Answer:
Proteins are the molecules that enzymes are made of. Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body. They act as catalysts, lowering the activation energy of a reaction and allowing the reaction to occur more quickly and efficiently.
Explanation:
ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. what type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain?
Tendons and ligaments are made of dense connective tissue, which contains collagen fibers in greater density. The specialized connective tissues of adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, blood, and lymph are only a few examples.
What kind of tissue does a ligament consist of?Ligaments are formed of connective tissue, which contains numerous, powerful collagen fibers. The body contains them in a variety of sizes and forms.
What is the supporting connective tissue that holds bones together at joints?Ligaments. Strong ligaments, which are resilient, elastomeric bands of connective tissue, surround the joint to provide stability and control movement. Ligaments link bones together.
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The classification system developed by Linnaeus in the early 1700s divided living organisms into plant and animal kingdoms. Today, that has been expanded into five kingdoms. Which of the following inventions was most responsible for creating the need for the additional three kingdoms and why? (4 points)
The internet allowed scientists to discuss differences between organisms easily.
Genetic engineering created new species which then needed new kingdoms.
Fossil fuel-based transportation made it easier to explore and discover new species.
Microscopes made it possible to learn more about single-celled organisms.
In Systema Naturae, Linnaeus classified nature into a hierarchy. He proposed that there were three broad groups, called kingdoms, into which the whole of nature could fit. These kingdoms were animals, plants, and minerals. He divided each of these kingdoms into classes.
Why did Linnaeus developed a classification system?It was developed by Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus in the 1700s. He tried to classify all living things that were known at his time. He grouped together organisms that shared obvious physical traits, such as number of legs or shape of leaves.
Living things are divided into five kingdoms:animal
plant
fungi
protist
monera.
In a certain signal transduction pathway, the binding of an extracellular molecule to a cell-surface protein results in a rapid increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP inside the cell. The cyclic AMP binds to and activates cytosolic enzymes that then activate other enzymes in the cell. Which of the following statements best describes the role of cyclic AMP in this pathway?
The role of cyclic AMP is that it acts as a second messenger that helps relay and amplify the signal within the cell.
The process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases, which ultimately results in a cellular response is known as signal transduction. Proteins that detect stimuli are commonly referred to as receptors, though the term sensor is used in some cases. A biochemical cascade is a chain of biochemical events triggered by ligand binding (or signal sensing) in a receptor.
When signaling pathways interact, they form networks that allow cellular responses to be coordinated, frequently through combinatorial signaling events. Such responses at the molecular level include changes in gene transcription or translation, as well as post-translational and conformational changes in proteins, as well as changes in their location. These molecular events are the fundamental mechanisms that govern cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, and a variety of other processes. Signal transduction pathways regulate cell communication in a variety of ways in multicellular organisms.
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A specialized plasmid vector that has an e.coli promoter upstream of a restriction site into which foreign genes can be inserted is known as a?
Plasmid vector that has an E.coli promoter at the top of the restriction site known as expression vector.
Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA that is usually circular in shape, and these plasmids are found in bacterial cells. Plasmids as vectors are often used to reproduce target genes that express certain phenotypes such as antibiotic resistance, receptor genes, or other proteins. Plasmids replicate independently of the organism's genome and can be engineered to become vector clones.
In order to create a recombinant plasmid that contains the desired foreign DNA properties, splicing of the foreign DNA with the existing plasmid is carried out. Plasmid cutting to be used as a vector with the same restriction enzyme, namely E. Coli. This E.coli motor plasmid vector is called an expression vector. Expression vectors are a type of cloning vector, which contain expression signals that match gene expression maximally. Expression vectors consist of regulatory sequences such as enhancers and promoter regions, which lead to efficient gene expression.
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On isle royale, if the moose population is very high, what would you expect to see with regard to other populations? a. Increasing wolf populationb. decreasing tick populationc. increasing tree ring widthd. all of the abovee. none of the above
If the moose population increases, then increasing wolf population. So, the answer is A.
Moose are plant-eating herbivorous animals. The deer food chain acts as the first consumer. Wolves are carnivores or meat eaters. One of the wolves' foods is moose. The wolf acts as a second consumer.
In an ecosystem when the moose population increases, the likelihood of the wolf population also increases. The more abundant the moose population, the greater the availability of food for wolves, causing the wolf population to increase.
