As a waste product, oxygen is emitted throughout the process. In light of this, oxygen is not required for the process of photosynthesis. Here option A is the correct answer.
As oxygen is released when plants employ their raw materials, such as carbon dioxide and water, to generate sugars, oxygen is not required for the photosynthetic process. Therefore, carrying out the process of photosynthesis is not necessary.
Food is created by plants through the process of photosynthesis, which involves carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunshine and chlorophyll. As a waste product, oxygen is emitted throughout the process. As a result, oxygen is not required for photosynthesis to occur.
Activate photosynthesizers include plants. They absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and transform it into glucose molecules using the energy from sunshine and water.
Complete question:
Which is not a reactant of photosynthesis?
A - oxygen
B - carbon dioxide
C - water
D - all of these
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which of these mutations will have an effect on the protein produced by the gene in which the mutation occurs? select all that apply.
Missense mutations will have an effect on the protein produced by the gene.
A missense mutation is a DNA alteration that causes the protein produced to encode a different amino acid at a specific location. Some missense mutations change how the resulting protein functions. When a mistake is made in the DNA coding, one of the base pairs is altered; for instance, A is switched out for C. This one modification, known as a substitution, causes the DNA to now encode for a new amino acid. Missense mutations don't always result in noticeable protein alterations. A neutral, "silent," or conservative mutation is when an amino acid is switched out for one with extremely comparable chemical characteristics even if the protein may still function normally as a result.
Hence, change in the codon result alternation in the protein structure and function.
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what is the shannon index h' for a community that consists of only two species, which both have exactly the same number of individuals
the shannon index h' for a community that consists of only two species, which both have exactly the same number of individuals is one
A technique to gauge the species diversity in a community is to use the Shannon Diversity Index, also known as the Shannon-Wiener Index.
This index, designated as H, is figured out as follows:
H = -Σpi * ln (pi)
where:
Greek letter, which stands for "sum"
Natural log pi is defined as the percentage of species I that make up the total community. The variety of species in a given community is inversely correlated with H value. The variety decreases with decreasing H values. A community with a H value of 0 has a single species. An indicator of how evenly distributed the species are in a community is the Shannon Equitability Index.
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which of the following is false: re-introduction of a top-level predator (like wolves) can: a. cause livestock losses. b. increase biodiversity. c. decrease tourism. d. affect the hydrosphere (change water flow).
The false statement about the re-introduction of a top-level predator (like wolves) is to decrease tourism.
The deliberate release of a species into the wild, from captivity, or from another environment where the creature is capable of surviving is known as species reintroduction. It is an excellent tool for preserving biodiversity around the world and reviving species.
The wolves greatly increase the tourism of Yellowstone National Park and North Carolina. This is because the reintroduction of these wolves attracts the wolves watcher and increases the economy.
The reintroduction of wolves helps to keep the population of elk, deer, and other herbivores in control. Because this helps to prevent overgrazing and loss of plant species. This also further increases the biodiversity of woody species, birds, and mammals that live there.
Wolves also impact the water flows. After reintroduction, it was observed that riverbank erosion decreased, resulting in less meandering, deeper channels, and the formation of small pools in the rivers.
Therefore, the correct option is option c.
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Classify the following traits as specific to either cells or viruses, or shared by both.Unique to cells:Shared by cells:and viruses Unique to viruses:Answer Bank:can actively respond to environmental stimulicontain genetic material protected by a protein coatcan autonomously carry out biological processescontain genetic material capable of undergoing evolution by natural selectioncontain organelles that are bound by membranes
Specific characteristics of cells such as they can react quickly to environmental cues, are capable of performing biological activities independently, and entail organelles that are membrane-bound.
Viruses only have certain characteristics: Enclose genetic material in a protein coat. The similarities between viruses and cells: contain genetic material that can undergo natural selection-based evolution
Virion, the full virus particle, is made up of genetic material encased in a protein coat made of capsomeres and is an infectious intracellular parasite. The protoplasm, cell organelles, metabolic enzymes, and all other molecular machinery are absent from viruses. Therefore, it cannot carry out biological functions, which can evolve through natural selection. The structural and operational core of every creature is the cell.
