When fuels are burned, A high-temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction takes place between a fuel and an oxidant, often atmospheric oxygen, producing oxidized, generally gaseous compounds in a mixture known as smoke.
Combustion is frequently a complex series of basic radical reactions. Endothermic pyrolysis converts solid fuels like wood and coal into gaseous fuels, whose combustion provides the heat needed to make more of them.
The heat produced by combustion is frequently intense enough to produce blazing or flame-like incandescent light. A basic example is the interaction of hydrogen and oxygen producing water vapor, which is often used to power rocket engines. This reaction produces 242 kJ/mol of heat and so decreases the enthalpy.
High oxidation potential oxidants for combustion include ambient or pure oxygen, chlorine, fluorine, chlorine trifluoride, nitrous oxide, and nitric acid. For example, hydrogen burns in chlorine to generate hydrogen chloride, with the characteristic heat and light liberation of combustion.
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Match each word or phrase to identify whether or not each word or phrase represents a
reason for the change in chimpanzee hands.
Crossbreeding between gorillas and
chimpanzees
Mutations in chimpanzee DNA
Differences in the ways chimpanzees
use their hands
Sexual reproduction
Differences in enhancer sequences
[Choose]
[Choose]
[Choose]
[Choose]
[Choose]
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The reason for the change in the hands of the chimpanzee include:
Crossbreeding between gorillas and chimpanzees( Represents a reason for the change)Mutations in chimpanzee DNA ( Represents a reason for the change)Differences in the ways chimpanzees use their hands ( Doesn't represents a reason for the change)Sexual reproduction ( Doesn't represents a reason for the change)Differences in enhancer sequences( Represents a reason for the change).What is mutation?Mutation is defined as the alteration in the genetic makeup of a living organism which may occur due to the following:
When there is spontaneous break down of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).Change in a single nucleotide of the DNA.when there is additions or deletions of nucleotide in a DNA strand.A change can be noticed in an animal such as Chimpanzee when the following occurs:
Mutations in chimpanzee DNA: This can alter both that anatomy and the physiological features of the organism involved.
Crossbreeding between gorillas and chimpanzees: When there is cross breeding between a chimpanzee and a gorilla, it will lead to a genetic diversity which can be observed as a change in the hands of the chimpanzee.
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plasma membranes require an extensive support network of proteins on the cytosolic side of the membrane. this network is called
On the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane, Gene Ontology Term (GO:0009898) Those proteins that are embedded, anchored, or adhered to the surface of the leaflet of the plasma membrane that confronts the cytoplasm are defined.
The term "transmembrane proteins" refers to proteins that span the whole membrane. An integral membrane protein typically has hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, with the former being located inside the membrane and the latter being found outside of it. These compartments, in the case of the plasma membrane, are the cell's inside and exterior. The particular tasks of the plasma membrane, such as selective chemical transport and cell-cell identification, are carried out by proteins embedded inside the phospholipid bilayer.
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the flow of highly energetic electrons through the electron transport chain changes the of the pump proteins, which causes them to transport protons across the membrane.
The flow of highly energetic electrons through the electron transport chain changes the of the pump proteins, which causes them to transport protons across the membrane is true.
The electrons in the electron transport chain (ETC) pass through a chain of proteins that raises its reduction potential and results in an energy release. A proton gradient is produced by pumping hydrogen ions (H+) from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space with the majority of this energy being lost as heat. This gradient generates an electrical difference with a positive charge outside and a negative charge inside, increasing the acidity in the intermembrane gap. Here, the citric acid cycle oxidizes the NADH provided by glycolysis, converting two electrons from NADH to FMN. After that, they move on to the Fe-S clusters, and lastly from Fe-S, they move on to coenzyme Q. The electrochemical gradient is aided by the passage of 4 hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane gap.To know more about energy check the below link:
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What is the relationship between amino acids and proteins and enzymes?
The amino acids are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen-containing compound that helps to synthesize proteins and enzymes.
Amino acids are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen-containing compounds that help to build up a protein molecule. The basic structure of amino acid contains an amino end, carboxyl end, and functional (R) group. The amino acid differs from each other because of the R group.
During the translation process, the tRNA reads the codes in the mRNA and brings a particular amino acid for that code. As the process continues, each amino acid is joined with the succeeding amino acids with the help of a peptide bond. This leads to the synthesis of a polypeptide chain. This polypeptide chain may either fold to form a functional or structural protein.
All enzymes are proteins because of their composition. So the translation process also leads to the synthesis of enzymes. This enzyme helps in biochemical reactions in the body.
