A vascular system was not yet developed in the earliest plants.The cuticle is the term for the dry, waxy coating that covers plant leaves and stems. .
Which are the first terrestrial vascular plants?A first terrestrial plants with vascular tissues are pteridophytes (xylem and phloem).
What resembled the earliest vascular plants?Cooksonia, a 6.5-centimeter-tall plants having dichotomously branching (forking into two) leafless stems and sporangia at their tips, is the oldest vascular plant known to science.No rhizomes or underground components have yet to be discovered; only fragments have been collected.
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What does a molecular clock measure?
Answer:
Instead of measuring seconds, minutes and hours, says Hedges, Penn State professor of biology, the molecular clock measures the number of changes, or mutations, which accumulate in the gene sequences of different species over time.
Explanation:
what is the net gain of atp or atp equivalent molecules from a c12-saturated acyl-coa under aerobic condition?
The ATP equivalent molecules from a c12-saturated acyl-coa under aerobic condition are 12 molecules.
This generates a complete of eight acetyl-CoA molecules, 7 NADH molecules and seven FADH2 molecules. Since a unmarried acetyl-CoA molecule fed into the citric acid cycle generates three NADH molecules, 1 FADH2 and 1 GTP, we see that a complete of 24 NADH, eight FADH2 and 8 GTP are produced while all eight acetyl-CoA cross into the citric acid cycle. Each acetyl CoA enters into citric acid cycle and yields 3 NADH2 (nine ATP), 1 FADH2 (2 ATP) and 1 GTP (1 ATP).
Therefore, altogether 12 ATP molecules could be made out of every mole of acetyl-CoA. The fatty acid CH₃CH₂CH=CHCH₂CH=CH(CH₂)₄COOH has twelve carbon. Hence the range of acetyl-CoA molecules produced could be 6 after numerous rounds of beta-oxidation.
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What membranes of the maculae sacculi and utriculi are important in sensing gravity and motion?
Vestibule is a place of the internal ear which includes the saccule and the utricle, every of which include a macula to locate linear acceleration.
Its feature is to locate vertical linear acceleration. The macula of saccule lies in a almost vertical position. The otolithic membrane is a fibrous shape positioned withinside the vestibular device of the internal ear. It performs a crucial function withinside the brain's interpretation of equilibrium.
The membrane serves to decide if the frame or the top is tilted, further to thelinear acceleration of the frame.utricle and saccule are the 2 otolith organs withinside the vertebrate internal ear. They are a part of the balancing device (membranous labyrinth) withinside the vestibule of the bony labyrinth (small oval chamber). They use small stones and a viscous fluid to stimulate hair cells to locate movement and orientation.
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the simple stretch reflex employs mechanoreceptors known as golgi tendon organs to detect the degree of stretch experienced by a muscle. t or f
The simple stretch reflex employs mechanoreceptors known as golgi tendon organs to detect the degree of stretch experienced by a muscle is true.
Tendon Golgi receptors, which are located inside a tendon close to its connection with a muscle, are the sensory receptors for this reflex. Tendon organs sense and react to changes in muscle tension brought on by muscular contraction, as opposed to passive stretching, which is detected and responded to by muscle spindles.The Golgi tendon reflex functions as a protective feedback system to regulate the tension of an active muscle by inducing relaxation before the tendon tension rises to a level that could harm it. The Golgi tendon organ's afferent neuron first fires into the central nervous system as a load is applied to the muscle. Second, muscle relaxes as a result of an IPSP inhibiting the motor neuron from the spinal cord.To know more about tendon check the below link:
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During transcription, dna is read by an enzyme called ____ and produces ____ ____, abbreviated mrna.
the generation time of escherichia coli in the human intestine is in laboratory culture. a. about the same as b. faster than c. slower than
In comparison to laboratory culture, Escherichia coli in the human intestine grows more slowly.
The Organism: A particular A Shiga toxin is produced by the aerobic bacteria Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7. At refrigerator temperatures, the bacteria proliferate gradually.
As a gut bacterium, E. coli thrives best at body temperature, or 37.4 oC. In the lab, this temperature is simple for researchers to operate with. One round of genome replication in E. coli takes about 40 min to complete, and it must be finished at least 20 min before cell division. In order to multiply so quickly, bacteria carry out several replication cycles concurrently. Therefore, if the division time is only 20 minutes , E
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what are the advantages that crispr/cas9 provides for genome editing (making knockouts and knockins)? (check all statements that apply.)