These organelles, which are surrounded by cell membranes and include organelles like mitochondria, lysosomes, chloroplasts, and vesicles, assist the cell in carrying out biological operations. Additionally, the cells carry genetic material that can evolve through natural selection and actively react to environmental cues.
Thus, we might conclude that specific property of cells, such as their ability to respond swiftly to environmental stimuli, their ability to carry out biological processes on their own, and the presence of organelles that are membrane-bound.
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what are the traits that distinguish humans from all other beings that exist?
this are charateristic
Explanation:
this is because human has different featuresthan other beings like monkeys
During transcription, what happens to the RNA polymerase if a repressor protein attaches to the operator?
It begins transcription.
It begins translation.
It cannot attach to enzyme 1.
It cannot attach to the promoter.
A repressor protein can prevent RNA polymerase from continuing to transcribe essential enzymes for the organism. This is seen in the trp operon of the bacteria E. coli. Thus, option D is correct.
What a repressor protein attaches to the operator?RNA polymerase cannot bind to the promoter once a repressor protein has linked to its operator.
The trp repressor, a regulatory protein, is aware of this section of DNA. By physically impeding the transcription enzyme RNA polymerase, the repressor prevents the operon from being transcribed when it attaches to the operator's DNA.
Therefore, There is no transcription when an operator is bound. If the operator is available, transcription can start right away.
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analogous structures perform similar functions but do not arise from common ancestry. what explains the existence of analogous structures?
Analogous structures are anatomical structures that have similar functions, but arose independently. Due to environmental stresses and natural selection, organisms of different species evolved and adapted independently, resulting in the existence of body parts with similar functions.
Similar structures that independently developed in two different living species to provide the same function are called analogous structures. The name analogous structures derives from the English linguistic technique "analogy," which is used to compare two unrelated objects. When two species must independently devise the same solutions to the same evolutionary issue, such as concealing, flying, swimming, or conserving water, this is known as convergent evolution. Examples of this technique are structures that are comparable. As a result, different developments of identical body structures occurred. When two buildings resemble one another, it means that they are not the same and did not have a common ancestor. However, they are similar to one another in both form and function.
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Water has several properties that allow life on Earth to exist. Which description identifies a characteristic of water that makes water useful for living organisms?
A. water is polar, which allows it to dissolve many substances
B. water is made of one hydrogen and 2 oxygen atoms making it nonpolar
C. water is able to bond with O2 allowing water to easily exchange with the atmosphere
D. Water contains strong bonds, making it difficult to break apart into hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
A hydrogen bond is formed between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and the hydrogen atom of another water molecule. Hence, option B is correct.
What is a hydrogen bond?A hydrogen bond has an electrostatic attraction between an atom and the positive charge of a hydrogen atom covalently bound to something else.
Opposite charges attract one another. The slight positive charges on the hydrogen atoms in a water molecule attract the slight negative charges on the oxygen atoms of other water molecules. This tiny force of attraction is called a hydrogen bond.
Therefore, option B is correct.
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Reflexes that activate muscles on the same side of the body as the stimulus are called:
Reflexes that activate muscles on the same side of the body as the stimulus are called contralateral.
This shows that the reflex happens on the body side that is opposite the stimuli. This reaction is brought on by afferent nerve fibre divisions that travel from the side of the body that was stimulated to the side of the spinal cord that was opposite. Interneurons they link with there either activate or inhibit alpha motor neurons, which control the muscles of the opposing leg. The opposite pattern, sometimes referred to as the crossed extensor reflex, is seen in the opposing extremity and involves the contraction of all the major extensor muscles.The alternating, out-of-phase reflex movements of the two extremities resemble those that occur when moving. The salivary secretion was at its peak when the patient chewed on the same side of the mouth (ipsilateral) as the salivary flow was being measured. Less saliva flow occurred contralaterally when the responders chewed on the opposite side of the mouth.To know more about reflex check the below link:
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what environmental parameters would need to be monitored as ddt moves up the food web of an ecosystem?
The environmental factors that need to be monitored when DDT goes up an ecosystem's food chain include air and water quality, soil fertility, and concentrations of other harmful contaminants.
