commonly known as a sleep study. Your blood oxygen levels, pulse rate, breathing rate, and brain waves are all monitored during a polysomnography test.
Eye movements are measured during polysomnography, which is crucial for identifying REM sleep. Brain activity is measured by polysomnography. Together, brain chemicals and cells control sleep and the alterations in the brain that result from sleep deprivation. In polysomnography, heart rate is measured. Since respiratory issues that affect sleep are associated with elevated heart rates, determining heart rate is crucial for verifying sleep disorders. Oxygen level is measured via polysomnography. Breathing and oxygen have an impact on sleep and can contribute to OSA and other sleep disorders.
As a result, answers in options A, B, C, and D are accurate.
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cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic fibers are found in the horn of gray matter in the spinal cord. t or f
According to the research, the correct answer is true. The statement "cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic fibers are found in the horn of gray matter in the spinal cord" is true.
What is gray matter in the spinal cord?It is the group of neuronal bodies, which is distributed differently depending on its location in the nervous system, that is, in the brain and spinal cord.
In this sense, the central nervous system is made up of the brain, the spinal cord, the gray matter and the white matter that function in the analysis and transmission of information.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, the gray matter is a group of cell bodies that form an important part in the spinal cord of the nervous system, and therefore in brain function.
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Place the following events in order starting with the vibration of the oval window and ending with the depolarization of hair cells. Rank the options below. Basilar membrane moves up and down Potassium ions enter hair cell causing depolarization Inner hair cells are pushed against the tectorial membrane Oval window vibrates Pressure wave travels through the perilymph of the scala vestibuli Stereocilia bend and tip-link proteins open potassium channels
The events of hearing mechanisms follows the given order:
Oval window vibrates.Pressure waves travel through the perilymph of the scala vestibuli.Basilar membrane moves up and down.Inner hair cells are pushed against the tectorial membrane.Stereocilia bend and tip - link proteins open potassium channels.Potassium ions enter hair cell causing depolarization.What do you mean by depolarization?
Depolarization or Hypopolarization is a change inside a phone, during which the phone goes through a change in electric charge circulation, bringing about more positive charge inside the phone contrasted with the outside. Depolarization is crucial for the capability of numerous cells, correspondence among cells, and the general physiology of an organic entity.
Activity possible in a neuron, showing depolarization, in which the cell's inside charge turns out to be more positive (more certain), and repolarization, where the interior charge gets back to a more regrettable worth.
Most cells in higher organic entities keep an inner climate that is adversely charged comparative with the cell's outside. This distinction in control is known as the cell's layer potential. During the time spent depolarization, the negative interior charge of the phone briefly turns out to be more sure (more positive). This shift from a negative to a more certain film potential happens during a few cycles, including an activity potential. During an activity potential, the depolarization is enormous to such an extent that the possible distinction across the phone layer momentarily inverts extremity, with within the phone turning out to be decidedly charged.
The adjustment of charge normally happens because of a convergence of sodium particles into a cell, despite the fact that it tends to be interceded by a flood of any sort of cation or efflux of any sort of anion. Something contrary to a depolarization is known as a hyperpolarization.
Use of the expression "depolarization" in science contrasts from its utilization in physical science, where it alludes to circumstances in which any type of extremity ( for example the presence of any electrical charge, whether positive or negative) changes to a worth of nothing.
Depolarization is once in a while alluded to as "hypopolarization".
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The vibration of a oval window is followed, in chronological order, by the depolarization of hair cells.
1. Oval window vibrates
2. Pressure wave travels through the perilymph of the scala vestibuli
3. Basilar membrane moves up and down
4. Stereocilia bend and tip-link proteins open potassium channels
5. Inner hair cells are pushed against the tectorial membrane
6. Potassium ions enter hair cell causing depolarization
What is oval?
