First of all, input electricity is just indicating the direction of that energy, in this case, it refers to the electrity that is being received in a sub-system.
What is the relationship between base pairs?
Relationships between base pairs exist as urine adenine (A) always couples with pyrimidine thymine (T), and pyrimidine cytosine (C) always pairs with purine guanine, according to the laws of base pairing (or nucleotide pairing).
Adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T) are the four nucleotides, or bases, that makeup DNA (T). These bases couple off in certain ways (A with T and G with C). Base pairs are chemically linked to one another within a DNA molecule by hydrogen bonds. The molecule's two strands are joined by these bonds. Complementary base pairing sometimes referred to as Watson-Crick base pairing, is the term used to describe the constant pairing of bases.
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Muscle fiber features called ___________ are repeating units within muscle fibers that act as the functional units of muscle contraction
Muscle fiber features called Sarcomere are repeating units within muscle fibers that act as the functional units of muscle contraction.
Because the actin and myosin filaments that drive their contraction are arranged into repeating arrays, or sarcomeres, that have a striated microscopic appearance, skeletal and cardiac muscles are known as striated muscles.
What is the purpose of muscle fiber?
Muscle fibers' main function is to regulate the forces that go through the body. The quadriceps and gluteus maximus shorten as the body changes from a seated to a standing position to help the body resist gravity. Similar activities may be used to create force to move a resistance.
Where can you find muscle fiber?
Except for the heart, smooth muscle fibers are spindle-shaped, involuntary, and located in the walls of hollow visceral organs (such as the liver, pancreas, and intestines). Skeletal muscle fibers can be found in muscles that are attached to bones.
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What are the characteristics of a hormone?
The functions of certain cells or organs are regulated by hormones, which circulate in the circulation.
Some basic characteristics of a hormone are:
They are substances generated chemically by certain endocrine gland cells.Circulation carries them to the desired cells, tissue, or organ.They act according to their kind.They are present in incredibly small numbers. Most of them are soluble in water.They have a light molecular structure.After acting, they are destroyed.They are heterogeneous substances in terms of composition.They can't be kept for a very long period; typically, they are synthesized and secured as needed.Typically, they create hormone receptor complexes in target cells to activate them.Learn more about the characteristics of hormones here:
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The bending of a tip link protein leads to depolarization of the hair cell by allowing _____________ ions go diffuse across the membrane into the cell.
The bending of a tip link protein leads to depolarization of the hair cell by allowing Potassium ions go diffuse across the membrane into the cell.
Potassium has the chemical symbol K and the atomic number 19. Potassium is a silvery-white metal that may be sliced with a knife with little effort. In seconds, potassium metal interacts with ambient oxygen to generate flaky white potassium peroxide.
Potassium can be found naturally in many foods as well as as a supplement. Its primary function in the body is to assist maintain normal fluid levels within our cells. Its counterpart, sodium, maintains proper fluid levels outside of cells. Potassium also aids muscle contraction and maintains normal blood pressure.
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What does socrates do in socrates, condemned to death, addresses his judges, also known as apologia (the apology)? socrates refuses to abandon his course of questioning and challenging answers. Socrates abandons his course of questioning and challenging answers. Socrates deserts his course of questioning and challenging answers. Socrates leaves his course of questioning and challenging answers.
In Socrates, Condemned to Death, Addresses His Judges, also known as Apologia (The Apology), according to my understanding of Socrates, Socrates continues to pose questions and offer challenging responses.
Because of his contributions to the development of ancient Greek philosophy, which paved the path for Western philosophy, Socrates of Athens is regarded as one of the most famous individuals in history. In Socrates, Condemned to Death, Addresses His Judges, commonly known as Apologia (The Apology), Socrates, who is condemned to death, maintains his line of inquiry and challenging responses.
Before the jury, Socrates questions why he should have been so eager to continue his line of philosophical investigation if the resentment it has garnered him has endangered his life. He responds to his own query by stating that the only pertinent consideration while acting is whether or not one is doing justly. In comparison to thoughts of justice, issues of life and death are self-serving and irrelevant.
