When we cook a marshmallow on a metal poker tool over an open flame, there are three ways in which heat energy is transferred: Conduction, convection, and radiation.
Heat energy transferHeat transfer is the natural transfer of heat from an object with a higher temperature to an object with a lower temperature. Heat transfer can occur in three ways, namely conduction, convection, and radiation.
Conduction occurs when heat flows from a place with a high temperature to a place with a lower temperature using a fixed heat-conducting medium. Heat transfer from the open flame to the marshmallows via direct fire contact with the marshmallows is an example of conduction.Convection is the transfer of heat by means of a stream in which the intermediate substance also moves. If the particles move and cause heat to propagate, convection will occur. The hot air rising from the flames burning the marshmallows is an example of convection.Radiation is heat transfer without a medium. Radiation can also usually be accompanied by light. The direct transfer of heat from the flame to the marshmallow in the form of waves is an example of radiation.Learn more about heat transfer here: https://brainly.com/question/16055406
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What is the wavelength of a wave with period 2 s and speed 2 cm s?
The speed of the travelling wave is found to be 0.0628m.
The time period is given to be 2 seconds.
The time period and the frequency are related as,
T = 2πv
Putting values,
2 = 2πv
v = 1/π Hz.
The relationship between the frequency of the wave, the wavelength of the wave and the speed of the wave is given by
V = fy
Where,
V is the speed of the travelling wave,
F is the frequency of the travelling wave,
y is the wavelength of the travelling wave.
The speed of the travelling wave is given to be 2 cm/s (0.02m/s) and the frequency of the travelling wave is 1/π.
Now, putting all the values,
0.02 = 1/πy
y = 0.0628m
So, the wavelength of the travelling wave is 0.0628m.
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which method of measuring distances would you use if you wanted to measure the distance to stars in a nearby galaxy?
Parsec is used to measure the distances of stars in a galaxy.
A galaxy is a gadget of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar fuel, dirt, and darkish count number, certain together by means of gravity. The phrase is derived from the Greek galaxies, actually 'milky', a connection with the Milky manner galaxy that contains the solar gadget.
In 2021, information from NASA's New Horizons area probe turned into used to revise the sooner estimate to kind of two hundred billion galaxies.
The smallest of galaxies incorporate a “mere” few hundred million stars while the biggest galaxies contain up to a hundred trillion stars! Scientists have been able to segment galaxies into 4 principal types: spiral, elliptical, abnormal, and abnormal.
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two spheres, one hollow and one solid, are rotating with the same angular speed around an axis through their centers. both spheres have the same mass and radius. which sphere, if either, has the higher rotational kinetic energy? (a) the hollow sphere. (b) the solid sphere. (c) they have the same kinetic energy
The higher rotational kinetic energy they have the same kinetic energy.
What is rotational kinetic energy?
Rotational kinetic energy is the energy possessed by an object due to its rotational motion about an axis. It is equal to the work done by a torque on an object to rotate it from an initial angular position to its final angular position. The magnitude of the rotational kinetic energy is determined by the moment of inertia of the object, which is the sum of the products of the mass of each particle in the body with the square of its distance from the axis of rotation, and the angular velocity of the object. Rotational kinetic energy is also referred to as rotational energy, angular kinetic energy, and angular energy.
This is because the rotational kinetic energy of an object is determined by its mass and its angular speed, not its shape. Since the two spheres have the same mass and angular speed, they will both have the same rotational kinetic energy.
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a small insect smashes into the windshield of your car while you are zooming down the interstate. which experiences a larger acceleration; the bug or the car?
The mass of the body has a direct relationship to the force. The force exerted by small insects will be less because they weigh so little. As a result, the car exerts more force.
Describe force.A body is changed from its state of rest or motion by the application of force, which is an external agent. Magnetic, frictional, nuclear, gravitational, and other types of forces are among them.
Force in physics is calculated as the sum of mass and acceleration.
F = ma is the formula for force. The force generated by a heavy body is therefore greater than the force generated by a light body.