How does DDT progress across the food web?When an animal eats food that contains DDT residue, the DDT builds up in the animal's tissue through a process known as bioaccumulation.The biomagnification mechanism causes the concentration of DDT in an animal's body to increase the higher up the food chain the animal is (for example, tertiary consumers like seals).By bioaccumulating in organisms and lowering population sizes that can support higher trophic levels, DDT has an impact on the food chain.Fish eating insects poisoned with DDT is a crude illustration of the food chain.DDT tends to accumulate in animals because of its chemical makeup.To learn more about DDT progress, refer to:
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when the membrane moves, the on the spiral organ hair cells distort because they are anchored by the tectorial membrane.
When basilar membrane moves, stereocilia on the spiral organ hair cells distort because they are anchored by tectorial membrane.
What are the spiral organ?
The spiral organ is also called organ of Corti which is defined as receptor organ for hearing, located in the cochlea of ear.
The spiral organ is made up of hair cells which are sensory epithelial cells that act as sensory receptor of inner ear.
During the transport of sound from the ear drum, the movement of basilar membrane lead to change in the spiral hair cells because they are anchored by the tectorial membrane.
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If DNA is damaged or incompletely replicated in S phase, what molecule’s inhibition prevents the cell from entering M phase? A. Cdc6
B. Cdc25
C. S-Cdk
D. ORC
The Cdc25 molecule's inhibition prevents the cell from entering M phase if DNA is damaged or incompletely duplicated during S phase. The answer is (b).
In mammalian cells, CDC25C is predominately a nuclear protein. It is crucial in the control of cell division. It causes the entry into mitosis by dephosphorylating the Thr14 and Tyr15 residue of cyclinB-bound CDC2. Additionally, it is thought to prevent p53-induced growth arrest. Recent research has shown the dual phosphatase CDC25 as a potential target for a variety of triple-negative breast cancers, including those with RB1/PTEN/P53-deficient tumors.
Additionally, PI3K inhibitors and CDC25 inhibitors work well together to limit the growth of tumors. One of the most important cell cycle regulators is cell division cycle 25 A (Cdc25A), a dual-specificity protein phosphatase that dephosphorylates inhibitory cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) like CDK2, CDK4, and CDK6 and positively controls the activities of CDKs that promote cell cycle advancement.
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why do you think that symbols (originating with petroglyphs) remain a viable part of our visual vocabulary?
Petroglyphs can have hidden meanings that were only known to the people who created them. Each image's context plays a crucial role in determining its meaning.
The Petroglyphs were made for a variety of causes, the majority of which modern culture does not fully comprehend. Unlike "rock art," image writing, or imitations of the natural world, petroglyphs are more than just these things. They should not be confused with ancient Indian graffiti or with symbols used to represent words in hieroglyphics. The intricate civilizations and religious practices of the neighboring tribes are reflected in the potent cultural emblems known as petroglyphs. The monument's sacred setting, where ongoing traditional rites are held, is centered on petroglyphs. Each image's context plays a crucial role in determining its meaning. Take note of how each petroglyph is situated in relation to the horizon, the images around it, and the surrounding area. Native Americans of today have claimed that the location of each petroglyph image was neither arbitrary nor careless. Petroglyphs can have hidden meanings that were only known to the people who created them. Others serve as markers for tribes, clans, kivas, or societies. Others display who came to the area and where they went. Some are religious organizations. While some petroglyphs still have meanings relevant to today, others have meanings that are unknown but nevertheless regarded as being from "those who came before." Please think about the significance of these petroglyphs to both historical and contemporary civilizations as you view them.
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what is the limiting factor responsible for the low productivity of the open ocean in the saltwater biome?
Open oceans have relatively low primary productivity because of low levels of the essential nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus.
How much primary production relies upon various ecological factors. These factors incorporate the accessibility of fundamental inorganic supplements, especially nitrogen and phosphorus; water temperature; and the turbidity of the water. Open oceans have moderately low primary productivity on account of low levels of the fundamental supplements nitrogen and phosphorus.
As a result of the thickness distinction between surface water and the remote ocean across a large portion of the ocean, ocean dissemination can gradually once again introduce broke down supplements to the euphotic zone. By driving supplements out of the sunlit, light surface waters, ocean productivity really limits itself.
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what structure allows the lymphatic system to absorb dietary fats from the small intestine?
Lacteals allow the lymphatic system to absorb dietary fats from the small intestine.
The initial lymphatics in the villi of the small intestine referred to as lacteals, acquire fluids, electrolytes, and proteins from their surrounding interstitial area.
