Answer:
Poor glucose metabolism leads to diabetes mellitus.
Explanation:
Ascending pathways conduct sensory information upward toward the brain, typically through a relay chain of 3 successive neurons. The neurons in these sensory pathways are called the first-order, second-order and third-order neurons, respectively. A. First-order neurons usually ascend directly to the thalamus.
B. First-order neurons originate in the CNS.
C. First-order neurons descend with motor commands.
D. First-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion.
The neurons in these sensory pathways are called the first-order, second-order, and third-order neurons, respectively. First-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion.
Numerous nerve fibers in the central nervous system (CNS) band together to build pathways between its various components. The CNS's communication highways are represented by these neural pathways. They can be found only in the brain and connect various parts of it, or they can connect the brain and the spinal cord. The ascending and descending tracts are the names of the neural networks that connect the brain and spinal cord. Afferent neurons make up first-order neurons. The spinal/dorsal root ganglion receives sensory information from the receptors via the peripheral nerve. First-order neuron bodies in the ganglia send their axons to the spinal cord's posterior grey horn. Here, it connects with third-order neurons, which are located in the subcortical regions of the brain, including the thalamus, and second-order neurons that rise via the spinal cord. The neuronal impulse is picked up by these third-order neurons, who then send it to the cerebral cortex.
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what is the expected functional consequence of movement of a transposable element within the genome?
An increase in a protein's synthesis. Due to their repetitious and mobile character, transposable rudiments( TEs) can affect genome malleability both passively and laboriously.
What about the genome?The total collection of DNA instructions present in a cell makes up the genome.The mortal genome is made up of 23 dyads of chromosomes that are set up in the cell's nexus and one bitsy chromosome that's set up in the mitochondria.Everything a person needs to grow and operate is decoded in their DNA.The genome would be the complete instruction primer if the DNA law were a collection of rules that were strictly organized into paragraphs( genes) and chapters( chromosomes).The arrangement of the mortal genome, chromosomes, and genes is basically universal.As we tutored in the former section, there are three genome types that do because the mutation is A to G, independently, AA, AG, and GG.The GG type of these three genome types has the most anti-alcohol action, whereas the AA type has the least exertion and can hardly digest alcohol.The genome's main job is to save, express, and store the inheritable material that gives rise to a cell's structural and functional ministry.The genome is a significant part of the cell's structural makeup, nonetheless.Learn more about genome here:
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many people with xy chromosomes and androgen insensitivity syndrome (ais), like katie, are not diagnosed until later in life, rather than at birth. why is that?
The testosterone that Katie's testes produced when she was born did not affect her cells in any way. To generate progeny, earthworms can fertilize one another.
Doctors simply needed to implant the replacement gene into bone marrow cells because there was only one gene to replace. Despite having XY chromosomes, children with AIS lack the ability to respond to testosterone due to an inherited genetic disorder (the sex hormone). The formation of the male sex is therefore not occurring normally. The genitalia seems female or undersized. Also not internally developed are an ovary or a womb. In general, females have two X chromosomes (XX), whereas males typically have an X and a Y chromosome (XY). Although AIS patients inherit a genetic change that inhibits their bodies from responding to testosterone, they have XY chromosomes (the sex hormone). This indicates that male sex development does not proceed normally.
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Sort the molecules in the glycolysis pathway based on whether they are intermediates or products in the first half of the pathway that requires energy, or are intermediates in the second half of the pathway that produces energy.a. glucose-6-phosphateb. fructose-6-phosphatec. fructose-1,6-bisphosphated. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
Molecules in the glycolysis pathway based on whether they are intermediates or products in the first half of the pathway that requires energy.
Intermediates in the first half of the pathway - Glucose - 6-Phosphate, Fructose- 6- Phosphate, Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate, dihydroxy acetone phosphate
Intermediates in the second half of the pathway - 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate,3-Phosphoglycerate, 2-Phosphoglycerate, Phosphoenolpyruvate
there are 2 Phages in Glycolysis 1) Preparatory phase where ATP is consumed 2) Payoff phase where ATP is released
Reactions in Preparatory Phase -
1) Glucose converted into Glucose - 6-Phosphate by hexokinase
2) Glucose-6-Phosphate converts into Fructose- 6- Phosphate by Phosphohexose isomerase
3) Fructose-6-Phosphate converts into Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate by Phosphofructokinase
4) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate converts into Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate and dihydroxy acetone phosphate by Aldolase.
then dihydroxy acetone phosphate converts into Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate . Preparatory phase endsup with 2molecules of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate.