In contrast to the insect, which is much smaller and lighter than a car, the car is much larger and weighs much more. In light of this, the massive car exerts a greater force than the tiny insect.
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A student pushes a 12-kg block on a frictionless, horizontal surface. If the block is initially at rest, what is the speed of the block after the student pushes the block for 5 seconds with an acceleration of 2. 0 m/s/s?.
The speed of the block after the student pushes it is 10m/s.
Mass of the block = 12 Kg
Initial speed = u = 0 m/s
Time = t = 5 s
Acceleration = a = 2 m/s²
Final speed = v =
To determine the final velocity; we use the First Equation of Motion:
= v = u + at
= final speed = initial speed + acceleration X time
= v = 0 + 2 X 5
= v = 10 m/s
Therefore, the speed of the block after the student pushes it for the time period of 5 s with an acceleration of 2 m/s² is 10m/s.
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A ball of radius has a round hole of radius drilled through its center. Find the volume of the resulting solid.
The volume of the resting solid = 11,226 [tex]units^{3}[/tex]
Firstly, if we talk about the spherical volume,
The formula for the spherical volume will be ⇒ ν = [tex]\frac{4\pi r^{3} }{3}[/tex]
⇒ 'r' represents the radius of the sphere,
According to the question, a ball of radius 14 is given and another hole of radius 4 is drilled into it,
Volume (ν1) of the ball of radius r = 14,
⇒ ν1 = [tex]\frac{4\pi 14^{3} }{3}[/tex] ⇒ [tex]\frac{34,482}{3}[/tex]
= 11,494
Volume (ν2) of the hole drilled into the ball with radius r = 4,
⇒ ν2 = [tex]\frac{4\pi 4^{3} }{3}[/tex] ⇒ [tex]\frac{804}{3}[/tex]
= 268
Hence, the volume of the resting solid will be the difference between the ball (ν1) and the hole (ν2) drilled inside it,
= ν1 - ν2
= 11,494 - 268
= 11,226 [tex]units^{3}[/tex]
Therefore, the volume of the resting solid is = 11,226 [tex]units^{3}[/tex]
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A ball of radius 14 has a round hole of radius 4 drilled through its center.
Find the volume of the resulting solid.
a 750 g aluminum pan is removed from the stove and plunged into a sink filled with 10 kg of water at 200c. the temperature quickly rises to 240c. what was the initial temperature of the pan
A 750 g aluminum pan is removed from the stove and plunged into a sink filled with 10 kg of water at 200c. The temperature quickly rises to 240c. 100 c the initial temperature of the pan.
The physical concept of temperature indicates in numerical form how hot or cold something is. Temperature is measured with a thermometer. Different temperature scales, which traditionally established various reference points and thermometric materials, are used to calibrate thermometers. The most widely used scales are the Kelvin scale (K), which is mostly used in science, the Fahrenheit scale (°F), and the Celsius scale, also referred to as centigrade and denoted by the unit symbol °C. The kelvin is one of the seven base units in the International System of Units (SI). On the thermodynamic temperature scale, absolute zero, also known as 0 kelvin, or 273.15 °C, is the lowest temperature. The third law of thermodynamics recognizes that it can only be very nearly attained experimentally and that it cannot actually be reached. It would be challenging for a body to produce heat at such temperature. Temperature is a crucial factor in all branches of natural science, including physics, chemistry, Earth science, astronomy, biology, ecology, material science, metallurgy, mechanical engineering, geography, and the majority of aspects of daily living. These fields cover the majority of the scientific disciplines, including biology, medicine, and ecology.
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When you view a distant rainbow, each single water drop contributes to the bow
A. a single color
B. either low, middle, or high-frequency colors in most cases
C. all the colors of the rainbow
When I view a distant rainbow, each single water drop contributes to the bow d)All of the above cases. So, correct option is d.
A rainbow is a meteorological peculiarity that is brought about by reflection, refraction and scattering of light in water beads bringing about a range of light showing up overhead. It appears as a kaleidoscopic round bend. Rainbows brought about by daylight generally show up in the part of sky straightforwardly inverse the Sun.
