With the exception of the cooling tower, a water-cooled chiller may often be left unattended when it is functioning regularly.
One of the several sorts of chillers is one that uses water to cool the water used in projects, buildings for industry or home use, and then reintroduces the water into the process. In actuality, chillers move heat from one area that has to be kept at a certain temperature to another.
Water chillers, which are frequently used to cool goods and equipment, have a wide range of uses, including injection moulding, tool and die cutting, food and drink, chemicals, lasers, machine tools, semi-conductors, and more.
In contrast to air-cooled chillers, water-cooled chillers often require less replacement. They are less susceptible since they are not exposed to outside elements including rain, snow, ice, and heat.
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ase certification is being discussed. technician a says there are eight basic automobile technician certification areas. technician b says you must pass all eight to become an ase master technician. who is correct?
It denotes the technician National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence certification.
Since its founding in 1972, the non-profit organization known as ASE has been regarded as the minimum level of quality for auto technician. Its goal is to safeguard automobile owners and deliver the peace of mind that consumers anticipate when they bring their car to a repair. Nearly every facet of the automotive repair and service industry is covered by the 58 ASE certification examinations. expands work possibilities. For auto mechanics, having an Automotive Service Excellence certification may lead to more job prospects. Candidates who possess an ASE accreditation can demonstrate to companies that they possess the knowledge and abilities necessary to efficiently inspect and fix automobiles.
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a w8x67 is used as a column. the weak axis is braced 35 ft from the bottom and the bottom end condition is fixed in all directions. the top is pinned in all directions and weak axis bracing is pinned. find the critical load of buckling and the critical stress of buckling. total length
The critical buckling load is the highest axial force that a column can withstand before buckling.
Buckling occurs along the horizontal axis for which the column's moment of inertia is lowest. The critical buckling load of a long column with pinned ends is predicted by the Euler column formula. The Euler formula is P cr = 2 E I L 2 where L is the column's length, I is the moment of inertia, and E is the modulus of elasticity in (force/length2). In order to access a formation, deviated wellbores that veer away from the vertical at an angle are frequently drilled using directional drilling.
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With respect to expanding opportunities for ICT environmental contributions, what term is associated with the issues such as LEED Certified Buildings, Smart Motors, and Industrial Robots?
Nowadays, you can link practically all of your home's appliances to a single device and operate it from anywhere. A better use of time is made possible through productivity apps.
What opportunities for ICT environmental contributions?The most pressing climatic concerns facing the globe can be addressed with the use of ICTs, which can also help with the transition to a circular economy that is much needed.
Access to biometric gadgets, food management software, and exercise routines easily leads to improved health. Communication with friends and family is simpler and less expensive.
Therefore, Additionally, they can be employed to keep track of, lesson, and adjust to climate change.
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a liquid with a viscosity of 1.381 x 10-3 kg/ m s flows through a horizontal stainless steel pipe that is 25 m long and has a diameter of 2 cm. the liquid flows with a volumetric flow rate of 0.006 m3 /s. what is the pressure drop and head loss in the pipe? how much pumping power must be added to the flow to overcome the pressure loss?
The Darcy-Weisbach equation is used to determine the pressure drop in circular pipes: When Re2300, the flow is seen as laminar. The friction factor f in a laminar flow is computed using the formula f=64/Re.
The frictional loss in the hydro pipeline is known as the pipe head loss, and it is stated as a percentage of the available head. Water traveling through a pipe faces pressure loss due to friction, just like any viscous fluid does. The relationship between pressure drop and flow rate is reciprocal. The pressure drop increases with flow rate through a constriction. On the other hand, the pressure decrease is proportional to the flow rated.
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Walls made of paraffin wax, a covalent compound, help keep the temperature in a room steady as night changes into day and day into night. What is the most important property of covalent compounds that allows paraffin wax to help keep a room's temperature level?.
Extra heat would be absorbed by the wall during the day when the sun is out, then released back into the space at night when the sun sets.
Atoms join together to form covalent compounds by sharing electrons. These substances have low melting and boiling points because their weak attraction forces cause them to heat very quickly. The most crucial characteristic of covalent compounds is therefore that the wall would collect excess heat during the day when the sun is out, then release the heat back into the room at night. This property allows paraffin wax to assist maintain a room's temperature level.