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energy used by the body to perform muscular contractions is called adenosine diphosphate, or adp. t or f
The statement "energy used by the body to perform muscular contractions is called adenosine diphosphate, or ADP" is a FALSE statement.
Instead of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), the body gets its energy for performing muscular contraction from the cell's energy currency which is known as adenosine triphosphate or ATP.
Adenosine triphosphate is an organic compound that gives energy to various processes in living cells. It captures chemical energy from food molecules that has been broken down and releases it to fuel other cellular processes. When consumed in a metabolic process, ATP converts to either ADP or AMP. It has the chemical formula of C₁₀H₁₆N₅O₁₃P₃.
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a self-regulating association of living plants and animals and their nonliving physical environment is termed a(n)
A self-regulating collection of biotic communities of organisms is referred to as an ecosystem. Exchanging matter and energy with their inanimate surroundings.
Ecology is the study of ecosystems, or it is the study of how living things interact with their environment in their natural habitat. A community of creatures and their physical environment make up an ecosystem. Broad groupings of terrestrial ecosystems are referred to as "biomes." Ecology is the study of interactions between living things, such as humans, and their natural surroundings. Ecosystems maintain processes that support life and offer ecosystem services like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber, and medicine), climate management, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtering, soil formation, erosion control, and others.
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differentiate between hematocrit and hemoglobin. how will we determine the hematocrit level of blood in lab?
Red blood cells include the protein hemoglobin, and the term “hematocrit” refers to a measurement of the proportion of red blood cells to all other blood cells in the body.
Anemia is diagnosed using both hematocrit and hemoglobin. Standard blood tests can be used to assess hemoglobin and hematocrit, and both results are routinely provided when a clinician requests a blood count.
The volume percentage of red blood cells in the blood is known as the hematocrit (hct), and it is reported as a percentage. A hematocrit of 25%, for instance, indicates that there are 25 milliliters of red blood cells in every 100 milliliters of blood.
Measure the length of the packed red cells column and divide it by the length of the entire blood column using a hematocrit reader or any other ruling device (cells and plasma). The hematocrit is obtained by multiplying this amount by 100%. Example: The hematocrit is 20/50 = 0.4 or (0.4 x 100%) = 40% if the packed red cell column is 20 mm and the total blood column is 50 mm
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What are the four Importance of meiosis?
Meiosis is in charge of the generation of gametes, which are responsible for sexual reproduction. - It activates genetic information for gamete development.
It cuts the number of chromosomes in gametes cells in half and aids in maintaining a steady number of chromosomes.
Due to the fact that cell division happens twice during meiosis, a single beginning cell can create four gametes (eggs or sperm).
Cells go through four stages throughout each cycle of division: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Meiosis is critical because it guarantees that all creatures formed through sexual reproduction have the right amount of chromosomes. Meiosis also causes genetic diversity through the recombination process.
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in wild barley, mutations in the eibi1 gene cause plants to have a reduced capacity to retain leaf water. where is the eibi1 gene likely to normally function?
In wild barley, mutations in the eibi1 gene cause plants to have a reduced capacity to retain leaf water. Plants on land have evolved a cuticle to stop unchecked water loss.
We report that both wild barley and rice need an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) subfamily G (ABCG) complete transporter for the conservation of leaf water. In wild barley, eibi1.b is a spontaneous mutation that results in a thin cuticle and reduced cutin deposition, as well as a limited ability to retain leaf water. It was discovered through map-based cloning that Eibi1 encodes a complete HvABCG31 transporter. The gene product was localised in developing tissue but not in mature tissue, and it was significantly expressed in the elongation zone of a growing leaf (the site of cutin synthesis). "eibi1.c," a de novo wild barley mutant, and two transposon-inserted rice lines with HvABCG31 ortholog mutations.
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What the answers to this question
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Alde
Which structure or component of the small intestine is important to antimicrobial defense?
A) salivary glands
B) stomach acid
C) Paneth cells
D) gall bladder
E) crevicular fluid
The structure or component of the small intestine that is important to antimicrobials are Paneth cells. So option c. is correct.
Paneth cells were first described in the late 19th century by Gustav Schwalbe and Josef Paneth as columnar epithelial granules in their cytoplasm. Decades later there is continued interest in Paneth cells as they play an integral role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and modulating the physiology of the small intestine and its associated microbial flora.
Paneth cells are highly specialized secretory epithelial cells located in the small intestinal crypts of Lieberkuhn. The dense granules produced by Paneth cells contain an abundance of antimicrobials.
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The immune system is capable of mounting specific responses to particular microorganisms because ________.
The immune system is capable of mounting specific responses to particular microorganisms because the immune system is divided into generalized and specific components, such as innate and acquired immunity.