CrISPR-Cas9 is more efficient than utilizing a plasmid or free flow DNA since it can take in a sequence, cut DNA wherever, and install the new genome editing of inducing an immune response due to virus DNA.
reliable services for DNA sequencing. CRISPR-Cas9 technology and sophisticated DNA synthesis and design. technology based on DNA for antibody services. Comprehensive recombinant protein expression genome editing and purification services, CRISPR/simplicity Cas9's and efficiency over other genome editing techniques are its most significant benefits. Compared to gene targeting methods based on the genome editing utilization of embryonic stem (ES) cells, CRISPR/Cas9 requires less time to change target genes since it may be administered directly in the embryo.
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the endocrine or hormone-secreting cells of the gastrointestinal tract are located in or closest to which layer of the gut wall?
The mucosa layer of the gut wall is where the endocrine or hormone-secreting cells of the gastrointestinal system are found.
Specialized cells of the digestive system and pancreas having an endocrine role are called enteroendocrine cells. In reaction to diverse stimuli, they create gastrointestinal hormones or peptides that are then released into the circulation for systemic effects, spread as local messengers, or are sent to the enteric nervous system to trigger neural responses. The mucosa is the digestive system's innermost layer. It encircles the lumen of the tract and is in direct touch with food that has been digested (chyme). The mucosa is made up of three layers: the connective tissue-rich lamina propria; the epithelium, which is where the majority of digestive, absorptive, and secretory functions take place.
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A specialized plasmid vector that has an E.coli promoter upstream of a restriction site into which foreign genes can be inserted is known as a...a. Positional Cloneb. Expression Vektorc. Reporter Gene
A specialized plasmid vector that has E.coli promoter upstream of restriction site in which foreign genes can be inserted is known as b) Expression Vector.
What is meant by the expression vector?Expression vector is a plasmid or virus that is designed for expressing genes in a cell. It is a vector widely used for the production of protein. They have basic features of a vector like origin of replication, insertion site and selectable marker.
Following are the steps for creating an expression vector :
Design the construct and choosing vector. Design the cloning strategy and order oligonucleotides.And then Clone by PCR 4.To know more about expression vector, refer
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which part of the basilar membrane responds to high frequency sounds and why? choose the correct option.
The part of the basilar membrane responds to high frequency sounds is the base .
What is the basilar membrane?
The scala media and the scala tympani, two liquid-filled tubes that go through the coil of the cochlea, are divided by the basilar membrane, a stiff structural component inside the cochlea of the inner ear. When sound waves enter the basilar membrane, they become traveling waves on the membrane, which cause the basilar membrane to rise and fall in response.
Due to the fact that low frequencies induce maximum membrane displacement at the apical end and high frequencies generate maximal membrane displacement close to the base of the cochlea (near the stapes). The wave must travel more to reach the peak if the sound constantly goes from base to apex.
Therefore the part of the basilar membrane responds to high frequency sounds is the base .
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as of 2000, according to the international committee on the taxonomy of viruses, how are viruses classified?
Viruses are categorized as having genetic information, a physical structure, and chemical makeup as of the year 2000, according to the international committee on the taxonomy of viruses.
The virus Is an infectious microorganism made up of a protein sheath surrounding a piece of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA). A virus has to infect cells in order to use the components of the host cell to manufacture copies of itself because it is unable to reproduce on its own. The majority of the time, a virus damages the host organism by killing the host cell. AIDS, COVID-19, measles, and smallpox are well-known examples of viruses that cause human disease. A virus’ primary goal is to transmit its genome to the host cell so that the host cell can express it (via transcription and translation). A virion is an infectious virus that has been fully formed.
The right response Is, therefore, option D.
The complete question is:-
As of 2000, according to the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses, how are viruses classified?
Genetic information only
Structure only
Chemical composition and structure
Genetic information, structure, and chemical composition
Genetic information, structure, host, and diseases caused
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Growth hormone and insulin are protein hormones that regulate carbohydrate metabolism by hepatocytes.
In addition to these two hormones, the hormones glucagon and adrenaline also play a role in carbohydrate metabolism.