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what are the differences between stiffness (i.e., elastic modulus) and resistance to fracture (i.e., fracture toughness) values at room temperature for metals, ceramics, and polymers? which group of materials is higher or lower for which property? explain.
Stiffness, or elastic modulus, is a measure of how resistant a material is to elastic deformation when a force is applied. It is generally higher for metals than for polymers and ceramics.
Resistance to fracture, or fracture toughness, is a measure of how resistant a material is to fracture or breakage when a force is applied. Generally, ceramics are higher than metals and polymers in terms of resistance to fracture. Polymers are the lowest of the three in terms of both stiffness and resistance to fracture.
In general, metals have the highest stiffness, and ceramics have the highest resistance to fracture, while polymers are lower for both properties. This is because metals are usually composed of strong metallic bonds, which help them resist deformation, while ceramics are usually composed of strong ionic bonds, which help them resist fracture. Polymers, on the other hand, are usually composed of weaker covalent bonds, which make them less resistant to both deformation and fracture.
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if a two-position solenoid-operated valve has only one solenoid, a(n) is used to return the spool to the de-energized position.
A spring-return actuator is a type of solenoid-operated valve that uses a spring to return the valve spool to the de-energized position when the solenoid is de-energized. This is useful in applications where the valve needs to be in the off position when no power is supplied to the solenoid, such as in safety systems. The spring-return actuator ensures that the valve returns to the off position even if the power is lost, ensuring that the system remains safe.
Understanding the Role of Spring-Return Actuators in Two-Position Solenoid-Operated ValvesIn industrial and commercial settings, two-position solenoid-operated valves are designed to control the flow of liquids and gases. These valves are typically actuated by an electric current supplied to the solenoid, which energizes the valve actuator and moves the valve spool to the desired position. However, if a two-position solenoid-operated valve has only one solenoid, a spring-return actuator is used to return the spool to the de-energized position. This essay will explain the role of spring-return actuators in two-position solenoid-operated valves and how they help ensure the safe and efficient operation of the valve.
A spring-return actuator is a device that uses a spring-loaded mechanism to return the valve spool to the de-energized position once the electric current is removed from the solenoid. This ensures that the valve spool always returns to its default position when the electric current is switched off, thereby preventing the valve from becoming stuck in the open or closed position.
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When should a hardware device be replaced in order to minimize downtime?a. Only after is first failureb. Once every yearc. Just before it's MTBF is reachedd. When its performance drops below 75% efficiencyc. Just before it's MTBF is reached
Just before its MTBF is reached a hardware device be replaced in order to minimize downtime.
Option B is correct.
When should I replace my hardware device?On average, businesses should expect to refresh small devices such as tablets, smartphones, and computers every three to four years. Some mobility aids last a long time, but most require major repairs, if not complete replacements, within five years. When it won't turn on or stays put, or when individual components start failing, it's time to replace them. The next consideration is when your hardware stops working properly. One clue is if your monitoring software tracks persistent declines in server availability or speed.
What are examples of hardware devices?These are the primary electronic devices used to build computers. Examples of computer hardware are processors, storage devices, monitors, printers, keyboards, mice, and CPUs.
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which unit process in a municipal wastewater treatment plant is most likely to consume the most energy and emit the most green house gases:
The process unit of a municipal wastewater treatment plant that is most likely to utilise the most energy and produce the most greenhouse emissions is activated sludge.
For the sake of clean water and public health, home sewage and wastewater must be collected and treated. It is one of the most significant causes of the overall high level of health that Americans experience. Sewers transport wastewater and sewage from residences, places of business, and industry to wastewater treatment facilities for processing before being released into bodies of water or land or recycled.
For discharges from municipal wastewater treatment plants to American waterways, NPDES licences set discharge limits and requirements. Resources for the needs of discharge include:
An overview of the municipal procedures used to treat household wastewater before releasing it into the country's waterways is provided in the primer on municipal wastewater treatment.
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in the video making stuff: smaller, how many transistors (little on-off switches) are on the one-inch chip that stephen smith shows david pogue?
The one-inch device that Stephen Smith shows David Pogue has over a billion transistors, or tiny on-off switches.
A transistor is a tiny semiconductor that regulates or controls the flow of current or voltage in addition to producing, amplifying, and functioning as a switch or gate for these electrical signals. Three layers, or terminals, of a semiconductor material typically make up transistors. Each of these layers is capable of carrying a current.