What is immunity?Immunity occurs when the body defends itself against a foreign pathogen, and in the body there are two types of mechanisms. One is called "innate immunity," which is generalized for a diverse range of pathogens. The other is acquired immunity, in which the cells produce specific antibodies against a specific microbe.
Hence, the immune system is capable of mounting specific responses to particular microorganisms because the immune system is divided into generalized and specific components, such as innate and acquired immunity.
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the symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders typically begin during which period of the lifespan?
The diseases are defined by developmental defects that result in impairments of personal, social, intellectual, or occupational functioning and often present early in development, frequently before the child enters grade school.
Language and speech, motor abilities, behavior, memory, learning, and other brain processes may all be affected in children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Some neurodevelopmental disorders are permanent, even if their signs and behaviors frequently alter or change as a child gets older.
Genetic, intrauterine, extrauterine, and environmental factors that have an impact on the fetal-maternal milieu can all play a role in neurodevelopmental disorders that arise throughout fetal life.
Neurodevelopmental problems can persist into adulthood even though they are often identified in children. In milder cases, even though the issue has existed all along, it may not necessarily be diagnosed until adulthood.
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A plant has the following absorption spectrum. Which color is not
easily absorbed?
Red
Blue
Green
Orange
Answer: Green
Explanation:
Green is not easily absorbed by plants because green bounces off of the plant.
for Mendel's studies, why was it important that his subjects, pea plants, could reproduce quickly and produce many offspring?
It is important for Mendel's subject to reproduce quickly so that he could complete many experiments in a short period of time. Many offspring are needed so as to study the phenotypes and genotypes in detail.
Mende's ExperimentMendel carried out several breeding experiments using the pea plant. Through his series of experiments, Mendel was able to formulate the laws of genetics, otherwise known as the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment respectively.
Mendel made use of the pea plant for his breeding experiments for a couple of reasons:
The pea plant shows distinct and contrasting characters. It is either one or the other, no in-betweens.The pea plant reproduces quickly. With this, Mendel was able to conduct several experiments within a short period.The pea plant produces many offspring in a single generation. This enable Mendel to study the traits in details. Both the physical and genetic traits were studied using enough population.
Thus, it is quite important that the subject used by Mendel reproduced quickly and produced many offspring so as to be able to conduct several breeding experiments within a short period as well as study the traits in detail.
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where do the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division originate in the cns?
Answer:the lateral horns of the 12 thoracic and the first 2 or 3 lumbar segments of the spinal cord.
Explanation:
imitri is measuring the amount of oxygen released by a venus flytrap plant. he determines that his plant has released 600 molecules of oxygen (o2). if this is correct, how many molecules of glucose did the venus flytrap create?
Flytraps sincerely get a bargain in their sustenance like different plant life do, thru the method of photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, plant life use the electricity of the solar to force a response that converts carbon dioxide and water to sugar and oxygen.
From 600 molecules of oxygen, the wide variety of molecules of glucose generated could be one hundred molecules.From the equation of photosynthesis:6CO_2 + 6H_2O --- > C_6H_1_20_6 +60_2The mole ratio of glucose to oxygen molecules is 1:6. This method that for each 6 molecules of oxygen produced, 1 molecule of glucose is produced.Thus, for six hundred molecules of oxygen, the molecules of glucose produced could be:molecules600 *1 / 6 = 100.Read more about photosynthesis:
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osseous tissue is also called osseous tissue is also called cartilage. bone. ligament. fat. cellulite.
osseous tissue is also called osseous tissue is also called bone.
In most vertebrate creatures, the skeleton is made up of bones, which are stiff organs. The body's other organs are shielded by bones, which also manufacture red and white blood cells, store minerals, give the body structure and support, and permit motion. Bones contain intricate internal and external structures and exist in a variety of sizes and forms. They have a number of uses and are both light and robust.
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Atp is an abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, a complex molecule that contains the nucleoside adenosine and a tail consisting of three phosphates. It is the energy currency of the cell. Atp is used by organisms as energy. The energy needed to move, grow, digest, and all other processes that require energy.
ATP synthesis takes place in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells (most ATP synthesis occurs there, but not 100%), ATP is regenerated from ADP through the process of phosphorylation (phosphorylation means "to add a P") and Energy is stored in the covalent bonds between phosphates, with the greatest amount of energy in the bond between the second and third phosphate groups.
An organic substance known as a nucleotide is composed of three different subunits: a nucleobase, a sugar with five carbons, and a phosphate group. Either ribose or deoxyribose may be the sugar. So a nucleoside with a phosphate group is a nucleotide. A nucleotide can be referred to as nucleoside monophosphate (if it only has one phosphate group), nucleoside diphosphate (if it has two phosphate groups), or nucleoside triphosphate (if it has three phosphate groups) (when with three phosphate groups).