Oval is a shape that is elongated, having two ends that are somewhat pointed and two curved sides. It is similar to a circle, but its ends are more pointed, making it longer horizontally than vertically. It is an important shape in the fields of engineering, architecture, and design. In engineering, it is used to describe the cross-sectional shape of objects such as pipes and tubes. In architecture and design, it is often used as an aesthetic element, such as the curved lines of a chair or the curved edges of a window. It is also commonly used in logos and other graphics.
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which of the following is correct? a. the primary auditory cortex is located in the mesial temporal lobe (mtl) and its representation of sound frequencies is roughly continuous (like the piano keyboard). b. the primary auditory cortex is located in the mesial temporal lobe (mtl) and its representation of sound frequencies is non-continuous and counterintuitive (like the representation of body parts in the somatosensory homunculus). c. the primary auditory cortex is located in the temporal cortex and its representation of sound frequencies is roughly continuous (like the piano keyboard). d. the primary auditory cortex is located in the temporal cortex and its representation of sound frequencies is non-continuous and counterintuitive (like the representation of body parts in the somatosensory homunculus
In humans and many other species, the Primary Auditory Cortex is the area of the temporal lobe that deals with auditory information. It is a component of the auditory system and performs both fundamental and advanced hearing processes, including those that may be related to language switching.
The temporal lobe is crucial in the processing of auditory information, as its location close to the temples suggests. This function entails hearing noises, giving them meaning, and recalling those meanings. The superior temporal gyrus, a temporal lobe region that takes sound input directly from the ear, processes a large portion of the temporal lobe's auditory activity. Some of its additional features include
The development of visual memories, long-term memories included. The temporal lobe plays a crucial role in the development of conscious memories along with the hippocampus and amygdala, two components of the limbic system.
Figuring out what visual stimuli mean, including object recognition. It is not sufficient to merely view an object. Understanding what you are seeing is also necessary for eyesight to be effective. The ventral portion of the temporal lobe helps you give the daily sights you see significance. You wouldn't be able to distinguish faces or interpret body language without the ventral lobe.
The act of speaking. Speech production is aided by the temporal lobe. Speaking difficulties, even when awake, can result from dysfunction in this brain region.
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ordan discovered an organism in the back yard that obtains energy by consuming other organisms.Which term best describes the organism?AproducerBautotrophCplantDheterotroph
Based on the information provided, the organism discovered by Jordan is a heterotroph.
Heterotrophs are organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms, either directly by eating them or indirectly by consuming the products of their metabolism. This is in contrast to autotrophs, which are able to produce their own food using sunlight or inorganic chemicals. Heterotrophs can be further divided into different categories based on their mode of nutrition, such as herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores.
Heterotrophs are essential components of many ecosystems, as they play a key role in the food chain by consuming other organisms and providing energy for higher levels of the food chain. Examples of heterotrophs include animals, fungi, and some bacteria.
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Organisms share many conserved core processes and features, including transcription and translation, using a uniform genetic code. Scientists have used these shared processes and features in biotechnology. For example, for the process of some transformations, a plasmid is constructed when a eukaryotic gene of interest is added with an antibiotic resistant gene such as beta- lactamase, which is used for ampicillin resistance. This plasmid is then inserted into a prokaryotic bacterial cell, such as E. coli, through a transformation process that leads to the production of the product protein from the eukaryotic organism. To culture the bacteria and obtain the protein product, the bacteria must grow. Select the appropriate condition to determine if the plasmid has entered the E. coli bacterial cell.
Using an ampicillin-infused nutrient broth is the proper method for determining whether plasmid has entered the E. coli bacterial cell.
What exactly is antibiotic resistance?Antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics are just a few examples of the medications and other substances referred to as "antimicrobials" that are used to treat and prevent infections.
Antimicrobial Resistance, or AMR, is a defense mechanism created by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites when they alter their structure or function and make antimicrobials useless to them.
This enhances the transmission of infectious diseases and makes it harder to treat the infections they produce. The correct option is C.
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Question:-
Use the following information to answer the question.