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Which phrase from the text best supports the theme of "humanity must act with reason, not become violent like animals"?.
The phrase that best support the theme of 'Humanity must act with reason, not become violent like animals" is the phrase:
"The general smiled the quiet smile of one who has faced an obstacle and surmounted it with success. “I had to invent a new animal to hunt,” he said."
The question asks us to choose a phrase from a text that supports the theme of Humanity must act with a reason and not instead become violent (like animals).
In the answer phrase, the general said that he had to invent a new animal to hunt. It indicates things, such as:
The general stops hunting (stops doing a violent act).The general had to invent a new animal if they want to hunt. Inventing a new animal is realistically impossible, so it implies that they just want to stop hunting (doing violent act) at all.The question above seems incomplete, but most likely the completed version is as follows:
Which phrase from the text best supports the theme of "Humanity must act with reason, not become violent like animals"?
“‘One does not expect nowadays to find a young man of the educated class, even in America, with such a naïve, and, if I may say so, mid-Victorian point of view.’”“‘Civilized? And you shoot down men?’”"The general smiled the quiet smile of one who has faced an obstacle and surmounted it with success. “I had to invent a new animal to hunt,” he said."“Life is for the strong, to be lived by the strong, and, if needs be, taken by the strong. The weak of the world were put here to give the strong pleasure. I am strong. Why should I not use my gift?"Learn more about theme at https://brainly.com/question/16362836
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How do transposable elements contribute to genome evolution?
a. They decrease the chances for recombination of genes during meiosis.
b. They carry entire genes or individual exons to new locations.
c. They maintain the function of control genes.
d. They cause unequal crossing over during meiosis.
DNA sequences known as transposable elements (TEs) have the ability to integrate into the genome at a different location within the cell of origin. Their shifting placements can occasionally cause or undo mutations, changing the genotype of the cell. Thus, option B is correct.
What role of transposable elements in genome evolution?DNA sequences called transposable elements (TEs) can migrate around inside genomes. The transposition of TEs has been demonstrated to change regulatory networks, gene expression, and genome organization in eukaryotic organisms.
Therefore, A transposon will probably harm a gene if it inserts itself into it. The activity of a gene can be destroyed or changed via insertion into its exons, introns, or even into the surrounding DNA (which may contain promoters and enhancers).
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which measure of ventilation is the maximal amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs with forced inhalation and exhalation?
The maximum volume of air that can be pushed into and out of the lungs during forceful inhalations and exhalations is known as vital capacity.
The vital capacity can be defined as the total amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled in a single breath. Forced inspiration and forced expiration allow for the measurement of the reserve volumes.
The lungs have a vast air capacity, yet they are not typically fully inflated. The four different types of lung volume measurements are tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. The total lung capacity is the sum of these. A respiratory cycle’s maximum amount of air that may be inhaled or exhaled is measured by the vital capacity (VC). It is the result of adding the tidal volume, the inspiratory reserve volume, and the expiratory reserve volume (4.8 volumes per liter).
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parent how has blood type 0, is crossed with a parent how has biood type AB. Can they possible have a child with AB blood?
The parent that has blood type 0 when crossed with a parent that has blood type AB does not produce a child that has a blood group AB.
How does a child get AB blood type?The child normally gets AB blood type when he/she has one copy of the A version from any one parent and one copy of the B version from the other parent.
According to the context of this question, the parent with blood type O has genes [tex]I^OI^O.[/tex] While the parent with blood type AB has genes [tex]I^AI^B[/tex]. They are capable of producing offspring that have blood types A and B only but not AB.
Therefore, the parent that has blood type 0 when crossed with a parent that has blood type AB does not produce a child that has a blood group AB.
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What is different about the outermost boundary in a plant cell compared to an animal cell?.
The outermost boundary of plant cell is called cell wall. The plant cells have a cell wall as well as a cell membrane. Animal cells simply have a cell membrane, but no cell wall.
What does outermost boundary mean?Outer boundary refer to the outside boundary or surface of something. Synonyms: fringe, periphery. type of: bound, boundary, edge. a line determining the limits of an area.The different about the outermost boundary in a plant cell compared to an animal cell, they have something as part of their outermost boundary that animal cells do not. The main differences between plant cell and animal cell is mentioned bellow.Cell wall of animal cells do not have a cell wall. Instead of a cell wall, the plasma membrane (usually called cell membrane when discussing animal cells) is the outer boundary of animal cells.Learn more about cell wall here: brainly.com/question/965751
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a chlorine oxide used to kill anthrax spores in contaminated buildings is 52.6% cl by mass. what is the name of this oxide?