What are carbohydrates?Carbohydrates are nutrients that function as a source of energy for the body. This energy source is the main food for the brain. Carbohydrates are one of the macronutrients, namely nutrients that the body needs in large quantities and can produce energy because they contain calories. Besides carbohydrates, nutrients that are also classified as macronutrients are fat and protein.
Carbohydrates can be divided into two types, namely simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates. These two types of carbohydrates differ in their chemical structure.
Your question is incomplete, but most probably your full question was:
Growth hormone and insulin are protein hormones that regulate carbohydrate metabolism by hepatocytes. Apart from these two hormones, what other hormones affect carbohydrate metabolism?
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a scientist creates a d1 receptor knockout mouse. how would this affect the functioning of the basal ganglia?
A scientist develops a d1 receptor deletion animal. Since the input from the cerebral cortex to spiny neurons is not improved, the basal ganglia function is affected.
The most prevalent dopamine receptor in the central nervous system is the dopamine receptor D1 (Drd1), which belongs to the D1-like receptor family. The striatum, limbic system, cortex, and cardiovascular system all have the receptor. In the brains of vertebrates, a set of subcortical nuclei known as the basal ganglia (BG) or basal nuclei are present. There are some distinctions between humans and certain primates, namely in the striatum's split and the separation of the globus pallidus into an exterior and internal part.
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Which pituitary hormone causes a decrease in the amount of water lost in the kidneys?
Answer:
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Explanation:
ADH regulates the amount of water that is reabsorbed into your kidneys while they filter waste from your blood.
What process of mitosis is this?
how to make a zombie virus
Answer:
It is not possible to create a real-life zombie virus. The concept of a "zombie virus" is a popular theme in fiction, but it has no basis in reality. Viruses are biological agents that can cause illness in living organisms, but they do not have the ability to reanimate dead tissue or create zombies. Furthermore, it is unethical and illegal to create or spread diseases with the intent of causing harm to others. I strongly advise against trying to create any kind of virus or other biological agent.
Motor control is initiated by lower motor neurons and transmitted to upper motor neurons by interneurons situated within the cns.
a. True
b. False
False. Motor control is initiated by upper motor neurons and transmitted to lower motor neurons by interneurons situated within the central nervous system (CNS).
Upper motor neurons are situated in the brain and brainstem and are responsible for sending signals from the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia to the lower motor neurons in the spinal cord.
Lower motor neurons then transmit the signals to the peripheral muscles. Interneurons are situated within the CNS and are responsible for relaying signals between upper and lower motor neurons.
They are responsible for integrating the information sent by the upper motor neurons and the signals sent by the lower motor neurons to the muscles. Interneurons allow for the coordination of multiple muscles to produce complex movements.
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When comparing the offspring of sexually and asexually reproducing organisms we would expect.
Offspring produced by asexual reproduction are genetically identical to either of their parents. Two parents contribute genetic material during sexual reproduction to create unique offspring.
Only the parent cell, which underwent meiosis and mitosis to divide into daughter cells, was engaged in the asexual method of replication. The merging of male and female gametes has enabled sexual reproduction to take place. As two cells fuse together to generate the progeny, the likelihood of variances or mutations has been increased in the sexual mode of reproduction. The same cell was divided into the daughter cell during asexual reproduction, reducing the likelihood of variations.
Hence, sexual reproduction is more advance then asexual reproduction.
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An original section of dna has the base sequence agcgttaccgt. a mutation in this dna strand results in the base sequence aggcgttaccgt. what type of mutation does this change represent?
This change represents frameshift mutation.
An exchange inside the regular DNA collection at a specific gene locus. despite the fact that the time period often has a poor connotation, mutations (such as polymorphisms) may be harmful, beneficial, or neutral in their impact on mobile characteristics.
A mutation is an exchange that happens in our DNA collection, both because of mistakes when the DNA is copied or as the end result of environmental factors including UV mild and cigarette smoke.
Mutations can affect an organism by using changing its physical characteristics (or phenotype) or they may affect the manner DNA codes the genetic statistics (genotype).
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Read the statements that follow.
Pea plants have a mutation that causes their flowers to be white instead of purple. This mutation does not affect a plant's fitness or ability to reproduce because pea plants
are self-pollinated.
Which type of mutation is described in the statements?