Payoff phase
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate converts into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate by triose phosphate dehydrogenase
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate converts into 3-Phosphoglycerate
3-Phosphoglycerate converts into 2-Phosphoglycerate by Phosphoglyceromutase
2-Phosphoglycerate converts into Phosphoenol Pyruvate by Enolase
Phosphonyl Pyruvate converts into Pyruvate-by-Pyruvate Kinase.
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which of the following explains why caffeine crashes occur? (a) metabolism of caffeine leads to reduced levels of adenosine. (b) caffeine accelerates accumulation of adenosine and thus sleep pressure. (c) caffeine rapidly removes accumulated adenosine. (d) accumulated adenosine rushes to their receptors after caffeine gets metabolized. (e) all of the above.
Caffeine crashes occur because accumulated adenosine rushes to their receptors after caffeine gets metabolized.
By boosting brain activity, caffeine stimulates your neurological system, improving focus and cognition while postponing exhaustion. Low to moderate caffeine dosages of 20–200 mg can cause these effects. On average, they appear 60 minutes after consumption and continue for 5 hours.
It's typical to feel less awake or concentrated after the energizing effects subside. However, a caffeine crash or dependence may be indicated by excessive fatigue, a lack of focus, irritability, or a headache.
Lack of sleep, ingesting coffee too soon before night, or consuming too much can all cause a caffeine crash. Depending on specific conditions, the symptoms might be moderate to severe and linger for hours to a week.
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Cellular respiration continues in the of the cell with the and electron transport chain.
Cellular respiration continue in the cell at mitochondria. During cellular respiration, it process begins in the cytoplasm and completed in a mitochondria.
Where does cellular respiration occur?Cellular respiration takes place in mitochondria, which are often called the cell's powerhouses because they make most of a cell's ATP.During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. Energy released during the reaction is captured by the energy-carrying molecule ATP.In cellular respiration, the electron transport chain function is to shuttles electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.Learn more about cellular respiration here: brainly.com/question/29767249
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Approximately how long after the big bang did the era of nucleosynthesis end, marking the time when the basic chemical composition of the universe was determined?
The era of nucleosynthesis ended approximately 5 minutes after the Big bang.
At this time, the universe started cooling until the temperature was cool enough for the protons and neutrons to form hydrogen nuclei. This explains why it is called nucleosynthesis.
It is during this period that the basic hydrogen nuclei were formed from the combination of protons and neutrons.
Electrons were formed a few seconds before the formation of the protons and neutrons. This era basically marked the onset of basic chemical interactions of the early components of the universe.
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what can denature a protein by breaking the hydrogen bonds that maintain the secondary and tertiary structures of proteins? select all that apply.
The denature protein widely known that alcohols may have sturdy results on protein structures.
For example, monohydric methanol and ethanol generally denature, while polyhydric glycol and glycerol protect, protein structures.
Alcohol denatures a protein specifically through disrupting the intramolecular hydrogen bonding among the facet chains, that's crucial to hold the tertiary protein shape.
The retailers maximum regularly used for this reason are urea and guanidinium chloride. These molecules, due to their excessive affinity for peptide bonds, destroy the hydrogen bonds and the salt bridges among fantastic and terrible facet chains, thereby abolishing the tertiary shape of the peptide chain.
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The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the ________.
The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
The hepatopancreatic ampulla is also known as the ampulla of Vater. It is a duct that forms where the pancreatic duct and common bile duct unite. The hepatopancreatic ampulla is found in the inner wall of the duodenum. This duct is made up of hepatopancreatic sphincter. The hepatopancreatic sphincter is helpful in regulating the flow of bile and pancreatic juice through the ampulla and major duodenum papilla.
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one way to visualize a data ecosystem is to apply it to the data project life cycle. the data science ready project outlines the five steps of the data project life cycle. the final stage in this life cycle is
Project Management Closure are final stage of this life cycle .This vital step in the project management life cycle allows the team to evaluate and document the project and move on to the next one, using previous project mistakes and successes to build stronger processes and more successful teams.
What is data project life cycle?
In simple terms, a data science life cycle is nothing but a repetitive set of steps that you need to take to complete and deliver a project/product to your client
By working through each of these phases in turn, project managers can successfully progress their project from start to finish. The five stages of the project life cycle are:
Initiating.Planning.Executing.Monitoring/controlling.Closing.Thus final stage of life cycle is Closing (project closure phase).