Organisms share many conserved core processes and features, including transcription and translation, using a uniform genetic code. Scientists have used these shared processes and features in biotechnology. For example, for the process of some transformations, a plasmid is constructed when a eukaryotic gene of interest is added with an antibiotic resistant gene such as beta-lactamase, which is used for ampicillin resistance. This plasmid is then inserted into a prokaryotic bacterial cell, such as E . coli, through a transformation process that leads to the production of the product protein from the eukaryotic organism. To culture the bacteria and obtain the protein product, the bacteria must grow.
Select the appropriate condition to determine if the plasmid has entered the E coli bacterial cell. a. nutrient broth to which no antibiotic has been added b. water to which ampicillin has been added c. nutrient broth to which ampicillin has been added d. nutrient broth to which other resistant bacteria have been added
What is it called when the host cell breaks open and the viruses are released after the lytic cycle?.
The lytic cycle is named after the lysis process, which occurs after a virus infects a cell, replicates new virus particles, and bursts through the cell membrane.
The lytic cycle is one of two viral reproduction cycles (referring to bacterial viruses or bacteriophages); the other is the lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle causes the infected cell and its membrane to be destroyed. Virulent phages are bacteriophages that only use the lytic cycle (in contrast to temperate phages).
The viral DNA exists as a separate free floating molecule within the bacterial cell and replicates independently from the host bacterial DNA during the lytic cycle, whereas the viral DNA is located within the host DNA during the lysogenic cycle. This is the primary distinction between lytic and lysogenic (bacterio)phage cycles. In both cases, however, the virus/phage replicates using the host DNA machinery.
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a primary function of folate is its role as part of coenzymes needed for . multiple choice question. maintenance of normal vision dna production energy metabolism bone health
One of folate's main roles in the body's necessary coenzymes is its participation in the creation of DNA.
The body's only apparent use for folate coenzymes is to facilitate the transfer of one-carbon molecules. Folate coenzymes participate in a number of processes essential to the metabolism of nucleic acids and amino acids as donors and acceptors of one-carbon units folate . helps cells function and tissues flourish. aides in the body's use, synthesis, and coenzymes breakdown of proteins when combined with vitamin B12 and vitamin C. folate creates red blood cells (helps prevent anemia) aids in the production of DNA, the genetic information-carrying molecule that makes up the human body.
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investigate your knowledge of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism by classifying the target-cell responses at left as an absorptive state event or a postabsorptive state event.
The postabsorptive state, also known as the fasting state, normally takes place while you're sleeping, after the food has already been digested and absorbed (if you skip meals for some days, you will enter in this state).
The metabolic breakdown of molecules into simpler ones during the catabolic stage releases energy (heat) and usable resources.
Now, the beginning of the postabsorptive stage occurs when your blood glucose levels start to fall and your body starts to rely on its glycogen reserves, which are broken down into glucose.
The statement is accurate since catabolic processes begin to take place once the body enters the postabsorptive phases.
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the molecular mass of myosin light chain 1 is approximately 22 kd. the myosin heavy chain is 200 kd, and actin is 42 kd. which proteins will migrate fastest through the gel? why?
Because smaller proteins can travel through the gel matrix more quickly, the smaller protein (myosin light chain) will migrate the fastest.
Two molecules with a molecular weight of 200,000 make up the myosin molecule, together with a number of smaller polypeptides with molecular weights between 15,000 and 25,000 daltons. The quality of the protein (a damaged result will produce a smear and diminish the intensity), the specificity of the antibody, and the performance quality (the use of blocking solution and several washes will reduce background noise) all affect the intensity of the protein band. Actin and myosin filaments are the two major elements of vertebrate striated muscle sarcomeres. The diameter of the myosin filament is around 300, and its axial repetition measures 1.6 m.
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which of the following statements about growth factors is true? group of answer choices they are found on the surface of cancer cells and stimulate abnormal cell division. they convey messages between nerve cells. they are modified fatty acids that stimulate bone and cartilage growth. they are local regulators that stimulate division and development of target cells.
Formation factors are modified fatty acids that promote the growth of bone and cartilage.