Obeneficial mutation
O negative mutation
neutral mutation
O
O positive mutation
Answer: neutral mutation
Explanation: nothing really changed minus he colour that's why it netural
describe the construction of a recombinant plasmid containing the gene for luciferase and the insertion of the plasmid into a bacterial cell by placing the steps in order.
Amplify the luciferase gene using PCR. Perform restriction digestion on the plasmid and the luciferase gene. Combine the plasmid and the luciferase gene to create a recombinant plasmid. Employ electroporation to transform bacteria using the recombinant plasmid.
A plasmid that has had a foreign DNA fragment or gene put into it is referred to as a recombinant plasmid. Small circular DNA fragments known as plasmids are found naturally in bacterial cells and in some eukaryotes like yeast and plants. Recombinant plasmids increase apart from the chromosomal DNA of the host.
Basic actions include: Cutting the plasmid open, and then "pasting" the gene inside. DNA ligase and restriction enzymes, which cleave DNA, are necessary for this process (which joins DNA). Infect bacteria with the plasmid. Plasmid-carrying bacteria should be multiplied and used as "factories" to produce the protein.
Consequently, we may state that creating a recombinant plasmid Use PCR to amplify the luciferase gene. Restrictive digestion should be carried out on the plasmid and the luciferase gene. Generate a recombinant plasmid by fusing the luciferase gene with the plasmid. Utilize the recombinant plasmid to convert bacteria using electroporation.
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aquarium a contains warm water and several fish; b contains cold water, several fish, and aquatic algae; c contains warm water and several frogs; and d contains warm water and sedentary animals. which aquarium should have a large amount of air bubbled into it to maintain good oxygenation of the water?
Aquariums have to have a huge amount of air bubbled into it to hold precise oxygenation of the water
massive amount of air, due to the fact the oxygen-sporting capacity of heat water is low.
An aquarium is a vivarium of any size having at least one transparent facet in which aquatic plant life or animals are saved and displayed. Fishkeepers use aquaria to maintain fish, invertebrates, amphibians, and aquatic reptiles, which include turtles, and aquatic flora. The time period aquarium, coined via English naturalist Philip Henry Gosse, combines the Latin root aqua, which means 'water', with the suffix -atrium, which means a place for relating to.
according to the studies having an aquarium is many fitness advantages lessening pressure, blood strain, and heart charge improvement, higher nice sleep, lessening tension and pain, the remedy of excited youngsters, Alzheimer's therapy, and improve productiveness
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this is a photograph of an iodine wet mount from a fecal specimen. the magnification is 400x and the ovum measures 70 x 40 um. what is the most correct identification of this parasite?
An iodine wet mount made from a fecal specimen. The ovum measures 70 x 40 um and is magnified 400 times. The best way to describe this parasite is as a hookworm.
When fixing ova and parasites to create permanently fecal specimen stained smears of stool samples, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with the fixative mercuric chloride is regarded as the "gold standard." The fecal specimen term "fecal specimen" refers to a sample of a client's feces. The presence of blood, mucus, fat, microorganisms including bacteria and parasites, or other aberrant results can all be detected by analysis. The diagnosis of a variety of gastrointestinal disorders, including fecal specimen malignancies and ulcers, may benefit from the collection of a fecal specimen.
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explain how edge effects, selective pressures, and overall fitness affect the survival of organisms living in fragmented habitats.
Edge effects are caused by a sudden change in the natural habitats of two nearby ecosystems that are quite different from one another.
Due to fragmentation that affects wellbeing, some traits have developed. Physical or behavioral characteristics that were beneficial earlier may no longer be so when a habitat is fragmented. The most important characteristic for most species to promote survival is the capacity of animals to disperse, or migrate to various habitat regions. Most of us reside in an environment that is continuously changing. Wildlife is not an exception. These modifications may take place suddenly, as in the case of a forest fire, or gradually, as in the case of global warming. Some modifications are made by humans while others are a result of natural evolution (anthropogenic).
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study of anatomical structures which can be seen by unaided vision, such as the structure of the major body systems
Gross Anatomy is the study of anatomical structures which can be seen by unaided vision, such as the structure of the major body systems.
What is Gross Anatomy?
