At the transitional stage, one form of matter is on the process of getting converted into another form of matter.
Matter is interconvertible in nature. Transition is defined as the change of matter from one phase to another. Transition occurs by the three phases viz. melting, freezing and evaporation.
At the transitional stage, matter is on the process of getting converted from its original form into another form by absorption or release of energy. Conversion of solid into liquid is known as melting; conversion of liquid into solid is known as freezing and conversion of liquid into gaseous state is known as evaporation.
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for the recrystallization experiment: the sample is dissolved in hot solvent then filtered while hot. the filtrate is allowed to cool and the mixture is filtered a second time. what effect will result if the filtrate solution is cooled too rapidly?
Small impure crystals will form if the filtrate solution is cooled too rapidly.
The solution is a homogeneous aggregate of one or extra solutes dissolved in a solvent. Solvent: the substance in which a solute dissolves to supply a homogeneous combination. Solute: the substance that dissolves in a solvent to produce a homogeneous combination.
Solutions are uniform combinations of molecules wherein any of the levels of remembering can be dissolved in any other segment.
Household cleaners like bleach are solutions, they help us to make our houses smooth. Beverages such as fizzy drinks, mineral water, and tea are some of the answers.
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the minimum energy needed to break an oxygen-oxygen bond in ozone is 387 kj/mole. approximately what frequency would a single photon need to break this bond in one ozone molecule?
The single photon need to break this bond in one ozone molecule is 6.626*10⁻¹⁹ Joule.
What is photon?
The smallest unit of electromagnetic radiation, the photon, is a minuscule particle. According to Maxwell, photons are merely electric fields that are moving through space. In addition to moving at the speed of light, photons have no charge and no rest mass.
What is bond?
In molecules, atoms are joined by chemical bonds. Atomic nuclei with positive charges interact with electrons with negative charges to form bonds (the positions of which in space are determined by quantum mechanics).
minimum energy related to break the oxygen- oxygen bond in ozone = 387 KJ/Mol
Energy required for 1 bond= 347*1000/ 6.022*10²³
= 0.0642*10⁻²⁰
=6.42*10⁻²² J
Energy for 1 photon = hγ
= 6.626*10⁻³⁴*1.00*10¹⁵
=6.626*10⁻¹⁹ Joule
6.626*10⁻¹⁹> 6.42 *10⁻²²
Hence energy of photon is enough to break the bonds.
Therefore, single photon need to break this bond in one ozone molecule is 6.626*10⁻¹⁹ Joule.
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Carbon and silicon are located in group 14 (4A) on the periodic table. How are carbon and silicon different?
A Carbon has an atomic mass of 6, and silicon has an atomic mass of 14.
B Carbon has 2 shells of electrons, and silicon has 3 shells of electrons.
C Carbon has 12 electrons, and silicon has 28 electrons.
D Carbon has 14 protons, and silicon has 28 protons.
Carbon and silicon are located in group 14 (4A) on the periodic table but are different in that Carbon have 2 shells of electrons, and silicon has 3 shells of electrons.
The correct option is B.
What are periods and groups in the Periodic Table?The Periodic Table is a table that arranges the elements in the order of increasing atomic number.
The Periodic Table is divided into Periods and Groups.
The periods in the periodic table are the horizontal rows found in the periodic table. Elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells.
The groups in the periodic table are the vertical colums> Elements in the same group have the same number of outermost electrons.
Carbon and silicon belong to the same group but different periods in the periodic table.
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you are asked to spike a new l bag of lrs with 20mls kcl (2meq/ml). what is the total kcl concentration of the liter bag of lrs?
The total volume of KCl needed is 7 ml.
The strength of KCl solution is 20 meq/10mL.
The amount of KCl is 14 meq.
The volume of a bag of fluids is 1L.
The volume of potassium chloride
= Amount of KCl/Strength of KCl
=14/(20/10)
Volume of KCL =7 ml
What is volume?
Mass is a measure of the occupied three-dimensional space. It is usually quantified using SI-derived units (such as cubic meters and liters) or by various Imperial or US conventional units (such as gallons, quarts, and quarts). , cubic inches). The definition of length (cube) is closely related to volume. The volume of the container is generally understood as the container's capacity; means the amount of liquid (gas or liquid) the container can hold, not the amount of space the container takes up on its own.To know more about volume of different objects, click the link given below:
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on a tlc, should the rf of diacetylferrocene be higher or lower than the rf of acetylferrocene? do you see any evidence that the mother liquor contains diacetylferrocene?
In contrast to when the mobile phase is nonpolar, the diacetyl ferrocene is much more polar and hence higher Rf value than that of the acetylferrocene and would have a considerable attraction for the stationary phase.
The saturated solution that remains after crystals are separated is known as mother liquor.
The process of crystallization involves allowing the substance's heated, saturated solution to cool down slowly until it reaches a supersaturated state. At this point, the excess solute in the solution separates as the crystals.
The saturated solution that is being left over after crystal separation is referred to as mother liquor. And it seemed to contain diacetyl ferrocene
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What causes the electron groups around a central atom to similarly spread out as much as possible?