Rainbows can be round trips. In any case, the spectator ordinarily sees just a curve shaped by enlightened drops over the ground,[1] and fixated on a line from the Sun to the spectator's eye.
Inside the essential rainbow, the curve actually shows red on the external part and violet on the inward side. This rainbow is brought about by light being refracted while entering a bead of water, then pondered inside the rear of the drop and refracted again while leaving it.
Hence, correct option is d.
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(Complete question) is:
When you view a distant rainbow, each single water drop contributes to the bow
A. a single color
B. either low, middle, or high-frequency colors in most cases
C. all the colors of the rainbow
D.all of the above cases
A mass of sunken lead is resting against the bottom in a glass of water. You take this lead, put it in a small boat of negligible mass, and float the boat in the water. Which of the following statements are true? (There may be more than one correct choice.)
A. The sunken lead displaces a volume of water equal to the lead's own volume.
B. The floating lead displaces a volume of water equal to the lead's own volume.
C. The sunken lead displaces a volume of water whose weight equals the lead's weight.
D. The floating lead displaces a volume of water whose weight equals the lead's weight.
C. The sunken lead displaces a volume of water whose weight equals the lead's weight.
How are masses determined?
Scales and balances Digital science balances & beam balances, like a triple beam balance, are examples of several sorts of balances.The metric system uses either grams and kilograms as standard unit of measure of mass.To determine mass at home, you normally use a contemporary digital or spring scale.
What in science is a mass?A amount much matter inside a particle or object is represented by the dimensionless quantity mass (symbolized m).The kilogram is the International System's (SI) preferred unit of mass (kg).
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Entropy never decreases in a spontaneous process. Give an example to support this statement. n/a Now choose from one of the following options Why? a) The transfer of energy by heat from colder bodies to hotter bodies is a spontaneous process in which the entropy of the system of bodies increases. b The melting of an ice cube placed in a room causes an increase in the entropy of the room. c The dissolution of salt in water is a spontaneous process in which the entropy of the system increases. d) A plant uses energy from the Sun and converts it into sugar molecules by the process of photosynthesis.
The entropy never decreases in a spontaneous process. The correct example of this statement is (b) The melting of an ice cube placed in a room causes an increase in the entropy of the room.
The second law of thermodynamics can be stated in terms of entropy, in this statement of the law; ''a spontaneous process increases the entropy of the universe''. This is represented by the following equation:
ΔG = ΔH + TΔS
Where,
ΔG = Change in Gibb's Free Energy
ΔH = Change in heat
T = Temperature
ΔS = Entropy
If the value of ΔG = negative, then it is a spontaneous process. This is called exothermic process. In exothermic process, the entropy will only increase and in endothermic process, the temperature is high, so again the entropy will only increase.
Hence, entropy never decreases in spontaneous process.
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consider the relationship between the energy of electromagnetic radiation and its wavelength. what will happen if the energy increases? the wavelength will remain the same. the wavelength will increase. the wavelength will decrease. what will happen if the wavelength increases? the energy will increase. the energy will remain the same. the energy will decrease.
Electromagnetic radiation is a sort of energy emission. This has two components, electrical and magnetic components, as is clear from the name. The radiation is hence known as electromagnetic radiation. In Fig. 1.1, it is depicted. From a very low frequency of 3 Hz to a very high frequency of 300 EHz (1 EHz = 1018 Hz), this radiation has a wide frequency range. Table 1.1 lists the metric prefixes along with their symbols.
The magnetic and electric vectors are perpendicular to one another and to the path of propagation. In Fig. 1, this is depicted. 1. Depending on the frequency, this electromagnetic spectrum is separated into different section
Wavelength and Frequency Relationship
Wavelength
According , a wavelength is the separation between two crests or troughs. It is described in the "electronic spectrum" in terms of nm. 1 nm = 10−9 m. Radiation's energy and wavelength are inversely related. In other words, energy increases when the wavelength lowers and decreases when the wavelength grows.