The study of anatomy at the macroscopic or visible level is known as gross anatomy. Histology, which focuses on microscopic anatomy, is the field's equivalent to gross anatomy. In order to better understand how different parts of an organism interact with one another and with other parts of the organism, gross anatomy studies the human body as well as the bodies of other species. Gross anatomy can be studied on dead creatures through dissection or on live ones through medical imaging. For the majority of health practitioners, training includes instruction in human gross anatomy.
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if you inherit one dominant allele for dimples d and one recessive allele for no dimples what will be your genotype?
If you inherit one dominant allele for dimples d and one recessive allele for no dimples D , genotype will be Dd.
What is an allele?
The term "allele" was created to refer to a particular gene copy. Each copy (allele) of a gene, the DNA sequence that governs our features, is often found in two copies in eukaryotic genomes. A gene locus is a defined location on a chromosome that each allele resides in. The two alleles of the gene are shared by two homologous chromosomes, one received from each parent. Both dominant and recessive alleles are possible. Recessive allele effects are masked by the dominant allele (definition: the allele that is expressed) (definition: the allele that is not expressed).
Given, the presence of dimples is the dominant trait with genotype d. The recessive trait is absence of dimples with genotype D. Hence, the person who inherits both these alleles will be heterozygote will genotype dD and he will have dimples since it is the dominant trait and recessive trait will appear only is genotype is DD.If you inherit one dominant allele for dimples d and one recessive allele for no dimples D , genotype will be Dd.
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how are carbohydrates usually produced in nature? how are carbohydrates usually produced in nature? they are made by decomposition of sugars. they are extracted from the ground by plant roots. they are made by the process of photosynthesis. they are generated in the decomposition of plants. none of the above
Answer: Answer below
Explanation: you are undergoing continuous chemical change witting your body from movement to movement.
hydrangeas are flowering plants with large, showy blooms. when the plant is grown in alkaline soil, the flowers are pink. when the plant is grown in acidic soil, the flowers turn blue. this change is phenotype is an example of
This change is phenotype is an example of Environmental influence .
There is speculation that environmental factors can affect behavior both directly and indirectly. The indirect causal mechanism illustrates how cognitions that are particular to a behavior play a mediating role in the effect of the environment on behavior.
Chemical pollution, air pollution, climate change, pathogenic bacteria, lack of access to healthcare, inadequate infrastructure, and poor water quality are some of these problems.
Environmental factors include temperature, food, pollutants, population density, sound, light, and parasites.
What is a phenotype example?
Phenotype refers to an individual's observable traits, such as height, eye color and blood type. A person's phenotype is determined by both their genomic makeup (genotype) and environmental factors.
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Full Question: Hydrangeas are flowering plants with large, showy blooms. When the plant is grown in alkaline soil, the flowers are pink. When the plant is grown in acidic soil, the flowers turn blue. This change is phenotype is an example of
A) codominance.
B) incomplete dominance.
C) environmental influence.
D) polygenic inheritance.
E) epistatic interaction.
in terms of evolution, what is the most important thing that an individual organism can do while alive?
Every living thing must be able to reproduce. All living things produce additional organisms that resemble them.
Life will produce more life, whether the creature is a bacteria, a tree, or a rabbit. A species will become extinct if it is unable to produce offspring.
Protoplasm is 80% water, making it the most vital component for all living things.
To survive, all living organisms require access to food, water, shelter, and air. Needs and wants are not the same thing. Students will be able to identify the four things that organisms need to survive.Like a tree, a plant absorbs nutrition through its leaves and roots. Nutrients are not ingested by nonliving things. Water and food are essential to life. They ingest nutrients, as we say in science.
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sometimes, distinguishing the type of interaction between species in not straightforward. remoras are fish that are often found attached to larger animals, such as sharks. the relationship between remoras and sharks is often described as a commensalism. although this suggests that sharks do not benefit from this relationship, remoras sometimes consume parasites on their skin. which of the statements below best supports the relationship being a commensalism? (3 points)
One species benefits while the other is unaffected, which is the best way to characterize a commensal symbiotic interaction between two species.
What does a commensalism relationship look like in practice?Without suffering any serious effects from the bird, the tree offers the bird protection and refuge. The cattle egrets, which are birds, that eat the insects that the feeding cattle churn up are another classic example.
What adjective best captures the relationship between two species in a commensal symbiosis?In commensalism, two species engage in a protracted relationship that is advantageous to one and neutral toward the other (+/0 interaction).
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