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Dna fragments can be separated out by size using gel electrophoesis. what property of dna allows this process to occur?
The size of the dna allows this process to occur DNA fragments can be separated out by size using gel electrophoesis.
Gel electrophoresis is an experimental method for separating mixtures of DNA, RNA, or proteins by molecular size. In gel electrophoresis, molecules to be separated are forced into a gel containing small pores by an electric field. DNA molecules have the same amount of charge per mass.
For this reason, DNA fragments are separated only by size in gel electrophoresis. DNA is negatively charged. So when an electric current is applied to the gel, the DNA migrates to the positively charged electrode. Fragments are ordered by size because short DNA strands migrate through the gel faster than long strands.
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the alimentary canal is innervated by the and divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
Parasympathetic division and Sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system innervate the alimentary tract of the digestive system.
The autonomic nervous system is a peripheral nervous system component that controls involuntary physiologic processes such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal. It is divided into three anatomical divisions: sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric.
All "automatic" body functions, such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, sweating, mouth-watering (salivating), and food movement through the intestines, are controlled by the autonomic nervous system (peristalsis). The hypothalamus is the primary brain site for autonomic nervous system central control, and the paraventricular nucleus is the primary hypothalamic site for this control. The dorsal longitudinal fasciculus is the main autonomic control pathway from the hypothalamus.
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Which of the statements is a correct description of the role of enzymes in catalyzing biochemical reactions?
a. Enzymes provide the necessary activation energy to reach the transition state.
b. Enzymes decrease the ΔG of reactions, making them proceed rapidly.
c. Enzymes increase the ΔG of reactions, making them proceed rapidly.
d. Enzymes stabilize the transition state and decrease its free energy.
Enzymes stabilize the transition state and decrease its free energy is correct statement.
Enzymes form bonds with one or more reactants and reduce the reaction's activation energy need. The function of enzymes is to lower the amount of activation energy required for a reaction to occur. It is well known that enzymes are the ones that accelerate a biological reaction.Temperature increases speed up the activities of enzymes. Since nearly all enzymes are capable of functioning in cells, moderate temperatures are the ideal environment for them. Denaturation of enzymes causes a sharp decline in activity at higher temperatures. Compared to enzymes in crude extracts, purified enzymes denature more quickly in diluted solutions. Enzymes can also become denaturized when they are incubated for extended periods of time. When determining the beginning velocities of such enzyme processes, it is more suitable to use a shorter incubation time.To know more about energy check the below link:
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induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors
Transfer of nuclear contents into oocytes or fusion with embryonic stem (ES) cells can reprogramme differentiated cells to an embryonic-like state.
Induced pluripotent stem cells be a valuable tool in science and medicine?A. Induced pluripotent stem cells can become any cell type in the body, but are from adults, avoiding the controversies associated with
embryonic stem cells
B. Induced pluripotent stem cells are the only type of stem cell that's truly pluripotent.
C. Induced pluripotent stem cells may become any cell type in the body, but are fraught with ethical questions over their use.
D. Induced pluripotent stem cells are derived from adult cells and therefore may have DNA abnormalities, allowing scientists to understand the effects of sun exposure or toxins on DNA.
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If a diploid organism has 24 chromosomes in its somatic cells, how many chromosomes will it have at the end of meiosis II?
Answer:
12 chromosomes
Explanation:
If a cell has 24 chromosomes before cell division then daughter cell resulting from mitotic division will have 24 chromosomes while daughter cell resulting from the meiotic division will contain 12 chromosomes each.
Which internal structures of animals are specifically adapted to use contraction to cause movement?A. Blood cellsB. BonesC. GlandsD. Muscles
Muscles is the internal structures of animals are specifically adapted to use contraction to cause movement.
Animals contain contractile tissues called muscles that are used to create motion. Movement, which is the intricate synchronization of muscle and nerve fibres, is how an organism interacts with its surroundings.An organism needs to move in order to locate food, however it can also feed itself if it remains sedentary.Actin and myosin protein filaments make up the muscle cells, which glide past one another to cause contraction and alter the cell's length and form.Muscle contraction, which occurs in every organ of our body, including the blood vessels, heart, digestive organs, etc., is the cause of every movement. Muscles in these organs move substances across the body to perform their tasks.