The US Environmental Protection Agency claims that chlorine dioxide gas might be used safely to fumigate the contaminated US Senate office building.
It is common practice to treat drinking water with chlorine dioxide, a powerful anti-microbial. The spores of Legionella and other bacteria can be eliminated with great efficiency. But anthrax has never been treated with it before. With the chemical formula ClO2, chlorine dioxide gas is a substance that can be found in three different states depending on the temperature: as a bright orange crystal below 59 °C, a reddish-brown liquid between 11 °C and 59 °C, and as a yellowish-green gas above 11 °C. As an aqueous solution, it is typically handled. As a bleach, it is frequently employed. Its uses in disinfection and food processing have been expanded by more recent advances.
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which of the following is true of the genetics of viruses? viruses always contain dna and force host cells to produce rna. viruses always contain dna and rna. viruses always contain rna and force host cells to produce dna. viruses can contain either dna or rna, but not both.
The true statement about the genetics of viruses is viruses can contain either DNA or RNA, but not both.
Viruses are the microorganisms that can infect any other organism. Their genetic material is either RNA or DNA but never both. They also possess protein coating that protects their genetic material and is known as capsid.
The genetic material can be single or double stranded and positive or negative sense. Common examples of virus is Covid-19 virus, influenza virus that affects humans and tobacco mosaic virus that affects plants.
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the growth hormone axis contains at least one example of a negative feedback loop. t or f
The given statement about the growth hormone axis is true as explained below.
Classical research recommend that boom hormone (GH) secretion is managed via way of means of negative-remarks loops mediated via way of means of GH-freeing hormone (GHRH)- or somatostatin-expressing neurons. Examples of strategies that utilize terrible remarks loops encompass homeostatic systems, such as: Thermoregulation (if frame temperature changes, mechanisms are triggered to repair regular degrees) Blood sugar regulation (insulin lowers blood glucose while degrees are high ; glucagon increases blood glucose while degrees are low).
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Genetic variation among humans is relatively small when compared to other species. Where in the human genome does most of the diversity occur? a. in sequences that code for tRNAb. in the homeotic genes c. in the mitochondrial DNA d. in single nucleotide-polymorphisms
Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the human genome are responsible for diversity.
A single nucleotide substitution at a specific location in the genome is known as a single nucleotide polymorphism. SNPs, or single nucleotide polymorphisms, are the most prevalent form of genetic variation in humans. SNPs typically occur all over a person's DNA. For example, an SNP could replace the nucleotide cytosine (C) with the nucleotide thymine in a specific region of DNA (T).
Many people have these variants; nevertheless, for a variation to be called an SNP, it must be present in at least 1% of the population. This SNP is responsible for that 0.1% difference in human DNA to cause diversity.
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Chromosomes are easiest to move around the cell when they're tightly packed. What is this process called?.
Answer:
Chromosome Condensation
Explanation:
The tighter wrapping, or condensing, of the chromosomes occurs only during mitosis, the process of cell division. During mitosis, the chromosomes condense so that each chromosome is a distinct unit. Prior to mitosis, the cell copies its DNA so that it contains two copies of each chromosome.
You work in a lab and you have discovered a brilliant method for targeted control of chromatin structure and remodeling on a gene-by-gene basis. you are specifically interested in modifying the transcription of oncogenes, which are genes whose overexpression can lead to cancer. Select which modifications you would make in cancer cells that are over expressing oncogenes. Check all that apply.
Modifications you would make in cancer cells that are over expressing oncogenes are Increase histone methylation while decreasing histone acetylation and phosphorylation.
It is generally known that both histone deacetylation and DNA methylation suppress gene transcription. In contrast, when histones are deacetylated by HDAC, their electrostatic contacts with DNA become stronger, resulting in relaxed chromatin that upregulates transcription. A more open conformation of chromatin is produced as a result of histone phosphorylation, which gives the histone a negative charge. As a result, it is linked to gene expression and is engaged in chromatin remodeling and DNA damage repair.
Methyltransferases and demethylases, respectively, catalyze the site-specific methylation and demethylation of histone residues. In general, transcriptional silencing marks encourage the establishment of heterochromatin while transcriptional activation markers improve the permissibility of gene transcription.