When negatively charged electron pairs are present in bonds or alone, they repel one another and cause them to spread apart as much as possible.
What is an electron?
An electron is a negatively charged subatomic particle that can be attached to or released from an atom (not bound). A bound electron is one of the three major types of particles within an atom, the other two being protons and neutrons.
It has a negative charge equivalent to 1.602 × 10-19 coulombs, which is regarded as the fundamental unit of electric charge.
Joseph John Thomson discovered the electron in the year 1897 during investigations of cathode rays.
Hence, negatively charged electron pairs cause the electron groups around a central atom to similarly spread out as much as possible
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The first ionization energy of mg is 735 kj/mol. The second ionization energy is.
Taking under consideration the definition of ionization energy, an appropriate solution is alternative c: Greater than 735 kJ/mol.
Electrons are held in atoms via way of means of their appeal to the nucleus, because of this that that power is wanted to do away with an electron from the atom.
lonization power, additionally referred to as ionization potential, is the vital power that ought to be provided to a impartial, gaseous, ground-kingdom atom to do away with an electron from an atom. When an electron is eliminated from a impartial atom, a cation with a rate identical to +1 is formed.
The power required to emove a 2nd electron is referred to as the econd ionization power, and because of the issue of disposing of an electron from a wonderful particle, its fee is extra than hat of the primary ionization power.
Finally, an appropriate solution is alternative c: extra than 735 kJ/mol.
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What percentage of carbon 14 remains after 2 half-lives?
25% of carbon 14 remains after 2 half-lives.
After 1 half live time there will be 50 % original isotope and 50% of decay product. After 2 half time 25 % of original isotope and 75 % of decay product is there.
Being radioactive, 14C degrades over time; hence, older artefacts contain less 14C than more recent ones. By a process known as beta decay, 14C decomposes. A carbon atom's neutron turns into a proton as a result of this process, which turns a 14C atom into a 14N atom. This adds one more proton to the atom, turning it into a nitrogen atom rather than a carbon one. During this process, an electron and an elementary particle known as an antineutrino are also produced. The half-life of 14C indicates how long it takes to radioactively decay. 5,730 years make up the half-life of 14C. In other words, a sample contains just 50% of the original amount of 14C after 5,730 years.
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What documents provide employees with information about the health risks of chemicals at work?
To make sure that employees are informed about chemical and toxic substance dangers in the workplace and related protective measures, OSHA created the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS).
Information regarding the names and dangers of the chemicals must be accessible to and comprehended by employees in order to guarantee chemical safety at work. The creation and transmission of such information is required by OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard (HCS):
All employers who have hazardous chemicals in their workplaces are required to have labels and safety data sheets for their exposed workers and to train them in the proper handling of the chemicals. Chemical manufacturers and importers are also required to assess the hazards of the chemicals they produce or import and to create labels and safety data sheets to communicate the hazard information to their downstream customers. Employees must get instruction on the risks posed by the chemicals employed in their workplace as well as self-protection techniques.
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what is an obvious physical difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? what is an obvious physical difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? unsaturated fats are soluble in water while saturated fats are not. saturated fats are soluble in water while unsaturated are not. saturated fats are usually solids while unsaturated fats are usually liquids. saturated fats burn cleaner than unsaturated fats. none of the above
An obvious physical difference between saturated and unsaturated fats is saturated fats are usually solids while unsaturated fats are usually liquids. (C)
Saturated fat and unsaturated fatStructurally, saturated fat is a type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all or mainly single bonds. While unsaturated fats have loose bonds so that these fats are liquid at room temperature.
Saturated fats are fatty acids that have only one single bond in their molecule. Saturated fats are solid at room temperature because their chemical chains are dense and without gaps.
Unsaturated fats are fatty acids that have one single bond and one double bond in their molecule. The double bonds in unsaturated fats create gaps so that unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature.
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the observation that a reversible reaction at equilibrium will always have a constant value for a given ratio of reactants and products is called the law of . multiple choice question.
The observation that a reversible reaction at equilibrium will always have a constant value for a given ratio of reactants and products is called the law of Mass action.
Reversible chemical reactions are those in which the reactants generate products, which then combine to return the reactants. The concentrations of the reactants and products will stabilize at a certain point during reversible processes.
In a chemical equation, a reversible reaction is indicated by a double arrow pointing in both directions. A two reagent, two product equation, for instance, would be expressed as
A + B ⇆ C + D
Although reversible reactions don't always proceed at the same pace in both directions, they do eventually reach an equilibrium state. In a situation where dynamic equilibrium exists, the product of one reaction is developing at the same pace as it is being depleted by the subsequent reaction. In order to estimate how much reactant and product are generated, equilibrium constants are computed or provided.
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assuming 8 ml of cyclohexanol is used in this reaction, what is the theoretical yield in grams? answer to two decimal places and do not include the unit.
Assuming 8 ml of cyclohexanol is used in this reaction, to two decimal places and do not include the unit is 6.27.
What is cyclohexanol ?