In the IR spectrum, wavenumber, which has the SI value of cm1, is used in place of or v.
The relationship between frequency and wavelength
where is the wavenumber, is the wavelength, c is the speed of light, and is the frequency of the radiation.
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How is spring potential energy calculated?
The formula of string potential energy is equal to the product of force and distance of displacement.
Also, force is nothing but the product of spring constant and displacement.
The potential energy of the spring is calculated using the formula,
PE = 1/2* k* x²
where, k is spring constant
x is displacement
The potential energy of the spring is the potential energy stored as a result of the deformation of a particular elastic object, or a spring. It describes the work done to stretch a spring and depends on the spring constant k and the distance stretched.
The spring constant is the characteristic property of the spring. It depends upon the construction material and is measured in units of Nm⁻¹.
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how does the applied force to get something moving compare to the applied force to keep it moving at a constant velocity?
The applied force MUST ALWAYS be higher than the frictional force in order for the object to begin moving or accelerate. The initial acceleration increases as the disparity grows. (Keep in mind that the square of a motion's resistance is its speed. Because of this, the top speed restriction for cars is set.
Some of the responses are incorrect because they don't comprehend what the term "force" means in the formula "Force = Mass x Acceleration." The force necessary to balance the resistance while at rest or while moving is NOT this force. To move the object, further force is required. Call the frictional force, which opposes this initial extra force, P, and changes with motion, F.
P will keep accelerating the object until the increase in friction stops it from moving at all. That does not imply that the object is not being subjected to additional force. The value of F has grown, but it is still present, and the object is moving with a steady speed.
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A 8.0-m long wire with a mass of 10 g is under tension. a transverse wave for which the frequency is 570 hz, the wavelength is 0.10 m, and the amplitude is 3.7 mm is propagating on the wire. the maximum transverse acceleration of a point on a wire is closest to?
The maximum transverse acceleration of a point on a wire is closest to is 474100 m/s².
The wave function expression is given as :
y = A cos ( ωt + Ф)
A is the amplitude
ω is the angular frequency
Ф is the phase angle
the seconds derivative of wave function is the transverse acceleration :
a = d²y / dt²
a = - ω² A cos ( ωt + Ф)
the maximum transverse acceleration is given as :
a_max = ω² A
= ( 2πf)² A
= 4 π² f² A
= 4 × ( 3.14)² (570 )² × 3.7
= 474100 m/s²
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An object rolls without slipping onto a surface where the coefficient of friction between object and surface is twice as great as that needed to prevent slipping.
Describe the subsequent motion:-
A) The object begins to slip, and the actual force of static friction doesn't change.
B) The object continues to roll without slipping, and the actual force of static friction doesn't change.
C) The object continues to roll without slipping, and the actual force of static friction increases.
D) The object begins to slip, and the actual force of static friction increases.
The correct option B) The object continues to roll without slipping, and the actual force of static friction doesn't change.
When an object experiences static friction, its frictional force resists any applied force, causing the object to stay at rest until the static frictional force is removed. The frictional force opposes an object's motion in kinetic friction.
In contrast, static friction occurs when two surfaces are at rest with regard to one another. Static friction ranges in value from zero to the minimum force required to initiate motion. The force necessary to initiate motion or to remove static friction is always greater than that needed to keep the motion going or to remove kinetic friction.
When an object and surface have twice as much friction as is required to prevent slippage, the object rolls onto the surface without slipping.
Thus, the ensuing motion is that the object keeps rolling without slipping, and the static friction's actual force remains constant.
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Select the correct answer. Besides the force due to gravity or g, what else determines the period of a pendulum? a. Tension of the cord b. Mass of the pendulum bob c. Length of the cord d. Amplitude of the swing e. Only gravity is important when calculating the period of a pendulum.
Due to gravity the period of a pendulum is Length of the cord. option C is the correct answer
The amount of time it takes the bob to complete one oscillation is known as the simple pendulum's time period.