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HELP!!!!!!!! When oxygenated blood leaves the heart through the aorta, where does it travel to next?
A. to the body
B. to the lungs
C. to the heart
Answer: b- to the lungs
Explanation:
Answer:
When oxygenated blood leaves the heart through the aorta, it travels to the body. The aorta is the largest artery in the human body, and it carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the rest of the body. The aorta branches off into smaller arteries, which distribute the oxygenated blood to the various organs and tissues of the body. This allows the cells of the body to use the oxygen in the blood to produce energy and perform essential functions.
In contrast, deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through the veins, and is then pumped to the lungs where it is oxygenated. The oxygenated blood then returns to the heart through the pulmonary artery and is pumped out to the body through the aorta. This is known as the cardiovascular system, and it is essential for maintaining the oxygen supply to the cells of the body.
Explanation:
4. Complete the flowchart to show how feedback controls regulate the thyroid gland.
5. Explain how feedback control regulates the rate of metabolism.
4). Hypothalamus→TRH→Anterior pituitary→TSH.
5).The brain stimulates the production and secretion t produce TSH, that prompts the thyroid to produce thyroxine, which speeds up metabolism.
What functions does the thyroid gland perform?The thyroid gland creates hormones that govern the body's metabolic rate, which affects bone growth and maintenance, heart, muscle, and digestive function. A sufficient intake of iron from of the diet is necessary for its proper operation.
What are the primary thyroid symptoms?Hypothyroid patients may observe that their heartbeat is lower than usual. The heart rate may increase as a result of hyperthyroidism. Additionally, it may result in heart palpitations of various kinds as well as a rise in blood pressure and a pounding sensation.
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There is a certain grammar to the genetic code, orrules to follow so that the message can be
effectively translated from DNA into functional
protein.
Codons are y base "words" that code for
specific amino acids. They are
and never
the words.
Codons are 3 base "words" that code for specific amino acids. They are non-overlapping and never have gaps between the word.
The genetic code (codon) is a series of nucleotide coding sequences in DNA or RNA to determine the sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code used today is a code composed of 3 nitrogenous bases called a triplet codon. There are 4 types of nitrogenous bases namely adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine. An example of a codon is the nucleotide sequence ATG (AUG in RNA) which specifies the amino acid methionine.
DNA serves as a pattern for making mRNA, and in turn messenger RNA serves as a pattern for making certain proteins. DNA and the corresponding messenger RNA are made up of a series of bases. In RNA, these bases are often labeled with the letters A, U, C, and G.
The question completely seen picture.
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5.Which of the following statements would be considered an appropriate scientific hypothesis?
If the size of the molecules is related to the rate of diffusion as they pass through a membrane, then similar molecules will flow through at a higher rate.
What is scientific hypothesis?
A scientific hypothesis is a theory that offers a provisional explanation for a phenomenon or a specific group of related events that have been observed in the natural world. Falsifiability and testability are the two key characteristics of a scientific hypothesis. They are embodied in a "If...then" statement that summarises the notion and in the capability to be confirmed or disproved through observation and experimentation. British philosopher Karl Popper, who was born in Austria, introduced the idea that a scientific theory can be both falsified and tested in the middle of the 20th century.
The scientific method, the strategy used by scientists to try to comprehend and evaluate theories regarding natural events, includes the formation and testing of hypotheses. The process of developing a hypothesis is commonly referred to as creative and is based on prior scientific understanding, intuition, or experience.
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the producer in an ocean grazing food web is usually a . question 2 options: a. plant b. animal c. fungi d. plankton
The producer in an ocean grazing food web is usually the plankton. They serve as an essential food supply for a variety of small and big aquatic organisms, including bivalves, fish, and whales, in the ocean.
The diverse group of creatures known as plankton can only move with the help of a current in water or the air (or wind). Plankters are the individual creatures that makeup plankton. The saltwater of oceans and the brackish waters of estuaries are home to bacteria, archaea, algae, protozoa, and drifting or floating creatures together known as marine plankton. Similar to sea plankton, freshwater plankton is only found in freshwaters such as lakes and rivers. Although plankton is typically associated with being found in water, there are also airborne species, known as aeroplankton, that spend some of their life drifting in the atmosphere.