Lacteals are the lymphatic capillaries that take in fat and fat-soluble nutrients in the villi of the small gut. Thanks to its large diameter than blood capillaries, fat molecules are absorbed by lacteals from the gut.
Villi that line the walls of the small gut soak up nutrients into the capillaries of the circulatory system and lacteals of the lymphatic device. Villi comprise capillary beds, in addition to lymphatic vessels known as lacteals.
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All of the following proteins may be found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells EXCEPT _____.
actin
collagen
fibronectin
All of the listed proteins are found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells.
'All of the following proteins may be found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells EXCEPT actin proteins since all other proteins are found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells (Option A).
What is the actin protein?The actin protein is a fundamental protein in diverse cells but especially in the muscle cells because they are linked to myosin to produce contraction in these types of cells in response to environmental stimuli associated also with the nerve system.
Moreover, the actin protein is also involved in the formation of the cytoskeleton which is a rigid structure that provides support to all cells in animals.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the actin protein is a key component of the cytoskeleton and also muscle cells but this protein is not found in the extracellular matrix that surrounds the cell in animals.
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The enzyme that is responsible for catalyzing the process of transcription is called
The enzyme that is responsible for catalyzing the process of transcription is called RNA polymerase
What is the role of RNA polymerase?
The key enzyme for gene expression, RNA polymerase (RNAP), converts DNA to RNA. With the exception of mitochondrial RNA transcription, which is done by a single-subunit RNAP, all cellular species generate RNA using highly conserved multi-subunit DNA-dependent RNAPs. One of RNAP's primary responsibilities is to regulate the quantity and type of RNA transcripts produced in response to the needs of the cell. RNAP is involved in the creation of molecules with such a broad range of tasks. The enzyme, particularly the carboxy-terminal end of one subunit, interacts with a variety of other proteins, transcription factors, and signalling molecules to control its activity.
According to the question:
When DNA is translated, RNA is created. When necessary, RNA polymerase copies a gene from DNA to mRNA during transcription. The DNA location that RNA polymerase binds to during transcription is known as the promoter. One or more sigma factor proteins attach to the RNA polymerase holoenzyme to enable it to bind to promoter DNA at the start of transcription. The two strands of the DNA helix are split apart by RNA polymerase, which also produces a transcription bubble. By severing the hydrogen bonds between the complementary DNA nucleotides, this is accomplished.
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In a genome-wide expression study using a dna microarray assay, what is each spot used to detect?
In a genome-wide expression study using a dna microarray assay, each spot used to detect expression of a specific gene by a cell. The correct option to this question is D.
A known DNA sequence or gene is contained in each of the thousands of small dots that are printed on microscope slides in certain locations. These slides are called DNA microarrays.
A specific mRNA sample can have the expression levels of hundreds of genes measured simultaneously by DNA microarrays.
A microarray has many identical DNA strands at each area. Each spot's DNA sequence is distinct. One gene is represented by each spot. On a solid surface, thousands of specks are arranged in neat rows and columns (usually glass).
A microarray is a laboratory technique used to simultaneously measure the expression of thousands of genes.
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Complete question: In a genome-wide expression study using a DNA microarray assay, each well is used to detect the
A) fate of proteins produced by a cell.
B) location of a protein produced by a cell.
C) location of a gene within a cell.
D) expression of a specific gene by a cell.
E) type of chemical modification of proteins produced by a cell.
an ecologist who studies groups of populations that occur together in one area is a(n) , ecologist.
A community ecology ecologist is a scientist who focuses on communities that coexist in a single location.
Community ecology examines the structure and operation of communities, which are made up of interacting populations that share an area.A community, also known as a biocoenosis, is a collection or affiliation of populations of two or more distinct species that are present in the same geographic region at the same time. There are several applications for the word community. Examples Community ecology takes into account a wide variety of environmental interactions that evolve through time. A forest community is made up of all of the trees, the plant community, the birds, squirrels, deer, foxes, fungus, fish in a forest stream, insects, and any other local or seasonal species.
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The follicular phase of the ovaries corresponds to the ________ phase of the endometrium.
The follicular phase of the ovaries corresponds to the menstrual and proliferative phase of the endometrium.
The organs within the lady's reproductive device consist of the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix, and vagina. The uterus has a muscular outer layer known as the myometrium and an internal lining called the endometrium.