The time period(T) of a simple pendulum is,
T = 2π√l/g
Time period :
Time depends on both the pendulum's effective length and the acceleration caused by gravity. The rope length and radius f bob are added to determine the effective length. The distance between the pendulum's point of suspension and the bob's center of gravity is its effective length. The length of the pendulum and, to a lesser extent, the amplitude have an impact on the basic pendulum's time period. That is the pendulum's swing's width. A pendulum's time span often refers to one whole cycle, or one full left swing and right swing.
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g a spacecraft orbits an unknown planet at a distance of 5:2 ?107 from its center. the period of its orbit is 52 hours. what is the mass of the planet?
The planet's mass is 2.19 * 10 24 kg when a spacecraft orbits it at a distance of 5.82107 from its Centre. Its orbital period is 52 hours. Kepler's principles of planetary motion roughly predict that planets
Ordinarily, the term "orbit" refers to a trajectory that repeats itself periodically, though it can also apply to a non-repeating trajectory. Kepler's principles of planetary motion roughly predict that planets and satellites have elliptic orbits, with the Centre of mass orbiting at a focal point of the ellipse [2]. The measurement of distance between two objects or points can be quantitative or occasionally qualitative.
time = 2pi x R/v v=1677 m/s F=mv2/R= GMm/R2 M= mass of planet = 2.19 * 10 24 kg.
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four charges q1, q2, q3 and q4, are placed at the corners of a square. charges q1 and q4 are located on opposite corners and have equal charges. both q2 and q3 have a charge of 1.0 c. if the force on q2 is zero, what is the charge on q1?
The charge on q1 if four charges q1, q2, q3 and q4, are placed at the corners of a square, and charges q1 and q4 are located on opposite corners and have equal charges is - 0.35 C.
Let the side of the square be a. Let the charges of q1 and q4 be q.
q2 = q3 = 1 C
The force on q2 due to q1 is,
F21 = ( k q2 q1 ) / a²
F21 = k q / a²
The force on q2 due to q4 is,
F24 = ( k q2 q4 ) / a²
F24 = k q / a²
Resultant of F21 and F24 is,
FR = √ ( F21² + F24²
FR = √ ( k q / a² )² + ( k q / a² )²
FR = √2 ( k q / a² )
The force on q2 due to q3 is,
F23 = ( k q2 q3 ) / ( √2 a )²
F23 = k / 2 a²
Since net force on q2 = 0
FR + F23 = 0
√2 k q / a² = - k / 2 a²
q = - 1 / 2 √ 2
q = - 0.35 C
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The deepest point in any ocean is in the mariana trench, which is about 11 km deep, in the pacific. The pressure at this depth is huge, about 1. 13 108 n/m2. (take the bulk modulus of seawater to be 2. 34 109 n/m2).
The change in volume when it is taken to depth is -0.053m³.
Given in the question,
Pressure at depth of 11 km = 1.13 × 10⁸ N/m²
The volume of seawater V = 1 m³
Pressure at the surface of seawater = 1.01 × 10⁵ N/m²
ΔP = 1.13×10⁸ - 1.01 × 10⁵ N/m²
Bulk modulus, B = -V dP/dV = -V(ΔP/ΔV)
B = -V (1.13 × 10⁸ - 1.01 × 10⁵)/ΔV N/m²
2.1 × 10⁹ N/m² = -1 (1.13 × 18⁸ - 1.01 × 10⁵) N/m² / ΔV
ΔV = (-1) (1.13 × 10⁸ - 1.01 × 10⁵)/2.1×10⁹ = -0.053m³
Therefore, the change in volume when it is taken to depth is -0.053m³.
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Complete question:
The deepest point in the ocean is in the Mariana Trench, about 11 km deep, about 1.13 × 10³ N/m². Calculate the change in volume of 1.00m² of seawater carried from the surface to this deepest point.
2) a rope of mass m and length ` hangs from the ceiling. (i) what is the wave speed on the rope a distance y above the lower end? (ii) how long does it take for a wave to travel up the rope?