A nucleoside can be either a ribonucleoside or a deoxyribonucleoside depending on the pentose sugar it contains. A nucleoside that contains ribose sugar is known as a ribonucleoside. The ribonucleoside can be adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine, or 5-methyluridine depending on the nucleobase component.
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the motor functions of the alimentary canal are movements that combine food with digestive fluids and movements that move materials along the digestive tract. t or f
True. The motor functions of the alimentary canal refer to the movements that combine food with digestive fluids and move materials along the digestive tract.
The alimentary canal, also known as the digestive tract or gastrointestinal (GI) tract, is a long tube that extends from the mouth to the anus. It is responsible for the digestion and absorption of food, as well as the elimination of waste. The motor functions of the alimentary canal are essential for these processes to occur, as they help to mix and break down food and move it through the digestive tract to allow for proper digestion and absorption. These movements are controlled by a combination of smooth muscle contractions and the coordination of various muscles and organs within the digestive system.
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Energy used by the body to perform muscular contractions is called adenosine diphosphate, or adp.
a. True
b. False
False, Energy used by the body to perform muscular contractions is called adenosine diphosphate, or ADP.
The correct sentence is, energy used by the body to perform muscular contractions is called adenosine triphosphate, or ATP.
ATP, also known as adenosine triphosphate, is the form of energy that is utilized for muscle contraction. ATP is the energy currency that is produced in the mitochondria during the process of cellular respiration. ADP and Pi are the products of the breakdown of ATP.
After the removal of one phosphate during the decomposition process, ATP will eventually transform into the intermediate form known as ADP. Each bond cleavage results in an equivalent amount of energy of -32 kilojoules per mole.
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do premature infants often need to be placed on a ventilator because their undeveloped lungs produce excess surfactant
False - Babies that are unwell or are still developing receive breathing support from ventilators. Babies who are ill or premature frequently struggle to breathe properly on their own.
To help them breathe "good air" (oxygen) into their lungs and expel "bad" exhaled air, a ventilator may be required. Due to their immature development, premature babies are more likely to have dyspnea after birth, and some of them need help breathing.
The causes of breathing assistance in premature newborns are rarely discussed, though. In order to retrospectively examine the risk factors linked with respiratory aid, the current study enrolled 3,394 premature newborns (665 infants had received breathing support and 2,729 had not). According to the results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis, placental abnormality (odds ratio (OR)=1.284; P=0.048), being a boy (OR=0.696; P=0.001), having a cesarean delivery (OR=1.538; P=0.001), having a low 1-min Apgar score (OR=0.727; P=0.001), having a low birth weight (OR=0.999; P=0.005), and having a low gestation Numerous risk factors, such as a cesarean section, placental abnormalities
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Which extra-embryonic membrane is formed from the trophoblast after implantation?
Chorion is the extra-embryonic membrane formed from the trophoblast after implantation.
Implantation is the degree within the embryonic improvement of mammals wherein the blastocyst hatches as the embryo, adheres, and invades into the wall of the girl's uterus. Implantation is the first degree of gestation, and whilst a success the female is taken into consideration to be pregnant.
A few girls do note signs and symptoms and symptoms that implantation has happened. Signs and symptoms may encompass light bleeding, cramping, nausea, bloating, sore breasts, headaches, temper swings, and probably an alternate in basal body temperature.
At 4 weeks, the blastocyst has made a 6-day ride from the fallopian tubes to the womb.
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in nucleotide excision repair, damaged dna is excised by what enzyme(s)?in nucleotide excision repair, damaged dna is excised by what enzyme(s)?helicasedna polymerasesnucleaseligaseprimase
A method of repairing DNA is called nucleotide excision repair. Chemicals (such as intercalating agents), radiation, and other mutagens continuously cause DNA damage.
Nucleotide excision repair (NER), base excision repair (BER), and DNA mismatch repair are the three excision repair processes that can fix single stranded DNA damage (MMR). The BER pathway can identify particular non-bulky lesions in DNA, but it can only repair damaged bases that have had specific glycosylases remove them. Similar to this, the MMR pathway only targets Watson-Crick base pairs that are mismatched.
The removal of DNA damage brought on by ultraviolet radiation is accomplished by the crucial excision mechanism known as nucleotide excision repair (NER) (UV). Bulky DNA adducts are produced as a result of UV DNA damage; the majority of these adducts are thymine dimers and 6,4-photoproducts. Once the damage is recognized, the brief section of single-stranded DNA that contains the lesion is removed. The single-stranded DNA that is still intact is used as a template by DNA polymerase to create a brief complimentary sequence.