How do growth factors work?
The body uses growth factors, a class of proteins also known as cytokines, as signaling molecules and to promote cell development, cell division, and cell repair. They aid the body in controlling the maintenance of its cells.
What exactly are growth factors? What do they do?According to its original definition, a growth factor is a secreted physiologically active substance that has the ability to influence cell growth. This concept has been broadened to include secreted chemicals that influence cellular differentiation or that either encourage or hinder mitosis.
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Rats colonize an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean where no rats previously existed. The rats can have white fur, grey fur, or black fur. Predict what type of selection is likely to occur when each of the following phenotypes have the greatest fitness. Place each phenotype in the category describing the type of selection that will occur.
Stabilizing selection: grey fur
Diversifying selection: dark fur on island and light on another island. Dark fur in forests and light in fields
Directional selection: dark and light fur
The type of selection which is likely to occur on the following phenotypes:
Stabilizing selection: grey fur
Diversifying selection: dark fur on island and light on another island. Dark fur in forests and light in fields
Directional selection: dark and light fur
When individual people with such character traits generate more surviving offspring than individual people with other characteristics, this is referred to as phenotypic selection. Although selection is widely regarded as the primary driver of evolutionary change, scientists have only lately started to quantify its effects in the wild.
Because phenotype influences differential reproduction and survivorship, selection acts on phenotypes. If the phenotype influencing reproduction or survival rates is genetically determined, selection can indirectly winnow out genotypes by winnowing out phenotypes.
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Which internal structures of animals are specifically adapted to use contraction to cause movement?
Answer:
MUSCLES
Explanation:
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the production of second messengers has been found to have two important advantages in cellular signaling. what are they?
Second messengers accelerate the process of intracellular signaling and enhance the signal that was sent in the first place.
Small chemicals and ions known as second messengers transmit signals from cell-surface receptors to effector proteins. They include a broad range of chemical species and possess a variety of characteristics that enable them to communicate inside membranes (for example, hydrophobic molecules like lipids and lipid derivatives), within the cytoplasm (for example, polar molecules like nucleotides and ions), or between the two (e.g., gases and free radicals).
Second messengers' quick propagation and amplification of signals received at the cell surface to intracellular target molecules in the cytosol or nucleus is a crucial benefit. It takes microseconds to seconds for second messenger levels to rise and start having an impact since they are regulated by quick kinetics.
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select all that apply. which parts of the ear play a role in balance? group of answer choices tympanic cavity semicircular canals cochlea utricle saccule
semicircular saccule utricle canals
The semicircular canals, which respond to rotating movements (angular acceleration), and the utricle and saccule within the vestibule, which respond to changes in the position of the head with regard to gravity, are the two sets of end organs in the inner ear, or labyrinth (linear acceleration).
The two otolith organs in the vertebrate inner ear are the utricle and saccule. They are a component of the vestibule's membranous labyrinth, which serves as a balancing system for the bony labyrinth (small oval chamber). For the purpose of stimulating hair cells to sense motion and direction, they utilize small stones and a viscous fluid.
When the head is inclined, the utricle detects head motions. The otoliths in the utricle want to slide downward when the head is inclined. This causes the gel to move, stimulating the sensory hairs to alert the brain to the movement's intensity.
Together with the utricle, the saccule is a tiny membrane sac found in the vestibule of the inner ear. It is a component of the membranous labyrinth and plays a significant role in balance and orientation, especially in vertical tilt 1.
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how many individual protein subunits make up the quaternary structure of one biologically active myosin protein? what are these proteins? what are their approximate molecular masses?
The fourth (and highest) classification level of protein structure is known as protein quaternary structure.
The term "protein quaternary structure" describes how proteins are made up of two or more smaller protein chains (also referred to as subunits). The quantity and configuration of numerous folded protein subunits in a multi-subunit complex are described by the protein quaternary structure.