The physiological features of the uterine endometrium (uterine lining) are guidance for implantation, renovation of being pregnant if implantation happens, and menstruation in the absence of pregnancy. The endometrium, therefore, performs a pivotal role in the replica and continuation of our species.
Endometrial hyperplasia most often is caused by extra estrogen without progesterone. If ovulation does not occur, progesterone is not made, and the liner isn't shed.
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which mass extinction event occurred just before the rapid increase in speciation among mammalian species?
An extinction event is a significant and rapid loss of the biodiversity of the planet. It happens when a large number of species perish suddenly, as the dinosaurs.
Why is it referred to as a mammal?Mammals are distinguished from other vertebrate animals by a number of distinguishing traits. All species of mammals produce and secrete milk from their mammary glands to feed their young. Even though the amount of hair differs amongst various mammalian species, they also have hair on their bodies.
The human being: a mammal?Mammals are all warm-blooded, hair-covered vertebrates, including people. They provide milk for their young and have a brain that is more developed than those of other mammal species.
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at which stage of the general adaptation syndrome does the body attempts to repair any damage and return to a condition of stability and equilibrium?
The body attempts to repair any damage and return to a condition of stability and equilibrium during the third and final stage of the general adaptation syndrome, known as the “Exhaustion” stage.
Returning to Stability and Equilibrium: Understanding the Exhaustion Stage of the General Adaptation SyndromeThe General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is a three-stage physiological response to any type of stressor. The first stage is known as the alarm stage, in which the body responds to the stressor with a “fight or flight” response. The second stage is known as the resistance stage, in which the body attempts to adapt to the stressor by mobilizing its resources to counteract the stressor. The third and final stage is known as the exhaustion stage, in which the body attempts to repair any damage and return to a condition of stability and equilibrium.
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amount of prognathism canine shearing complex is it present? absent? what is the shape/size of the canine? is there a diastema? height of skull. how much skull is above the supraorbital ridge? saggital crest? shape of the facial profile. (scoop out, flat, etc) what is the shape of the chin area? does it recede? is it vertical? does it protrude? size of the braincase? smaller or larger? relative to the face. much or little postorbital constriction? what is the position of the foramen magnum? center, more toward posterior of the skull?
Skeletal alterations for bipedal movement. Similar to incisors are canines.
Canines obstruct apically, hence they can only be worn apically. not a diastema. Bicuspid lower anterior premolars.
Who of the primates has the biggest canine?Originally from west-central Africa, the mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) is a sizable Old World monkey. With skin that is red and blue on its face and back, it is one of the most colorful creatures in the entire animal kingdom. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism, with the males having a larger physique, longer canines, and more vibrant coloring.
Why do human dogs have small canines?Because they had smaller canines, early humans may not have engaged in as much physical combat to compete for females as other apes. However, this is only one explanation for why we have short canines.
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Julio just bought a $267,900 house. he had a 20 year mortgage with a fixed rate of 5.875%. julio’s monthly payments are $1,558.09. what percent of the purchase price was julio’s down payment?
a. 13%
b. 15%
c. 18%
d. 20%
please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
c. 18% of the purchase price was julio’s down payment.
Down payment on a home:
A person who is unable to pay the full price of a house right away may choose to take out a mortgage and pay it off over time. A down payment, typically in the form of a percentage of the house's price, may be required of the borrower upfront.
The house cost $267,900.
Mortgage period (n) = 20-years adjusted for monthly payment = 20*12=240 months
r = 5.875% adjusted for monthly compounding = 0.05875/12
Monthly payment = $1,558.09
calculate the home loan esteem which is equivalent to the current worth of Julio's regularly scheduled installments.
Loan = payment × 1 - ( 1 + r ) ⁻ⁿ / r
= 1558.09 × 1 - ( 1 + 0.05875/12 ) / 0.05875/12
= 1558.09 × 140.996299269
= $219,684.92
Down payment = house price - Mortage
down payment = $48,215.08
Down payment percentage = down payment/house price
= 48,215.08 / 267,900 × 100
= 17,9974%
≈ 18%
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what is the name formoleculesthat provoke a specific immune response? a) antigens b) lymphocytes c)antibodies d) lysozymes
Question
what is the name formoleculesthat provoke a specific immune response? a) antigens b) lymphocytes c)antibodies d) lysozymes
Answer: antigens are the answer
Explanation:
Arrange the structures to show how they are organized in the human body. Place the smallest unit on top, and units of increasing size beneath it.