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Describe how the defect in the Single-Mutant (Sev R7 precursor cell causes the cell to become cone cell instead of a photoreceptor cell. No response entered (c) The scientists predict that the presence of activated Ras in the Double-Mutant (Sev RasD) R7 precursor cell will enable the cell to differentiate into an R7 photoreceptor cell Based on Figure evaluate the likely accuracy of their prediction_ No response entered (d) The Sev RTK is expressed In more cell types than just R7 precursor cells, and It appears to be important in determining the phenotypes of these Other cells. Explain how one receptor can Induce different phenotypes In different cell types: No response entered
The Ras protein cannot bind to Sev RTK, so there is no signaling pathway causing the cell to become a cone cell.
RAS proteins play an important role in normal development. Active RAS promotes cell growth, proliferation, and migration. RAS in normal cells receives and obeys signals to rapidly switch between active (GTP form) and inactive (GDP form) states.
Ras proteins are proto-oncogenes that are frequently mutated in cancers in humans. They are encoded by three genes that are widely expressed: HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS. These proteins are GTPases, which act as molecular switches, regulating pathways involved in cell proliferation and survival. KRAS is the most frequently mutated of the three Ras isoforms, accounting for 75% of Ras-mutant cancers in 19 of the 29 cancer types listed in Table 1.
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Check all that apply when there is an increase in aldosterone secretion in response to an increase in renin by the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
a. Potassium secretion increases.
b. Sodium reabsorption increases.
c. Sodium secretion increases
c. Potassium reabsorption increases.
Aldosterone secretion rises in response to a rise in renin by the juxtaglomerular apparatus an increase in sodium secretion.
What is juxtaglomerular?
The juxtaglomerular apparatus causes an increase in renin, which causes an increase in aldosterone secretion. Aldosterone is a hormone that affects the kidney's tubules to increase sodium and water absorption into the blood; this substance is directly linked to decreased urine production. The juxtaglomerular cells change prorenin to renin when the blood flow to the kidneys is decreased. Angiotensinogen is changed into angiotensin as a result. The frequency of action potentials that flow from the urinary bladder to the sacral region of the spinal cord increases when the urinary bladder is extended. By stimulating paracrinely, macula densa cells instruct granular cells.
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describe generally how the enzymes might lower the activation energy and ultimately speed up a reaction
The explanation for how enzymes could reduce activation energy and subsequently speed up a process is given below.
The minimal amount of energy needed to activate atoms or molecules so they may go through chemical change or reaction is known as activation energy.They bring the reactants near enough to prevent them from wasting extra energy when they randomly clash.Molecules can interact with less energy by tying reactants to the active site.In order to reduce activation energy, reactions also take place via a different method.The kind of substrate, temperature, ionic concentration, and pH of the environment all affect how an enzyme reacts.Trypsin (pH 8), another enzyme in the digestive tract, breaks protein chains in food into smaller pieces. Digestive enzymes are produced in the acidic environment (low pH) of the stomach to aid in the breakdown of proteins into smaller molecules.
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scientists mate two parrots from different populations to see if speciation has occured. the parrots mate over and over again but the male sperm never fertilizes the female egg. what type of barrier is this
The parrots mate again and again, yet the male sperm never treats the female egg. Mating happens, however, gametes can't join together. This is an illustration of gametic disconnection, a prezygotic reproductive barrier.
Prezygotic barriers keep individuals from various species from mating to create a zygote, a solitary-celled incipient organism. Some model situations are underneath: Two species could favor various territories and consequently be probably not going to experience each other. This is called habitat isolation. Prezygotic barriers are ostensibly the most significant and compelling boundaries, considering that they would act right off the bat in the existing pattern of a creature, force the most grounded obstacle to quality stream, and could forestall exorbitant yet negative mating mixes.
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Which of the following is example of chemical mutagen *?