A transistor changes a little input current into a larger output current while acting as an amplifier. To govern the flow of electronic signals through an electrical circuit or electronic device, it can be in one of two clearly defined states: on or off.
A semiconductor device known as a transistor can be used to conduct and insulate electric current or voltage.
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3.saturated r-134a vapor enters a compressor at 6 f. at compressor exit, the specific entropy is the same as that at the inlet, and the pressure is 80 psia. determine the r-134a exit temperature and the change in the enthalpy of the r-134a.
Engineers employ the particular entropy rather than the general entropy in thermodynamic analysis. A substance's specific entropy (s) is its entropy per unit mass.
It is calculated by dividing the entire mass by the total entropy (S) (m). Entropy measures a substance's energy that is no longer used for productive labor. The amount of thermal energy in a system that cannot be used for work, expressed as entropy, varies with temperature. It requires a specific amount of energy to heat a molecule, let's say a gas molecule, before its temperature can increase. The molecule's specific heat is defined as its energy per unit mass.
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What are the four stages of gene expression?
Regulatory stages of gene expression Chromatin, chromatin remodeling, chromatin domains. transcription. Post-transcriptional modification. RNA transport.
Gene expression is regulated in eukaryotic cells at epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. Environmental factors such as diet, temperature, oxygen levels, humidity, light cycle and the presence of mutagens all affect the genes expressed in animals and ultimately affect the animal's phenotype. Thus, during the expression of protein-coding genes, information flows from DNA → RNA → protein. This directed flow of information is known as the central dogma of molecular biology. A promoter is a region of DNA within 1-2 kilobases (kb) of the transcription start site (TSS) of a gene. They contain short regulatory metallic elements (DNA motifs) required for assembly of the RNA polymerase transcription machinery.
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how does the velocity of streamflow change where a stream channel becomes wider but the discharge remains constant?
The velocity drops when a stream channel widens while the discharge stays constant.
The water in a stream moves at a certain speed. Distance and time are units (e.g., metres per second or feet per second). The stream's velocity is highest midstream, discharge close to the surface, and slowest along the bed and banks of the stream because of friction.
The ratio of cross-sectional area to wetted perimeter is known as the hydraulic radius, or HR or simply R. The cross-sectional area is equal to the width times the depth (W * D) for a hypothetical stream with a rectangular cross section (a stream with a flat bottom and vertical sides). The wetted perimeter for the same hypothetical stream would be calculated as follows: W + 2D = Depth + Width + Depth.
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in the m/m/1 waiting line model with an arrival rate of 3 per hour and a service rate of 6 per hour, the utilization factor for the system is approximately 0.50. group of answer choices true false
The statement is true. The arrival rate does not fluctuate over time, but arrivals are independent of earlier arrivals.
In queuing analysis, the average inter-arrival time is not frequently used as a performance indicator. The time between two successive arrivals is known as the inter-arrival time. However, because it depends on a lot of other factors and is outside the purview of queueing system, the average service time is not regarded as a performance indicator in queueing analysis. In queuing theory, the arrival rate is frequently described by the Poisson distribution, a discrete probability distribution.
Simply put, probability is the likelihood that something will occur. When we don't know how an event will turn out, we can discuss the likelihood or likelihood of several outcomes. Statistics is the study of events that follow a probability distribution.
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True or False : there are three types of project audits: pre-project audits, in-process project audits, and post-project audits.
There are 3 types of project audits: pre-project audits, in-process project audits, and post-project audits. (False)
What is project audits?A project audit is a formal examination of a project with the goal of determining how well project management standards are being followed.
The Project Management Office, an authorized management committee, a specially designated audit department, or an external auditor typically conduct audits.
The person in charge of the designated authority and the person conducting the audit must make recommendations in relation to that authority.
The ultimate goal of a project audit is to confirm through investigation and evaluation that the project complies with the standards of project management.
There are many different types of a project audit:
in-process quality assurance review,gateway review, project management audit,post-implementation audit.Learn more about auditor
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An ice skater is gliding horizontally across the ice with an initial velocity of +6.94 m/s. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the ice and the skate blades is 0.0801, and air resistance is negligible. How much time elapses before her velocity is reduced to +2.92 m/s?