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BR) nts A scientist crosses morning glory plants of different flower colors to determine how flower color is passed on to offspring. The results of three crosses are shown in the table. Cross W X Z Flower Color in Morning Glory Plants Flower Color of Parent 2 purple red red Flower Color of Parent 1 purple red purple Flower Color of Offspring purple red, purple The scientist crosses an offspring from cross X with an offspring from cross Z. What are the expected results of this cross? 50% of plants with red flowers, 50% of plants with purple flowers O 75% of plants with purple flowers, 25% of plants with red flowers 100% of plants with red flowers 100% of plants with purple flowers
Complete dominance occurs when a dominant allele hides the expression of the recessive allele. Option A. 50% of plants with red flowers, 50% of plants with purple flowers.
To answer this question, we will assume a single gene codes for flower color and it expresses complete dominance.
What is complete dominance?Complete dominance is an inheritance pattern in which a dominant allele, coding for a dominant phenotype, completely covers the expression of the recessive allele.
This is evident in heterozygous individuals in which both alleles are present, but only the dominant phenotype is expressed.
Cross W
Parents) Purple x Purple
F1) Purple
Cross X
Parents) Red x Red
F1) Red
Cross Z
Parents) Purple x Red
F1) Purple
Purple seems to be the dominant phenotype because when crossing red and purple individuals, only purple flowers are produced.
Assuming
a diallelic gene complete dominance dominant phenotype is purpleAlleles
P is the dominant allele that codes for purplep is the recessive allele that codes for redGenotypes and Phenotypes
PP and Pp are plants with purpe flowerspp are plants with red flowers.When crossing an offspring from cross X (red - pp) with an offspring from cross Z (pruple - Pp), we expect to produce 50% of plants with red flowers and 50% of plants with purple flowers.
Cross: an offspring from cross X with an offspring from cross Z
Parentals) pp x Pp
Gametes) p p P p
Punnett square) P p
p Pp pp
p Pp pp
F2) 50% Pp expressing purple fowers
50% pp expressing red flowers.
In conclusion, the correct option is A. 50% of plants with red flowers, 50% of plants with purple flowers.
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Complete question
A scientist crosses morning glory plants of different flower colors to determine how flower color is passed on to offspring.
The results of three crosses are shown in the table. (Hint: You must determine which color is dominant using the chart to answer the question.)
CROSS PARENT 1 PARENT 2 OFFSPRING
W Purple Purple Purple
X Red Red Red
Z Purple Red Purple
The scientist crosses an offspring from cross X with an offspring from cross Z.
What are the expected results of this cross,
A) 50% of plants with red flowers, 50% of plants with purple flowers
B) 75% of plants with purple flowers, 25% of plants with red flowers
C) 100% of plants with red flowers
D) 100% of plants with purple flowers
a mutation that occurs in a somatic cell in an organism will most likely be transferred to
Non-reproductive cells experience somatic mutations, which are transmitted through the process of mitosis to daughter cells but not to the progeny during sexual reproduction.
Do somatic mutations transfer to progeny?Any cellular change that takes place in somatic tissues following fertilization is referred to as a somatic mutation.Since these mutations will not affect the germline, they cannot be passed on to future generations.
How do somatic cells become mutated?Somatic mutations can frequently be brought on by environmental conditions, like exposure to UV rays or specific chemicals.From the earliest cleavage of the fertilized egg to a cell divisions that replace cells inside a senile person, somatic mutations can happen in any cell division.
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__________ is a highly conserved nucleotide sequence that has been found in developmental regulatory genes in many diverse organisms.
A homeobox is a highly conserved nucleotide sequence that has been found in developmental regulatory genes in many diverse organisms.
A gene is the fundamental physical and purposeful unit of heredity. Some genes act as instructions to make molecules referred to as proteins. but, many genes do now not code for proteins.
Our genes incorporate instructions that inform your cells to make molecules referred to as proteins. Every gene includes commands that determine your functions, together with eye color, hair shade, and height.
Few genes act as commands to make molecules referred to as proteins. In human beings, genes vary in length from a few hundred DNA bases to extra than 2 million bases.
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Condition that causes the lungs to lose elasticity; permanently enlarges airways and destroys the alveoli in lung tissue is called:
Emphysema primarily affects the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole and is a clinical diagnosis. It is distinguished by aberrant persistent expansion of the air gaps in the lungs, wall disintegration (without fibrosis), and degradation of the lung parenchyma (with loss of elasticity).