This chemical mutagen includes substances like salt, Sodium azide, and ethyl methanesulfonate. Here option C is the correct answer.
A monofunctional ethylating agent called ethyl methanesulfonate has been shown to be mutagenic in a range of genetic test systems, including viruses and mammals. Additionally, it has been demonstrated to cause cancer in animals.
One of the most potent chemical mutagens in agricultural plants has been sodium azide. The development of an organic metabolite of the azide molecule mediates the mutagenicity. This metabolite enters the nucleus, interacts with the DNA, and alters the genome at a specific location.
Strong mutagens include a class of very poisonous substances called vesicants, of which mustard gas is the best-known example.
Complete question:
Which of the following is a chemical mutagen?
A - Ethyl methane sulphonate and X-rays
B - Sodium azide and UV rays
C - Ethyl methanesulphonate and Sodium azide
D - X-rays, gamma rays, and UV rays
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__________ is a highly conserved nucleotide sequence that has been found in developmental regulatory genes in many diverse organisms.
Developmental regulating genes in a wide variety of species have been identified to include the highly conserved nucleotide sequence known as homeobox.
A family of genes known as homeobox genes controls morphogenesis and cell differentiation in multicellular animals. Since their discovery, instances of them have been found in all multicellular species, including fungi and vertebrate animals.
A highly conserved nucleotide sequence known as a homeobox (Hox) has been discovered in developmental regulating genes in a wide range of species. It consists of a 180-base pair DNA sequence that functions as a transcription factor, enabling it to regulate the expression of other genes. It is frequently linked to the regulation of segment identity in animals.
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what membranes of the maculae sacculi and utriculi are important in sensing gravity and motion?
The otolithic membrane the maculae sacculi and utriculi are important in sensing gravity and motion
what is otolith membrane?
The otolithic membrane is a fibrous structure located in the vestibular system of inner ear.
It plays a critical role in brain's interpretation of equilibrium.
The membrane serves to determine if body or the head is tilted, in addition to linear acceleration of the body.
The otoliths are small structures in inner ear used to register gravity and linear acceleration
The semicircular canals allow us to the sense direction and speed of angular acceleration.
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Hemoglobin is the protein that transports o2 through the blood from the lungs to the rest of the body. in doing so, each molecule of hemoglobin combines with four molecules of o2. if 1.00 g of hemoglobin combines with 1.53 ml of o2 at 37°c and 743 torr, what is the molar mass of hemoglobin?
The Molar mass of hemoglobin will be 67992 g/mol.
According to the relation between Pressure, volume and temperature, the equation is given as:
PV = nRT ... (1)
Where "P" signifies pressure, "V" signifies volume, "R" signifies gas constant, "T" signifies temperature and "n" signifies number of moles.
P = 743/760 = 0.987 atm
T = 273 + 37 = 310 K
R = 0.08206 L⋅atm/mol⋅K
Substituting the values of pressure and temperature in equation (1), we get:
n = [0.987 * 1.99* 10^(-3)] / (0.08206 * 310)
n = [7.65 * 10^(-5)] moles of oxygen
Since, Number of moles of hemoglobin is one fourth of moles of oxygen. This implies that,
number of moles of hemoglobin = (1/4) * [7.65 * 10^(-5)]
number of moles of hemoglobin = 1.912 * 10^(-5) moles
Molar mass of hemoglobin is equal to weight of hemoglobin divided by number of moles of hemoglobin
Molar mass of hemoglobin = 1.30 / [1.912 * 10^(-5)] g/mol
Molar mass of hemoglobin = 67992 g/mol
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lucy vs. ape vs. human for this lab you are going to compare lucy (a. afarensis) to an ape and a human. you will first compare the pelvis and femur. then you will compare the skulls. lucy vs. ape lucy vs. human illium shape and length orientation of the illiac blades (do they curve inward, are they flat?) femur is there a bicondylar angle present? what is the orientation of the head of the femur? straight? curved? what is the size of the linea aspera? overall which is lucy more similar to? an ape or a human? what features sup
Lucy's femurs, or thighbones, are angled inward from the hip toward the knee. She is thus able to walk with her feet close together thanks to the direct descent of her shinbones (tibiae) to the earth. According to some experts, Lucy's long arms, which are similar to the pole used by tightrope walkers, may have helped her balance while walking on two legs.