The time elapses before her velocity is reduced to +2.92 m/s is 5.5 seconds.
How to calculate time elapses?v = the initial velocity = 6.94 m/s
v0 = the reduced velocity = 2.92 m/s
μ = the coefficient of kinetic friction = 0.0801
g = the gravity = 9.8 m/s^2 (assumed)
First we calculate the acceleration of the ice skater with this formula,
a = μ*g
= 0.0801 * 9.8 = 0.78498 m/s^2
Then, from basic formula about velocity, acceleration, and time which is,
a = (v-v0)/t
We can change the formula to calculate time. So,
t = (v-v0)/a
= (6.94-2.92)/0.78498
= 5.5 s
Thus, time needed to reduce velocity to +2.92 m/s is 5.5 seconds.
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What are the 4 major factors that alter allele frequencies?
We can deduce the theorem's implications for what drives changes in allele frequencies. These four factors—mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection.
These include natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow or migration, genetic recombination, and mutations. Natural selection, genetic drift (random occurrences that influence allele frequencies), and gene flow are the three mechanisms that can alter allele frequencies (the transfer of alleles between populations). The four factors that affect the string's frequency are its length, diameter, tension, and density. A string vibrates at a varied frequency depending on its length. The frequency of shorter strings is higher, which results in a higher pitch.
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technician a says grease fittings are found on parts of the steering system. technician b says grease fittings are found on parts of the brake system. who is correct?
A technician who claims that sections of the steering system have grease fittings is right.
On bearing housings or other mechanical components, grease fittings—also called zerk fittings or grease nipples—serve as lubrication points. Their design enables accurate grease delivery into bearings and other moving systems by establishing a safe connection to a grease gun coupler.
Heavy duty fittings with a flat, low-profile look are called button head grease fittings. They can tolerate a lot of grease because of their strong structure and fast flow rate. They are frequently used in harsh applications like as conveyors, mining equipment, agricultural equipment, and others.
For any application that needs frequent lubrication, ball type fittings are a dependable option.
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One of the most efficient heat engines ever built is a coal-fired steam turbine in the Ohio River valley, operating between 1870 0 C and 430 0 C. (a) What is its maximum theoretical efficiency? (b) The actual efficiency of the engine is 42.0%. How much mechanical power does the engine deliver if it absorbs 1.40×10 5 J of energy each second from its hot reservoir?
The engine's mechanical output is 88 * 104 W, and its theoretical maximum efficiency is 67.2%.
What benefits do coal-fired systems offer?It's a dependable fuel; coal is a predictable, reliable, and dependable fuel as compared to solar or wind power. Despite not being at the vanguard of the country's energy output, it may offer a priceless backup service and a very dependable fuel for home stoves.
Briefing:(a). The efficiency of a Carnot cycle linked with the same two reservoirs, as determined by Equation, is the appropriate level efficiency of this engine.
[tex]$\mathrm{e}_{\mathrm{C}}=1-\frac{\mathrm{T}_{\mathrm{c}}}{\mathrm{T}_{\mathrm{h}}}$[/tex]
Substitute numerical values:
[tex]$\mathrm{e}_{\mathrm{C}}=1-\frac{703.15}{2143.15}$[/tex]
= 0.672 = 67.2%
(b). Equation provides the engine's output power.
[tex]$\mathrm{P}=\frac{\mathrm{W}_{\text {eng }}}{\Delta \mathrm{t}}$[/tex]
Substitute for [tex]$W_{\text {en }}$[/tex] from Equation :
[tex]$\mathrm{P}=\frac{\mathrm{c}\left|\mathrm{Q}_{\mathrm{h}}\right|}{\Delta \mathrm{t}}$[/tex]
Substitute numerical values:
P = (0.42) (1.4 * 10⁵) / 1
= 88 * 10⁴ W
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500 shares at $2.80 1000 shares at $1.90 average cost per share?
The average cost per share is $0.0031 per share
How do we calculate average cost per share?To calculate the average cost, divide the total purchase amount by the number of shares purchased to figure the average cost per share.
The average cost share method is commonly used by investors for mutual fund tax reporting.
Therefore average cost per share = Total cost/ total share owned.For example, an investor that has $1000in an investment and owns 500 shares would have an average cost basis of $2 i.e ($10,00 / 500).