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you are a public health official investigating an outbreak of salmonella. to detect current cases you choose to examine patients blood for the ____________ antibody class.
As a representative of public health, you are looking into a salmonella outbreak. You decide to check the IgM antibody type in patients' blood to identify current cases.
What do antigen and antibody mean?Any chemical that causes your immune system to react negatively to it is referred to as an antigen. Among the antigens are germs, viruses, and allergies. The body makes Y-shaped proteins called antibodies when it recognizes an antigen. B cells, an immunological cell type, create antibodies.
Which antibodies are harmful?It is recognized that the "bad" antibodies react against by the brain's own tissues and can lead to autoimmune illness. It was previously believed that they were eliminated by the immune system or rendered dormant over time because of this.
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the functional unit of the kidney is called question 9 options: the nephron. the pyramid. the renal pelvis. the renal cortex. the hilum.
Option A, The functional structural and operational component of the kidney is the nephron. because it is the kidney's smallest structure capable of performing its duties.
The nephron is the name for the kidney's functional unit. Each kidney has hundreds of thousands of nephrons, which have the capacity to absorb, resorb, and expel chemicals. The glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, and Henle's loop make up this structure. It functional consists of a coiled renal tubule and a peritubular capillary vascular network. The tubule is divided by many sections, each nephrons of which serves a crucial purpose. Each kidney has a little over a million nephrons.
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what does dr. christina burch recommend in the mrsa video to help slow the spread of antibiotic resistance from our commensal bacteria to potential pathogens?
Dr. Christina Burch advises in the mrsa video that in order to prevent the transfer of antibiotic resistance from our commensal bacteria to potential pathogens, we should stop using antibiotics.
Because bacteria can exchange the DNA that causes resistance with other bacteria, antibiotic resistance is particularly difficult to combat. There are three ways that bacteria can spread antibiotic resistance: by exchanging DNA through F-pili, which resemble hairs on the outside of the bacterial cell; by acquiring DNA from viruses that have taken it from resistant bacteria; and by acquiring DNA from dead resistant bacteria found in the environment.
Due to the fact that the MS2 phage binds to and targets the F-pili involved in the initial process of antibiotic resistance propagation, a recent study examined how this phage infects the bacterial species known as Escherichia coli. The MS2 phage causes two things to happen when it infects an E. coli cell, according to the researchers.
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an anesthetic blocks the function of the dorsal rami of the cervical spinal nerves. which areas of the body will be affected?
Anesthetic blocks the function of the dorsal rami of the cervical spinal nerves, skin, and muscles of the back of the neck and the shoulders areas of the body will be majorly affected.
31 pairs of spinal nerves in the human body are present. Both a ventral root and a dorsal root are the places from which all spinal nerves emerge. Each root is made up of a large number of dorsal and ventral root filaments or rootlets. Almost all spinal nerves divide into a large ventral ramus and a smaller dorsal ramus. After leaving the intervertebral foramina, the lumbar dorsal rami separate into medial and lateral branches, having their origin from the spinal nerves perpendicularly. The medial and lateral branches, respectively, supply the multifidi and erector spinal muscles.
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a species that plays a major role in determining the structure of its ecological community is a) a dominator species b) a predator c) the largest species d) the most abundant species in the community e) a keystone species
The correct option is E ; A keystone species , A keystone species is important in an ecosystem because it is the species whose presence has an impact on all other species in the ecosystem.
A keystone species is always a dominating predator that feeds on the population of prey. If it is eliminated, the prey population would explode, reducing population diversity. Bison, prairie dog, and so forth.
The term "niche" in ecology refers to the role that an organism plays in a group. A species' niche includes both the physical and environmental characteristics
it demands (such as temperature or topography) as well as its interactions with other species (like predation or competition).
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large fish contain toxins from the smaller fish they eat. the increase in toxins from smaller fish to larger fish is called .
Toxins from the smaller fish that giant fish eat are present in them. Bioaccumulation is the process through which Toxins move from smaller fish to larger fish.
This phenomenon, known as Bioaccumulation , occurs when higher-level predators such as fish, birds, and marine mammals accumulate larger and more hazardous quantities of Toxins substances than do species that are lower on the food chain. You will investigate the Bioaccumulation of the hazardous chemical mercury in this project using a straightforward marine food chain. In the tropical and subtropical waters, these small animals cling to coral or algae. The Toxins , known as ciguatoxin, is retained in the bodies of smaller fish even though they don't become sick when they consume the algae. The Toxins builds up as larger fish consume the smaller fish.
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