When a rope with mass m and length 'hangs from the ceiling, the wave speed on the rope is V = (gy)1/2 and 2(L/g)1/2, which is the speed of the wave to go up the rope.
Wave speed is a property of waves that can refer to the absolute value of the phase velocity, the speed at which a wave phase propagates at a particular frequency group velocity, the propagation velocity for the envelope of wave groups, and frequently the velocity of wave energy, which is different from the phase velocity for dispersive waves. When the string is yy distance from the bottom, the tension there is mg, where m is the mass of the component below y. Mass per unit length is what is meant by linear density.
V =(gy)^1/2
2(L/g)^1/2 is the speed of the a wave to travel up the rope.
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A spherical balloon filled with gas has a leak that causes the gas to escape at a rate of 1. 5 m3/min. At what rate is the surface area of the balloon shrinking when the radius is 4 m? present your answer rounded to two decimal places.
Rate of change of surface area of the balloon shrinking is (3/4)m²/min when the radius is 4 m.
We are given that volume of spherical balloon is decreasing with a rate of 1.5m³/min. We know that volume of sphere is given by the formula=(4/3)πr³ where r is the radius of the spherical balloon.
We are given change of volume with respect to time, so we differentiate the volume with respect to time.
V=(4/3)πr³
=>dV/dt = (4/3)π×(3r²)×dr/dt
=>dV/dt=4πr²dr/dt
=>-1.5=4πr²×(dr/dt)
=>dr/dt = (-1.5/4πr²)m/min
Now, we know that surface area of sphere is given by the formula 4πr²,so we need we differentiate the surface area with respect to time again,
=>S=4πr²
=>dS/dt = 4π×2r×(dr/dt)
=>dS/dt = -8πr×(dr/dt)
We have dr/dt= (-1.5/4πr²),so putting it we get
=>dS/dt= -8πr×(-1.5/4πr²)
=>dS/dt = -(8×1.5)/(4×r)
when radius(r) is 4m,we get
=>dS/dt= -(8×1.5)/(4×4)
=>dS/dt= -12.0/16
=>dS/dt= -(3/4)m²/min
Hence, rate of change of surface area is (3/4)m²/min.
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One strategy in a snowball fight is to throw
a snowball at a high angle over level ground.
While your opponent is watching this first
snowball, you throw a second one at a low
angle timed to arrive before or at the same
time as the first one. Assume both snowballs
are thrown with a speed of 33.3 m/s. The first
one is thrown at an angle of 55◦ with respect
to the horizontal.
At what angle should the second snowball
be thrown to arrive at the same point as the
first?
The angle the second snowball should be thrown to arrive at the same point as the first is determined as 35 degrees.
What is the range of the projectile?
The range of projectile is the maximum horizontal displacement of the projectile along the horizontal direction.
Mathematically, the maximum range of a projectile is given as;
R = u² sin (2θ) / g
where;
u is the speed of the snowballg is acceleration due to gravityθ is the angle of projectionWhen the angle of projection = 55⁰
R = (33.3² x sin (2 x 55) ) / (9.8)
R = 106.33 m
When the angle of projection = 90⁰ - 55⁰ = 35⁰
R = (33.3² x sin (2 x 35) ) / (9.8)
R = 106.33 m
Thus, when the second snowball is projected at an angle of 35⁰ it will attain the same horizontal displacement as the first snowball.
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The position function of an object is the antiderivative of the velocity function.a. trueb. false
Position is the antiderivative of velocity because velocity is the derivative of position. You can determine the location for all time if you know the velocity for all time and the initial position. Velocity is the antiderivative of acceleration because it is the derivative of acceleration.
How are the position function and the velocity function connected?
As was explained before, the instantaneous velocity at that instant is the derivative of a function indicating a particle's position along a line at time t. The instantaneous acceleration of the particle at time t is represented by the derivative of the velocity, which is the second derivative of the position function.
What does velocity mean when it depends on position?
The rate of change in position is known as velocity. The displacement of an object is the change in position, or the smallest distance between its initial location and its final position in a given direction.