Similarly,The total cost =$ 2.80+ $1.90 = $4.70
The total share owned = 500+ 1000 = 1500
average cost = 4.70/1500 = $0.0031 per share.
Therefore the average cost per share is $0.0031 per share.
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what were the key issues that led to the collapse of the skywalk in the duncan v missouri board of architects case
The key issue that led to the collapse of skywalk in Duncan v Missouri is the failure of fourth floor box beam hanger rod connection.This incident risks a lot of death and a huge insurance claim for accident survival.
When visiting Malahat SkyWalk, which offers 360-degree views of inlets, fjords, and mountains, you can't help but experience a natural high and develop a closer relationship with nature.
The vistas, accessibility, adventure alternatives, and unique ways to experience nature make the Malahat SkyWalk worthwhile. You'll undoubtedly heave a sigh of relief when entering the attraction, just like I did. There is something about being surrounded by Douglas fir trees that puts everything in a new light. Both children and adults may let off steam here while simply reviving their senses. The SkyWalk is located on territory owned by the Malahat Nation, which was historically a gathering place for the Coast Salish People.
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a ______ shows a relationship between two variables. an especially common use of this type is a trend over a period of time, like a stock price report.
A line chart shows a relationship between two variables. An especially common use of this type is a trend over a period of time, like a stock price report.
Line charts :
Line charts are often used to show changes over time as a series of data points connected by straight line segments on two axes. Line charts are therefore useful for determining the relationship between two sets of values. One data set always depends on the other.
What are line charts used for?Line charts, also known as line charts or line charts, are commonly drawn to show information that changes over time. It can be represented using multiple points connected by straight lines. A line chart is a graphical representation of the historical price movement of an asset, connecting a series of data points with a solid line.
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.Tech A says that unitized hubs have a wheel nut with a higher installation torque than
serviceable wheel bearings. Tech B says that unitized hubs have the proper bearing end
play designed into the assembly once they are torqued properly. Who is correct?
a. Tech A
b.
Tech B
C
Both a and b
D
Neither a and d
Tech A says that unitized hubs have a wheel nut with a higher installation torque than serviceable wheel bearings. Tech B says that unitized hubs have the proper bearing end play designed into the assembly once they are torqued properly is Option C: Both a and b
Describe a wheel bearing?When compared to manually adjusted, PreSet, or LMS hub assemblies, unitized hub assemblies often require a lot more assembly torque and special spindle nut systems.
Therefore, An essential component of the wheel assembly that connects the wheel to the axle is a wheel bearing. A metal ring is used to hold a group of steel balls (also known as ball bearings) or taper (also known as tapered bearings) together. It permits the wheel to spin easily and with little resistance.
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One situation that can make a measurement with a laser inaccurate is measuring to a: ________
One situation that can make a measurement with a laser inaccurate is measuring to a heavy reflective surface
What is reflective surface?Reflective surfaces or ground-primarily based totally albedo modification (GBAM) is a sun radiation control technique of improving the Earth's albedo (the cappotential to mirror the visible, infrared and ultraviolet wavelengths of the sun, lowering warmth switch to the floor). The IPCC defined this technique as "whitening roofs, adjustments in land use control (e.g., no-until farming), alternate of albedo at a bigger scale (masking glaciers or deserts with reflective sheeting and adjustments in ocean albedo)."
The maximum famous kind of reflective floor is a kind of roof referred to as the "cool roof". While cool roofs are commonly related to white roofs, they arrive in a lot of hues and substances and are to be had for each industrial and home buildings.
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a vehicle is towed into the shop with a thrown serpentine belt. technician a checks for a worn pulley bearing. technician b checks for a faulty tensioner. who is correct?
Both A and B technicians are correct when a vehicle is towed into the shop with a thrown serpentine belt
A serpentine belt, also known as a drive belt, is a single, continuous belt that is used to power a number of ancillary components in an automobile engine, including an alternator, water pump, air conditioning compressor, and air pump. A belt tensioner or an idler pulley may also be used to guide the belt (which may be spring-loaded, hydraulic, or manual).
Idler pulleys that push against the rear of the belt and force it into a serpentine form are added to allow the belt to travel over more than three pulleys with a big enough wrap angle to prevent sliding. A serpentine belt is generally often made of many grooves to allow for this bidirectional bending while yet being robust enough to convey the overall force necessary by various loads.