Simple dimers, huge homooligomers, and complexes with a set or variable number of subunits are all included in this category of organisations. Since some proteins serve as standalone units, not all proteins will have a quaternary structure, in contrast to the previous three levels of protein structure. Protein biomolecular complexes with nucleic acids and other cofactors are also referred to as having protein quaternary structure.
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the number of genes estimated in the human haploid genome is about 21,000. how many genes are present in a zygote?
There are 42,000 genes present in a zygote if the number of genes estimated in the human haploid genome is about 21,000.
The 3 billion base pairs of DNA that make up the human genome are arranged into 23 different chromosomal pairs. There are 6 distinct gene types known to science: 1. 2. complementing genes 3. duplicate genes 4. polymeric genes Gene modification: 5. Lethal Genes: 2, 6, and 7. Transient Genes. Although the precise number of genes in the human genome is unknown, it is believed to be between 21,000 and 25,000.
The number of genes is doubled when two haploid genomes are combined (fertilization)
At all stages of development, the human population has an identical amount of genes. As you develop from a zygote to an embryo to a child to an adult, the number of genes doesn't vary.
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Describe how the mammalian small intestine is adapted to its function in summary .
Answer:
The primary function of the small intestine in mammals is the absorption of nutrients and minerals from food.
Explanation:
The small intestine contains microvilli which increase the surface area of the membrane. It also has a rich blood supply, which maintains the concentration gradient. The small intestine has a membrane that is one cell thick, this decreases the diffusion pathway. Mitochondria are present, which respire aerobically, providing ATP for active transport. These adaptations enable the rapid diffusion of nutrients.
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https://brainly.com/question/10221564https://brainly.com/question/28265085what will happen if the ecological relationships on ecosystem stop functioning
A mutualistic relationship between species in an ecosystem allows for ecosystem to thrive, but lack of this relationship could lead to collapse of the entire system
Ecological imbalance is when a natural- or human-caused disturbance disrupts natural balance of an ecosystem.
The balance of an ecosystem can be disrupted by the natural or human-caused disturbances.
If species disappears or new species is introduced it can shift an ecosystem to state of ecological imbalance.
If ecological balance is not maintained:
Disturbances of ecological balance include loss of primary producers, loss of habitat, introduction of invasive species, anthropogenic changes, natural disasters, loss of species diversity.
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Martin Seligman conducted studies in which dogs were placed on a floor that administered electric shocks with no way of escaping. When the dogs were eventually given the opportunity to escape,
most dogs remained where they were.
most dogs jumped out right away.
most dogs helped other dogs escape before escaping themselves.
most dogs escaped quickly, but returned within several minutes.
In the study of Martin Seligman, when the dogs were eventually given the opportunity to escape during the studies, the majority of them remained where they were.
What was Martin Seligman's study?Martin Seligman first observed learned helplessness while conducting dog experiments. He noticed that if the dogs had been conditioned to believe that they couldn't escape, they didn't try to escape the shocks.In the 1960s, Martin Seligman and Steven F. Maier identified learned helplessness as a phenomenon. These psychologists conducted experiments on dogs and discovered that when the animals were exposed to repeated shocks that they could not control, they refrained from acting when they could prevent the shocks. Apr 24, 2022Learned helplessness occurs when a dog has been repeatedly exposed to a frightening stimulus and has learned that he no longer has control over the negative situation. Because he knows he can't change the outcome, the dog shuts down and becomes helpless.To learn more about Martin Seligman's study refer to :
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cell division that reduces chromosome number from diploid to haploid, reduction division:___.
Cell division that reduces chromosome number from diploid to haploid, reduction division: Meiosis.
Meiosis is a type of cell division known as reduction cell division. The process produces four haploid daughter cells, which have half the number of chromosomes as the diploid parent cell. In human cells, there are 46 chromosomes. That is, these occur in groups of 23. In meiosis, these pairs split apart and become separated.
As a result, after the first meiotic division, each of the two daughter cells has half the number of chromosomes, i.e., 23. Every one of the 23 chromosomes now has two identical chromatids. So, during meiosis II, these chromatids separate, resulting in four cells. These four haploid cells are known as gametes, or sperm and eggs.