What is the term for when alveoli become less elastic?
Emphysema, the fourth most common cause of death in the US, damages the lungs' millions of small air sacs, whose walls become inflamed and lose flexibility, resulting in the collapse of the bronchioles.
What is the name of the illness that causes alveolar damage?
Emphysema damages the alveoli, which are the lungs' air sacs, to the point where they eventually rupture.
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unrepaired single-stranded dna breaks can lead to double-stranded dna breaks during the next round of replication. which repair pathway would be most appropriate for repairing double-stranded dna breaks? group of answer choices nonhomologous end joining dna proofreading
NHEJ would be most appropriate for repairing double-stranded DNA breaks.
Double-strand breaks in DNA can bring about misfortune and revamp genomic groupings. These breaks are fixed by either nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) or by homologous recombination (HR), additionally called recombinational fix or layout helped fix.
Non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) is utilized at different marks of the cell cycle when sister chromatids are not free for use as HR layouts. At the point when these breaks happen, the cell has not yet imitated the locale of DNA that contains the break, so not at all like the HR pathway, there is no comparing layout strand accessible.
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a tree harvesting method that involves cutting intermediate-aged or mature trees singly or in small groups is called
Individual or small groups of mature or intermediate-aged trees are chopped.
An uneven-aged forest's mature or intermediate trees are chopped individually or in small groups. Reduces crowding, eliminates diseased trees, promotes the growth of younger trees, maintains a stand of trees of various species and ages, and permits the use of a forest for a variety of purposes through selective cutting.
Clear-cutting: Eliminating all trees from a space with a single cut. In essence, clear-cutting that is done in two or more phases is what shelterwood cutting and seed-tree cutting are. Strip cutting is a clear-cutting variation that can yield a sustainable amount of wood without causing extensive damage.
Selective cutting: In an unevenly-aged forest, mature or intermediate-aged trees are removed individually or in small groups.
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Though scientists previously believed that domestic dogs evolved from canis ______, the gray wolf, genetic analysis indicates they actually evolved from a now extinct species.
Though scientists previously believed that domestic dogs evolved from canis lupus, the gray wolf, genetic analysis indicates they actually evolved from a now extinct species.
In other words, dogs as we know them are tamed wolves. The dog, Canis familiaris, is a direct ancestor of the grey wolf, Canis lupus. In addition to their altered behaviours, domestic dogs also differ physically from wolves in that they are typically smaller, have shorter muzzles, and have fewer teeth.Researchers examined the DNA of three canines that were discovered at 4,700–7,000-year-old archaeological sites in Germany and Ireland.
Modern European dogs are descended from the canines of antiquity. Scientists were able to date the domestication of dogs to between 20,000 and 40,000 years ago by examining the rates of change to the DNA from the earliest specimen.
Hence, modern dog are domesticated wolf.
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what is one of the primary reasons given for why there are very few fossils from the earliest (pre-ediacaran fauna) animals?
The first animals had soft bodies and lacked the necessary body parts to be mineralized into fossils.
From the Ediacaran through the Cambrian, a series of stunning finds, including embryos, have recently brought new life to the fossil record of the earliest animals. However, numerous questions, not the least of which is the date and interpretation of the fossils, are still up for debate.
Before making claims regarding the affinities of the earliest fossils, it is especially important to carefully investigate characteristics of their taphonomy.
The fossil record of at least primitive organisms, such as sponges and maybe cnidarians, can now be extended to a time period that occurred substantially earlier than the Cambrian.
The Cambrian explosion itself still appears to mark the appearance of the bilaterians, and numerous additional fossil discoveries in recent years have significantly increased our knowledge of how the three main bilaterian clades originated.
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in animals, what is the difference between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning?
Reproductive cloning involves the cloning of an entire organism, while therapeutic cloning refers to the cloning of specific cells or tissues for therapeutic purposes.
The Difference between Reproductive and Therapeutic CloningReproductive cloning is a process whereby an entire organism is cloned from a single cell taken from the parent organism. It is the process used to create clones of animals such as Dolly the sheep. The clone will have the same genetic code as the parent organism, and the result is an exact genetic copy of the original organism. On the other hand, therapeutic cloning is a process used to create cloned cells or tissues from a donor cell.
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