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1. a force of 125 N
while being moved 2.5 m. How much work is done?
The work is done by a force of 125 N while being moved 2.5 m is equal to 312.5 J.
What is the work?Work done can be described as the energy needed when a force is applied to move an object through a definite displacement. The work done can be defined as both the applied force and the displacement of the object.
The function of the force is to move a body in a straight line in the direction of the exerted force over a distance 'd'.
W= F × d
Where 'd' is the displacement, 'F' is the applied force and W is the work done.
Given, the force applied on the object, F 125 N
The displacement by the object, d = 2.5 m
The work done by the object can be calculated as:
W = F.d
W = 125 ×2.5
E = 312.5 J
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according to molecular orbital theory, the regions of the wave function with the highest probability of finding electrons are areas with _______.
According to Molecular Orbital Theory, the regions of the wave function with the highest probability of finding electrons are areas with Constructive Interference.
Molecular Orbital Theory: F. Hund and R. S. Mulliken created the Molecular Orbital Theory (commonly abbreviated as MOT) at the start of the 20th century as a theory on chemical bonding to explain the structure and characteristics of many molecules. The valence-bond theory was unable to satisfactorily explain how some compounds, such as the bonds in resonance-stabilized molecules, have two or more equivalent bonds whose bond orders lay between that of a single bond and that of a double bond. Here, the valence-bond theory was outperformed by the molecular orbital theory (since the orbitals described by the MOT reflect the geometries of the molecules to which it is applied).
The following is a list of the main components of the molecular orbital theory.
The entire number of atomic orbitals provided by the bonding species will always equal the total number of molecular orbitals that are created.There are several different kinds of molecular orbitals, including bonding, anti-bonding, and non-bonding molecular orbitals. The energy of these will always be higher for anti-bonding molecule orbitals than for the parent orbitals, whereas the energy of bonding molecular orbitals will always be lower than the parent orbitals.As the orbital energy increases, the electrons are filled into molecular orbitals (from the orbital with the lowest energy to the orbital with the highest energy).Atomic orbital pairings that result in the production of molecular orbitals work best when the atomic orbitals involved have similar energies.To learn more about Molecular Orbital Theory, click here
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what is the thinnest soap film (excluding the case of zero thickness) that appears black when illuminated with light with a wavelength of 520 nmnm ? the index of refraction of the film is 1.33, and there is air on both sides of the film.
The thinnest soap film that appears black when illuminated with light with a wavelength of 520 nm is about 195 nm.
A natural phenomenon known as "thin-film interference" occurs when light waves reflected by a thin film's upper and lower limits collide with one another, either enhancing or weakening the light that is reflected.
First, draw the diagram. From the diagram 1 is the first reflected ray and 2 is the second reflected ray. The red circle indicates the phase change. The first ray experience phase change but the second ray doesn't experience phase change.
Therefore, the thickness of the soap bubble is given by the thin-film interference formula,
[tex]\begin{aligned}2t& = m\lambda_{soap}\\t&=\frac{m\lambda_{soap}}{2}\\\lambda_{soap}&=\frac{2t}{m}\end{aligned}[/tex]
From Snell's law, we know that n₁λ₁=n₂λ₂, where λ is the wavelength and n is the index of refraction.
Then, for the soap film, [tex]n_{air}\lambda_{air}=n_{soap}\lambda_{soap}[/tex].
We know that n (air) is 1. From this,
[tex]\begin{aligned}\lambda_{soap}&=\frac{\lambda_{air}}{n_{soap}}\\\frac{2t}{m}&=\frac{\lambda_{air}}{n_{soap}}\\t&=\frac{m\lambda_{air}}{2n_{soap}}\end{aligned}[/tex]
Excluding the case of zero thickness, substitute m=1 for the first destructive interference.
Then, the smallest thickness is,
[tex]\begin{aligned}t&=\frac{\lambda_{air}}{2n_{soap}}\\&=\frac{520}{2\times1.33}\\&=\mathrm{195\;nm}\end{aligned}[/tex]
The answer is 195 nm.