The angle formed by the femur's diaphysis and a line parallel to the infracondylar plane is known as the bicondylar angle. Australopithecus afarensis' femoral bicondylar angle proves that these 3.5 million-year-old hominids were bipedal.
Which bones in the skeleton of Lucy most like those of a chimpanzee?A digital recreation of Lucy's upper arm bone is seen here. The CT images were compared to those of contemporary primates and humans. Her upper limb strength was determined to be closer to that of a chimpanzee than a human, according to specialists.
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Light passes through the entire thickness of the neural layer of the retina to excite the photoreceptors.true/false
The statement 'light passes through the entire thickness of the neural layer of the retina to excite the photoreceptors' is true.
In the field of biology, the retina can be described as the site of the human eye that absorbs light. Inside the retina, the photoreceptors are present that become excited when light is absorbed.
It is the photoreceptors that transmit the light energy into electrical signals so that they can be carried in the form of impulses to the brain as a signal.
In order for the light to excite the photoreceptors present in the retina, it has to pass through the various levels of neural thickness in the retina. Hence, the statement above is true.
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Abnormal crackle-like lung sounds heard through a stethoscope during inspiration.
a. True
b. False
Abnormal crackle-like lung sounds heard through a stethoscope during inspiration: a. True
A crackle is an abnormal crackle-like lung sound heard through a stethoscope during inspiration (breathing in).
Inspirational humans are folks that can set a purpose and do everything in their energy to reap it. It takes a whole lot of willpower to at least one's passions to achieve your dreams. folks that adopt this trait can use it to empower the ones around them.
Derived from the Latin word “inspirare,” meaning to “breathe into,” proposal is the feeling of being mentally inspired to occur what we want to create. Being stimulated can give you the ideas and desire you want to: resolve complicated issues. increase something new and thrilling.
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what overall changes in the digestive system appear with age? decreased secretory mechanisms
Our digestive system moves food through our bodies through a series of muscle contractions. As we age, this process can slow down. When that happens, more water from the food is absorbed into the body, which can lead to constipation. Staying hydrated is very important to help prevent constipation.
Ageing can have drastic effects on the functions of the digestive system. One of these is reduced appetite due to changes in hormone production and an alteration in smell and taste. Physiological changes in pharyngeal skills and esophageal motility may lead to dysphagia and reflux.
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in animals, what is the difference between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning?
Animals are replicated in their entirety through reproductive cloning. In trials aiming at producing tissues to replace damaged or ill tissues, therapeutic cloning creates embryonic stem cells.
The intentional creation of individuals that are genetically similar is known as reproductive cloning. Each freshly created person is a duplicate of the original.
Reproductive cloning creates an animal that is genetically identical to a donor animal utilising somatic cell nuclear transfer. The new generated embryo is returned to the uterus during reproductive cloning so it can implant and develop. Possibly the most famous example is Dolly the sheep.
By transferring dissociated nuclear material from a somatic cell into an enucleated egg, therapeutic cloning aims to establish embryonic cell lines with the same genome as the nuclear donor.
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If a single marble is pulled out of the bag, how many outcomes are in the sample space?.
If a single marble is pulled out of the bag, there will be 6 outcomes are in the sample space.
A sample space is a assortment or a group of potential outcomes of a random experiment. The sample house is painted victimization the image, “S”. The set of potential outcomes of an experiment is named events. A sample house might contain variety of outcomes that depends on the experiment.
In probability, an outcome is a potential results of an experiment or trial. every potential outcome of a selected experiment is exclusive, and completely different outcomes are reciprocally exclusive (only one outcome can occur on every trial of the experiment).