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The immune system is capable of mounting specific responses to particular microorganisms because
lymphocytes are able to change their antigen specificity as required to fight infection.
stem cells determine which type of B and T cells to make.
the body contains an enormous diversity of lymphocytes, each with the ability to respond to a different antigen.
stem cells make different antigen receptors depending on the invading microorganism.
stem cells are able to change their antigen specificity as required to fight infection.
The immune system is capable of mounting specific responses to particular microorganisms because the body contains an enormous diversity of lymphocytes, each with the ability to respond to a different antigen (Option C).
What does the diversity of lymphocytes mean?The diversity of lymphocytes refers to the different types of antibodies that these immune cells may hold, which are required to produce an effective immune response.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the diversity of lymphocytes is a key issue in fighting against diverse antigenic agents such as bacteria and viruses.
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what are the differences between the structure and function of epithelial tissue and connective tissue?
how does the models support the idea that genetic mutations may arise from environmental factors?
Environmental factors can play an important role in the development of genetic mutations. Models have been developed to demonstrate how environmental factors interact with an organism's genetic code and can result in changes that can be passed on to the next generation.
Exploring the Role of Environmental Factors in the Development of Genetic MutationsThe models support the idea that genetic mutations may arise from environmental factors by showing how environmental factors can interact with the genetic code of an organism. For example, environmental factors such as:
Radiation ToxinsOther chemicalsThese can interact with DNA, leading to changes in the genetic code. These changes can then result in mutations that can be passed on to the next generation. The models also show how certain genetic changes can result in beneficial adaptations that help organisms survive in their environment.
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The dominant trait for height in a particular plant is tall (t), and the recessive trait is short (t). If both parents are heterozygous for height (tt), which ratio of offspring will the parents produce based on mendel's law of segregation?.
If both parents are heterozygous for height (Tt), then the ratio of the genotype is 1TT : 2Tt : 2TT and the phenotype of the offspring is 3 tall : 1 short.
A cross between parents is heterozygous for height (Tt), where T is the dominant gene and t is the recessive dominant. The gametes formed from the two parents are T and t.
Offspring produced by crossing heterozygous parents with height (Tt), allows them to have three types of genotypes namely TT, Tt, and tt with a ratio of 1:2:1.
The phenotypes of these offspring were 3 tall of 4 offspring and 1 short of 4 offspring. The ratio can be written 3: 1
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Why is burning hydrocarbons useful?
The byproducts of burning hydrocarbons include water and carbon dioxide. Numerous hydrocarbons are used as fuel because they burn with a lot of heat energy emitted.
Gas grills frequently use gaseous hydrocarbon propane (C3H8) as their fuel source. Through the burning of the fuel, fossil fuels may be converted into energy. Even though fossil fuels include impurities, the main method of burning them is hydrocarbon combustion.
Less negative effects on the environment and financial rewards are the two key benefits of hydrocarbon refrigerants. In the end, hydrocarbon delivers more effective cooling than substitute HFC refrigerants, and Minus40 is pushing the industry into a new era of sufficiency.
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What is the term for a wooded area with heavy rainfall and persistent condensation?
A woodland region with constant condensation and heavy rains is referred to as a "cloud forest."
The vegetation of tropical highland regions known as cloud forests, often referred to as montane rainforests, is characterised by heavy rainfall and persistent condensation because of the cooling influence of moisture-rich air currents that are diverted higher by the mountains.
For most of the year, cloud forests, which are typically located between 1,000 and 2,500 metres above sea level, have a layer of clouds at the canopy level. Because of their sensitivity to local climatic conditions, height, and separation from the sea, cloud forest ecosystems are rare around the world.
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sequences that are conserved, that is, similar in many different organisms, are unlikely to be functionally important. t or f
False . sequences that are conserved, that is, similar in many different organisms, are unlikely to be functionally important
In biology, an organism is any natural, living organism that functions as an individual entity. Organisms are composed of cells. Organisms are categorized by way of taxonomy into corporations which include multicellular animals, plants, and fungi; or unicellular microorganisms including protists, bacteria, and archaea.
Residing matters are divided into five kingdoms: animal, plant, fungi, protest, and monera.
An organism is defined as an entity with existence. Each living thing and non-living thing are basically made of molecules. But, a living issue can be identified from an inanimate item by way of its distinctive traits. as an example, an organism is made up of 1 or greater cells.
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The second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) is synthesized from ATP by the activity of the enzyme adenylyl cyclase. Cyclic AMP, in turn, activates protein kinase A (PKA, also called cAMP-dependent protein kinase), which is responsible for most of the effects of cAMP within the cell.