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Oxygen gas is collected at a pressure of 123 kpa in a container which has a volume of 10. 0 l. What temperature must be maintained on 0. 500 moles of this gas in order to maintain this pressure? express the temperature in degrees celsius.
The temperature required is 29315.6457C to maintain on 0.5 moles of the oxygen gas in order to maintain the given pressure.
We have pressure, volume, moles it means we can easily apply the ideal-gas equation which is given by the formula
=>P×V=n×R×T
where P is defined as the pressure,
V is defined as the volume of the gas
n is defined as the number of moles of the gas
R is defined as gas constant
and T is defined as the temperature of the gas.
Now,we have P=123kpa=123000pa,
V=10L,n=0.5,R=8.314m³Pa/K,T=?
So, on putting the values in above formula,we get
=>123000×10=0.5×8.314×T
=>T=(1230000) / 41.570
=>T=29588.6457K
But we got the temperature in kelvin and we need to report in Celsius,so we know that
=>K=C+273
=>29588.6457K=C+273
=>C=29588.6457-273
=>C=29315.6457C
Hence, required temperature is 29315.6457C
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suppose that your microwave oven operates at a frequency of 2.48 ghz. find the corresponding wavelength of the electromagnetic waves in the oven.
The wavelength of the electromagnetic waves with this frequency would be 12 cm.
The length over which a periodic wave repeats in space is known as its wavelength. It is a characteristic of all spatial wave patterns, including standing waves and moving waves. The distance between two adjacent crests, troughs, or zero crossings on the wave that correspond to successively in the same phase.
In other words, the wavelength is the distance, notably between electromagnetic or sound wave points, between the crests of a wave.
The relation between frequency and wavelength is given as
v . d = c
where
v = frequency, d= wavelength, c = speed of light in vacuum
here in this case v = 2.48 ghz which is equal to
v = 2.48 ghz = [tex]2.48 * 10^{9}[/tex] hz. = [tex]2.48 * 10^{9}[/tex] [tex]s^{-1}[/tex]
substituting the values in the relation
d = c / v
We get,
d = [tex]3* 10 ^{8}[/tex] / [tex]2.48 * 10^{9}[/tex] = 0.120 m = 12 cm
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it is estimated that there are a trillion comets in the oort cloud. if it extends out to about 50,000 au from the sun, what is the total volume of the oort cloud in cubic au? (for this calculation assume that the oort cloud is spherical in shape)
The volume of the oort cloud that is in the shape of sphere is 5.2 * 10¹⁴ au³.
We know the volume of sphere as V = 4/3 * (πr³)
where, V is the volume
r is the radius of the sphere
Given that, radius of oort cloud is r = 50000 au
The volume of the oort cloud can be calculated as follows.
V = 4/3 * (πr³)
π is substituted as 22/7
V = 4/3 * 22/7 * 50000³
⇒ 88/21 * 125 * (10⁴)³
⇒ 523.8* 10¹²
⇒ 5.238 * 10¹⁴
Hence, the volume of the oort cloud that is in the shape of sphere is 5.2 * 10¹⁴ au³.
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a crane is lifting a 2000 kgload with a cable whose breaking strength is 22;000 n. what is the maximum upward acceleration that the load can be given?
A crane is lifting a 2000 kgload with a cable whose breaking strength is 22,000 n. 1.2 m/sec² is the maximum upward acceleration that the load can be given.
What is Newton's law?The motion of an item is related to the forces operating on it by Newton's equations of motion. According to the first law, until a force strikes on an item, it will not alter its motion. According to the second law, an object's force is determined by multiplying its mass by its acceleration. According to the third law, when two objects interact, they exert equal-sized and opposite-direction pressures upon one another.
Given that,
a crane is lifting a 2000 kg load
breaking strength is 22,000 N
According to Newton's law:
F - mg = ma
Now, acceleration, a = (F- mg)/m
or, a = [22,000 - (2000 × 9.8)] / 2000
or, a = 1.2 m/sec².
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