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what is the function of the spleen? group of answer choices tissue repair hematopoiesis red blood cell and platelet destruction blood reservoir all of the above
In the top left side of your abdomen, behind your left ribs, and next to your stomach, is an organ the size of your fist called the spleen. Despite being a crucial component of your immune system, you are nonetheless capable of surviving without it. This is due to the fact that the liver may perform many of the spleen's duties.
Cellular waste and old or damaged blood cells are removed from the blood as it is filtered. Create antibodies and white blood cells to aid in the body's defense against illness. Helps keep your body's fluid levels stable. Produces antibodies that can defend you against infection. Rapid satiety following a meal (an enlarged spleen can press on the stomach).
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a(n) viral infection involves the rapid replication of the virus, often at the site of infection, which leads to sudden symptom onset.
A(n) acute viral infection includes the virus replicating quickly, frequently at the site of infection, which causes the abrupt onset of symptoms.
Acute viral infections are marked by the fast or quick onset of infections , which can be promptly treated by the host's powerful innate immune responses or, alternatively, may result in the host's death. Acute illnesses are frequently brought on by viruses or infections, but they can also be brought on by injuries sustained in falls or car accidents, or by the abuse of narcotics or pharmaceuticals. The onset of acute infections is abrupt and severe.
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In which region did biomass production increase by the highest percentage between 2005 and 2015?
Midwest region did biomass production increase by the highest percentage between 2005 and 2015.
Our ability to produce and process biomass could provide us with a remarkably sustainable source of organic chemicals, organic materials (like biopolymers), and liquid transportation fuels. Despite the fact that there are many alternative sustainable sources of electricity, biomass can aid in the production of electricity sustainably. Biomass is a particularly useful source of both animal and human nourishment.
Bio based industrial products have the ability to serve as the foundation for local and global economic systems that are considerably more just and fair because biomass production is geographically broadly distributed. Additionally, because biomass production occurs all over the world, conflicts over resources like oil may be reduced or perhaps eliminated.
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i. Soybean and maize can grow simultaneously on the same field explain?
ii. What is the main purpose of mixed cropping?
iii. Enlist various methods to control weed, insect, and disease.
Answer:
Explanation:
Planting Soybean and Maize in alternate rows in the same field is called as intercropping will this help (please heart)
The cell membrane encloses the cell contents"
What are the major properties of the cell membrane?
Answer:
Cell membranes are crucial to the life of the cell. The plasma membrane encloses the cell, defines its boundaries, and maintains the essential differences between the cytosol and the extracellular environment.
(1) Cell membranes are thin enclosures that form closed boundaries. (2) Cell membranes are made up of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. (3) Cell membranes consists of a phospholipid bilayer. (4) Cell membranes are held together by non-covalent interactions (5) Membranes are fluid-like structure
thermogenesis has been studied the plants in the genus arum, including skunk cabbage and the corpse flower. in these plants, what hypotheses have been provided to explain the reason behind thermogenesis? select all that apply
The hypotheses that have been given to explain the reasons behind thermogenesis in the genus Arum are:
protection from frost damageheat source for pollinatorsThermogenesis plants are found in various families, but Araceae contains many of these species. Skunk cabbage, dead horse arum, elephant yam, and Philodendron selloum, are some examples of thermogenic plants belonging to the Araceae family. These plants can generate large amounts of heat that even mammals cannot, and their rate of heat production will increase if they are in a cooler environment.
Thermogenesis plants produce heat to aid in pollination. Heat makes the scent of these flowers more volatile which helps the scent spread more widely so pollinating insects can smell them from afar.
This question has several options
a) protection from frost damage
b) leaf production and photosynthesis.
c) seed germination.
d) heat source for pollinators
c) pollinator attraction.
True choice is A and D
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if a cell increases the activity of its actin severing proteins, will it lead in the short term to more or less actin polymer mass?
If a cell increases the activity of its actin severing proteins, will it lead in the short term to more or less actin polymer mass. If the concentration of free actin monomers is above the Cc for both the plus and minus ends, then MORE polymers will result. If the concentration of free actin monomers is below the Cc for both the plus and minus ends, then LESS polymer will result.