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water power corporation wants to begin operations that include the discharge of waste into navigable waters. under the clean water act, the company must install certain equipmentWater Power Corporation wants to begin operations that include the discharge of waste into navigable waters. Under the Clean Water Act, the company must install certain equipment
a. with all deliberate speed after beginning operations.
b. before beginning operations.
c. only on a voluntary basis.
d. only if a regulatory agency challenges the discharge.
Water Power Corporation wants to begin operations that include the discharge of waste into navigable waters. Under the Clean Water Act, the company must install before certain equipment beginning operations.
What is Clean Water Act?The Clean Water Act (CWA) regulates the discharge of pollutants into U.S. waters and establishes the groundwork for regulating surface water quality standards. The foundations of the CWA were enacted in 1948 and called the Federal Clean Water Act, but the act was significantly reorganized and expanded in 1972. The Clean Water Act became the common name of the Act after the 1972 amendment.
Under CWA, EPA implements pollution control programs, including setting effluent standards for industry. EPA has also made national water quality standard recommendations for surface water contaminants.
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How do you calculate wire capacity?
Add the peak motor current (A), the number 1.25, and the cable's overall length to the conductor material's resistance (•m) (m). The voltage drop from the power supply to the motor is divided by the result.
Ampacity is the greatest continuous current a conductor can carry while in use without going above its temperature rating. Amperes, or "amps," are used to measure current.
Ampacity is the greatest continuous current a conductor can carry while in use without going above its temperature rating. Amperes, or "amps," are used to measure current. To prevent the wire from overheating, you must utilise the proper size wire for the current (load) required of the circuit.
The kind and quantity of electrical devices connected to a circuit define the conductor's ampacity requirements. A general-purpose home circuit is typically built for 20 amps. It's possible that lighting circuits are just 15 amps rated.
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T/F. from the definition of a resultant force, the sum of moments due to individual particle weight about any point is different from the moment due to the resultant weight located at g.
A resultant force, the sum of moments due to individual particle weight about any point is different from the moment due to the resultant weight located at g.----- True
How do you find the resultant moment of force?
The resultant force acting on an object is the sum of all vertical components of force and the sum of all horizontal components of force. The resulting pair is the sum of the moments of force about any point in the plane and the sum of all pairs in the system.
What is meant by moment of force about a point?A moment of force is a measure of the tendency of an object to rotate about a particular point or axis. This is different from the tendency of an object to move or move in the direction of the force.
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an insulated diffuser receives argon gas at 300 k and 100 kpa, flowing in with a velocity of 250 m/s. the exit velocity is 25 m/s. determine the exit temperature of the gas.
Argon gas enters an insulated diffuser at 300 k and 100 kpa and flows in at a speed of 250 m/s. the gas's exit temperature is 359.5 K when the exit velocity is 25 m/s.
m₁ = me & assume no heat transfe
Energy Eq.
he+1/2 Ve² = hi + 1/2 Vi²
he = hi - 1/2 Ve²+ 1/2 Vi²
he-hi≈Cp (Te-Ti)
= 1/2 (Vi² - Ve² ) = ( 250² – 25² )
=30937.5 J/kg = 30.938 kJ/kg
Specific heats for ideal gases are
Argon
Cp = 0.52 kJ/kg K;
ΔT = 30.938/0.52 = 59.5
Te=359.5 K
Chemically speaking, argon is an element with the symbol Ar and atomic number 18. It belongs to the group 18 of the periodic table and is a noble gas. At 0.934%, argon is the third-most common gas in the atmosphere of the Earth (9340 ppmv). More than twice as much of it exists as water vapour.
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road crown is being discussed. technician a adds slightly more negative caster on the left side to compensate. technician b adds slightly more positive camber on the right side. who is correct?
Problems with tire wear result from improper caster angles. The vehicle steers toward the side with more caster when the caster angles are not equal.
Tire tread wear with a one-sided shoulder signifies that the inner or outside shoulder rib is much more worn than the other ribs. This type of wear, also known as camber wear, frequently results from excessive positive or negative camber. The caster angle is positive if the steering axis tilts rearward, which means that the upper ball joint or strut mounting point is in front of the lower ball joint. The caster angle is negative if the steering axis tilts forward.
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