The structure of the body from smallest to largest, namely Molecules-Organelles-Cells-Tissues-Organs-Organ Systems.
The cell is the smallest unit of living things. There are two types of cells namely animal cells and plant cells which have different structures. Plant cells have cellulose so they have a rigid shape, while animal cells have flexible cell membranes. Inside the cell there are organelles that are composed of molecules.
Groups of cells will form a tissue. Collections of cells that make up a tissue work together to perform a specific task. Groups of tissues will form organs. So organs can also be interpreted as a group of tissues of living organisms that can perform certain functions. Groups of certain organs that come together to form an organ system. For example, in the respiratory system, there are a group of organs that work together to carry out certain functions. Organ systems work together and make up the body. So the order of the constituent bodies of living things can be arranged from smallest to largest, namely molecules-organelles-cells-tissues-organs-organ systems.
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the epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells. the signaling pathway is activated by the binding of epinephrine to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. a simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway is represented in figure 1.
It involves, enzymes activating other enzymes.
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts with the aid of accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may also act are known as substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into distinct molecules known as products.
Enzymes are crucial for digestion, liver function, and much more. An excessive amount of or too little of a sure enzyme can reason fitness issues. Enzymes in our blood can also assist healthcare carriers to check for injuries and sicknesses.
Characteristics of enzymes:
* Enzymes are complicated macromolecules with high molecular weight.
* They catalyze biochemical reactions in a cell.
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the entire complement of information contained within the dna sequences of an organism is known as the
Rh positive blood is dominant to Rh negative blood. A child with AB negative blood and a child with O negative blood are produced from parents that are A positive and B positive respectively. Show the genotypes of the parents involved in this cross and the resulting Punnett square
The genotype is a set of genes in DNA responsible for unique characteristics, while the phenotype is the physical appearance or characteristic of an organism.
A Punnet square identifies genotype. It helps in determining the chances of the genotype that the offspring will possess, based on the genotype of parents.
How to find genotype of an offspring based on the genotype of parents?
As discussed above, a Punnet Square helps to identify genotype. Its like a graphical representation of genotype.
The various possible combinations of gametes are made in a tabular format. Here, each box in the table represents one possible fertilization event.
The inherent assumption is that each trait is determined by a single gene locus and that various traits assort independently from one another (Mendel's law of genetics).
Now, in the question above
The genotypes of the parents involved in this cross are A positive (IAIA) and B positive (IBi).
The resulting punnet square would look like this:
A Positive (IAIA) B Positive (IBi)
A Positive (IAIA) AA, AO
B Positive (IBi) AO, BB
Thus, main answer is : The resulting possible genotypes of the children produced from this cross would be AB negative (IAi) and O negative (ii).
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Check all that are true statements regarding the anatomy and structure of the sympathetic division. a. The neuron cell bodies are located in the lateral homs of their spinal cord segments. b. The preganglion sympathetic axons remain in the spinal cord for a large distance before leaving. c. The sympathetic trunk ganglia house sympathetic gangionic neuron cell bodies d. The solanchnic nerves are composed of preganglione sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion
The true statements regarding the anatomy and structure of the sympathetic division are:
The neuron cell bodies are located in the lateral horns of their spinal cord segments.The sympathetic trunk ganglia house sympathetic ganglionic neuron cell bodies.The splanchnic nerves are composed of preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion.The nervous system is a highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and sensory information by sending signals to and from various parts of its body. The nervous system detects environmental changes that affect the body and then collaborates with the endocrine system to respond.
Around 550 to 600 million years ago, wormlike organisms developed nervous tissue. It is divided into two parts in vertebrates: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is made up of the brain and the spinal cord.
The presence of a special type of cell known as a neuron defines the nervous system at the cellular level. Neurons have unique structures that allow them to send signals to other cells quickly and precisely. They transmit these signals as electrochemical impulses traveling along thin fibers called axons, which can be directly transmitted to neighboring cells via electrical synapses or cause chemicals called neurotransmitters to be released via chemical synapses.
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