Actin was first isolated from muscle cells, in which it constitutes approximately 20% of total cell protein, in 1942. Actin is now known to be a very abundant protein (usually 5 to 10% of total protein) in all types of eukaryotic cells, despite the fact that it was formerly believed to be specifically engaged in muscle contraction. While higher eukaryotes have multiple distinct kinds of actin that are encoded by various members of the actin gene family, yeasts only have one actin gene. For instance, mammals have at least six unique actin genes: Two are expressed in non-muscle cells, while four are expressed in various forms of muscle.In 1990, Kenneth Holmes, Wolfgang Kabsch, and their colleagues mapped the three-dimensional architectures of actin filaments and individual actin molecules. The globular proteins that make up individual actin molecules have 375 amino acids (43 kd). Actin monomers polymerize to form filaments because each actin monomer (globular [G] actin) includes tight binding sites that mediate head-to-tail contacts with two other actin monomers (filamentous [F] actin).
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plants are considered primary producers because they convert light energy into chemical energy. animals are considered consumers because they must eat to receive sufficient energy from their environment. how does the big picture illustrate the different modes of obtaining energy?
The different modes of obtaining energy from light energy to chemical energy is shown by food webs.
Food webs demonstrate the flow of energy within a system. Organic matter is produced by plants using energy from the sun. Following that, main consumers eat plants, which are then consumed by secondary consumers, and so forth.
The energy that the Sun first released is absorbed with each step, but it also diminishes with each step. 90% of the energy in the meals that animals eat is used up by them for daily activity. Only 10% of the original energy is now available for the following consumer. As you move up the food chain, its effectiveness declines.
This highlights a crucial element in the allocation of energy in diets for humans as well. consuming food produced by animals and plants at the base of the food chain.
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what is one virulence factor that differentiates staphylococcus aureus from other species of staphylococci? group of answer choices it can produce coagulase. it produces lipase. it has a capsule. it produces catalase. it can live on the surface of the skin and in cutaneous oil glands.
The difference between the staphylococcus aureus from other species of staphylococci is that it can produce coagulase.
Coagulase superb staphylococci are acknowledged human pathogens. Transmission of those organisms happens thru direct touch with colonized or inflamed men and women or thru oblique touch with infected objects. S. aureus is the maximum not unusualplace species on this group; extra species encompass S. lugdunensis and S.
The coagulase take a look at differentiates traces of Staphylococcus aureus from S. epidermidis and different coagulase-bad species. S. aureus traces are commonly able to coagulating EDTA-handled plasma withinside the tube take a look at and could produce clumps of cells withinside the slide testaureus is differentiated from different staphylococci via way of means of the coagulase take a look at.
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Malonyl-coa is an intermediate in fatty acid synthesis. it also regulates fatty acid metabolism.a. Trueb. False
Malonyl-coa is an intermediate in fatty acid synthesis. It also regulates fatty acid metabolism. The above statement is true.
When in a catabolic condition and not eating, the liver produces ketones by metabolizing fatty acids. This safeguards the brain during the nighttime fast or extended hunger periods because the brain cannot metabolize fatty acids. We published a report in the JCI in 1977 describing the startling discovery that malonyl-CoA, the building block of fatty acid synthesis, also inhibited fatty acid oxidation.
This discovery has been supported by further research, which has improved our knowledge of molecular metabolism. Only the liver engages in ketogenesis, which is the oxidation of long-chain fatty acids to produce acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. When there is not enough glucose produced, the body switches to a lipid-based economy. Ketone synthesis is protective since the brain cannot metabolize fatty acids for energy.
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Why do cells need to replicate their DNA before divding?
Answer:
Explanation:
Replication is an essential process because, whenever a cell divides, the two new daughter cells must contain the same genetic information, or DNA, as the parent cell. The replication process relies on the fact that each strand of DNA can serve as a template for duplication.