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You decide to compare the genes and dna sequence of a specific chromosome to a homologous chromosome and a nonhomologous chromosome. which of the predictions would you make when comparing the two?
When comparing the genes and DNA sequence of a specific chromosome to a homologous and a non-homologous chromosome the prediction can be made that genes and DNA sequence of the chromosome are similar to that of homologous one.
Genes are the small sections of double stranded DNA that code for group of amino acids that form a particular protein. Each gene is composed of a pair of alleles that may be of same type or of different type.
DNA is the nucleic acid that forms the genetic material of various organisms. It is a double stranded structure in the form of helix. The DNA is composed of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group and the 4 nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine.
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suppose one restriction enzyme (enzyme a) makes three cuts in a circular dna molecule, and another restriction enzyme (enzyme b) makes two cuts in that same dna. the cuts are not in the same place, and the cut fragments are not exactly the same size. the restriction digestion is set up on an electrophoresis gel. how many bands should you observe in the gel if both enzymes a and b are used in the restriction digestion?
Three bands are frequently visible on an agarose gel after uncut plasmid DNA has been extracted. This is because the circular DNA adopts a variety of conformations, the most prevalent of which are supercoiled, relaxed, and nicked.
In gel electrophoresis, how many bands should you expect to see?The answer's key is that a DNA sample will create two or three bands if the DNA has been cut.
How many bands generated from the digested DNA will be visible after gel electrophoresis?Normally, fully digested plasmid DNA only exhibits a single band, which is a linear representation of the plasmid with a lane that is the expected size. Two possible variants of an undigested plasmid may be visible in its lane: CCC dimer and CCC monomer forms.
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an young kid develops a regular fever and sudden weight loss. upon extensive lab tests, the primary physician identifies an increased number of lymphocytes. upon further testing, it is revealed that the b lymphocyte count is higher than normal. the diagnosis reached is multiple myeloma. please answer the following questions: 1. which stem cells have the potency to generate lymphocytes? 2. what is potency
Common lymphoid progenitor cells, also known as lymphoid stem cells, are the source of the different T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, which are all immune system-related leukocytes.
What does a drug's potency mean?A drug's potency is an expression of its activity in terms of the concentration or quantity needed to cause a certain effect, whereas clinical efficacy assesses a drug's therapeutic efficacy in humans.
What kind of stem cells can develop into lymphocytes?Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can be used to create a variety of adult hematopoietic lineages, including lymphocytes.
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the process of evolutionary changes that result in formation of new species and groups of species is called
Answer:
Explanation:
people r great
The process of evolutionary changes that result in formation of new species and groups of species is called speciation .
What are evolutionary change?Evolutionary change are defined as the gradual heritable alteration of populations and species brought on by processes including sexual selection, random genetic drift, and natural selection. A population, a collection of interacting individuals of a single species, exhibits a change in allele frequency from one generation to the next due to five main processes.
Through speciation, a new plant or animal species is created. Speciation occurs when a group within a species separates from other members of its species and develops its own unique traits. The process by which new species emerge is known as speciation. Groups in a species experience it when they grow reproductively separated and diverge.
Thus, the process of evolutionary changes that result in formation of new species and groups of species is called speciation .
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which phenomenon that goes unexplained by lewis structures is solved by applying molecular orbital theory?
The phenomenon that goes unexplained by lewis structures is solved by applying molecular orbital theory is option C which is the paramagnetism of oxygen molecule.
A Lewis Structure is an exceptionally worked-on portrayal of the valence shell electrons in a particle. It is utilized to show how the electrons are organized around individual particles in an atom. Electrons are displayed as "dabs" or holding electrons as a line between the two particles. Lewis figured out the "octet rule" in his cubical particle hypothesis. The octet rule alludes to the propensity of iotas to like to have eight electrons in the valence shell. At the point when molecules have less than eight electrons, they will quite often respond and shape more steady mixtures. Molecules will respond to get in the absolute most stable state.
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