Determine the correct steps in the acitivation of PKA, and then place them in the correct order, starting ater the adenylyl cyclase reaction. Not all steps are accurate, and therefore not all steps will be used.
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) concentration rises during the proper stage of PKA activation. CAMP then binds to two regulatory subunits, changing the enzyme's structure.
The autologous sequence departs from the catalytic subunits' active site, leaving the catalytic sites open to conduct the numerous PKA processes.
Two identical subunits (C) and two identical regulatory subunits make up Protein Kinase A's inactive form (R). The catalytic sites of the catalytic subunits are occupied by two auto-inhibitory sequences of the regulatory subunits. after the adenylyl cyclase process.
The catalytic subunits of PKA are activated by two molecules of cAMP, which bind to the regulatory subunits and cause conformational changes that cause the complex to separate. This causes the substrates to be phosphorylated in various subcellular compartments.
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diffusion requires: group of answer choices a semipermeable membrane. a concentration gradient. ions. none of the above.
In the Breakthrough Energy Catalyst video case, investments are being made to develop technologies to convert biological inputs, including municipal waste, into what product?
Question 3 options:
Sustainable Aviation Fuel
Green Hydrogen
Direct Air Capture
Long-duration Energy Storage
In the Breakthrough Energy Catalyst video case, investments are being made to develop technologies to convert biological inputs, including municipal waste, into sustainable aviation fuel which is therefore denoted as option A.
What is Fuel?This is referred to as any material such as coal, gas etc that can be made to react with other substances so that it releases energy as thermal energy and used for various types of work.
Investments are being made to develop technologies to convert biological inputs, including municipal waste, into sustainable aviation fuel which would have different forms of advantages.
It will ensure that aviation fuel is cheap due to the high volume which would be made available to the users and helps to prevent wastage thereby making it the correct choice.
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How does sexual reproduction result in offspring that are genetically different from both parents?.
Answer: independent assortment and crossing over during meiosis, and random union of gametes during fertilization
Explanation:
The study of ____ is called genetics.
A)heredity
B)dominance
C)pea plants
D)mutations
Genetics is the study of heredity, so the correct answer is that the study of heredity is called genetics. The correct answer is option A, which is true in relation to the fact that genetics is the study of heredity.
What is genetics?Genetics is a branch of biology that studies the pattern of heredity and how traits are passed down from generation to generation. The dominant and recessive characteristics, as well as genetic diseases, are inherited from parents to offspring due to heredity, and the gametes are formed due to the meiosis process.
Hence, genetics is the study of heredity. The correct answer is option A.
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what is a major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for transmission of nerve impulses? select one: a. the ratio between intracellular na and extracellular k b. the ratio between intracellular k and extracellular potassium c. the ratio between intracellular k and extracellular na d. the ratio between intracellular na and extracellular sodium
A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of nerve impulses is b. The ratio between Intracellular and extracellular K+.
This ratio is important for nerve impulse transmission and conduction, maintaining normal cardiac rhythms, and skeletal and smooth muscle contraction.
According to the Nernst relationship, the membrane potential required to maintain electrochemical equilibrium (EK) would be less negative if the outside K+ concentration were increased from 4 to 40 mM. This is because there would be less of a chemical gradient driving K+ out of the cell.
Due to the presence of more potassium (K+) ions than sodium (Na+) ions, the cell membrane of a neuron is said to be polarized with a net negative charge within at resting potential (absence of stimulus).
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(complete question)
A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of nerve impulses is the ratio between:
a.
Intracellular and extracellular Na+
b.
Intracellular and extracellular K+
c.
Intracellular Na+ and extracellular K+
d.
Intracellular K+ and extracellular Na+
In what types of muscle does some of the calcium needed for contraction come from the extracellular fluid?
Cardiac muscle and visceral smooth muscle are two forms of muscle that require extracellular fluid to contract.
In biology, extracellular fluid is bodily fluid that is not confined within cells. It is found in blood, lymph, body cavities bordered with serous (moisture-exuding) membrane, brain and spinal cord cavities and channels, and muscular and other body tissues.
Extracellular fluid is made up of blood plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph, and transcellular fluid (e.g. cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, aqueous humour, serous fluid, gut fluid, etc.). The principal components of extracellular fluid are interstitial fluid and blood plasma.
Extracellular fluids are classified into three types: interstitial compartments, intravascular compartments, and transcellular compartments.
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