With the chemical formula HOCH(CH2)5, cyclohexanol is an organic molecule. By swapping out one hydrogen atom for a hydroxyl group, the molecule resembles cyclohexane. This substance is a deliquescent white solid with a camphor-like smell that, in extremely pure form, melts at or just below room temperature.
What is reaction?
One or more chemicals, sometimes referred to as reactants, are transformed into one or more distinct compounds, known as products, during a chemical reaction. Chemical elements and compounds are both substances.
cyclohexanol = amount = 8.0ml
density = 0.96g/ml ( mass= d*v)
mass of cyclohexanol used = 7.68g
molar mass of cyclohexanol = 100.16 g/ ml
moles of cyclohexanol = mass/ molar mass
= 7.68g/ 100.16g/ mol
moles = 0.07667mol or 76.67 m mol
molar mass of cyclohexane = 82.14g mol⁻¹
mole of cyclohexane should form = 76.67 m mol* 82.14g mol⁻¹
= 6.27g
Therefore, assuming 8 ml of cyclohexanol is used in this reaction, to two decimal places and do not include the unit is 6.27.
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Where are the photoreceptors located insides a human eye
Answer:
Rod and cone photoreceptors are specialized neurons that function in the initial step of vision. These light-sensitive cells lie at the back of the retina adjacent to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a cell layer that is vital for the survival of photoreceptors.
Explanation:
the mass percentage composition of cryolite, a compound used in the production of aluminum, is 32.79% na, 13.02% al, and 54.19% f.what is the empirical formula of the compound?
The empirical formula of compound is Na3AlF6.
what is empirical formula?
A formula that lists the proportions of the constituent elements but not the number or arrangement of atoms in the composite.
We convert the percentages from percent to grams since they represent the mass percentages of each component in the entire composite.
32.79% Na -32.79g Na
13.02% Al - 13.02g AL
54.19% F -54.19g F
The number of moles is determined by dividing each mass by its corresponding molar mass.
32.79g÷22.99 g/mol
Na = 1.426 mol Na
13.02g÷26.98g/mol
Al = 0.4825 mol Al
59.19g÷18.99 g/mol
F= 2.85 mol F
We divide each of these amounts by the least number of moles among the three quantities in order to find the empirical form of the compound that demonstrates the simplest ratios between its constituents.
Na= 1.426 mol Na÷0.4825 mol=3Na
Al=0.4825mol Al÷0.4825mol = 1 Al
F= 2.85mol F÷0.4825mol = 6 F.
The empirical formula is Na 3AlF 6
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What is the pattern as you move up to the right of the periodic table?
The pattern as you move up to the right of the periodic table the several aspect will changes as the number of the electron will increases and the atomic number increases.
When we move from left to right in the periodic table then the atomic number of element increases . the atomic size of the element will decreases. the atomic mass of the element will increases. as the number of electrons increases than the shielding effect also increases.
The metallic character of the elements in the periodic table on moving left to right in a period decreases. The electronegativity of the elements is increase from left to right.
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See the following diagram of methane (CH4).
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What is the composition of the sigma bonds in methane i.e. what atomic orbits comprise the molecular orbit? Hint: they are all the same, so there is only one kind sigma bond here.
The composition of the sigma bonds in methane i.e. the atomic orbits comprise the molecular orbit is σsp³-sp³
Explain molecular structure of methane briefly.Methane is a one-carbon compound in which carbon is attached to four hydrogen atoms by single bonds. It is colorless, odorless, non-toxic, but a flammable gas (bp -161°C). It serves as a fossil fuel, a member of greenhouse gases, and a bacterial metabolite. In the methane molecule, a carbon atom forms covalent bonds with four different hydrogen atoms. There are no lone pairs of electrons in carbon atoms. So the 4 hydrogen atoms are at the 4 corners of the tetrahedron and the carbon is at the center of the tetrahedron. Hybridization in the methane molecule occurs by mixing one orbital with three p-orbitals. Each orbital consists of an unpaired electron. Carbon's s orbital and three p orbitals overlap with her 1s orbital of hydrogen to form a bond. Therefore, methane hybridizes to sp3 resulting in tetrahedral geometry. The methane molecule is non-polar. In particular, the dipole moment of methane is zero. A dipole moment of zero means that the "center of negative charge" in the molecule corresponds to the "center of positive charge".
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compare the structural features of these two possible bonding arrangements for osf4 and use this information to determine the most likely structure.
The most likely structure of this bonding arrangement will be structure 2.
Which structure would be the best?
There are five zones of electron density surrounding the core atom, which is known to be the sulfur atom.
We now know that a trigonal bipyramid serves as the foundation for the structure. Assume that structure 1 is located at the RHS and structure 2 is located at the LHS.
for structure 1;
The oxygen is positioned axially.
three F-S-F bonds at 90 degrees
one F-S-F bond at 120 degrees
for structure 2;
In the equatorial position,
oxygen has four 90-degree F-S-F bonds.
Consequently, structure 2 is a candidate for the compound's structure.
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How many grams of sodium sulfate will be formed if you start with 1.25 l of a 4.00 M solution of sodium hydroxide?
710.25 g of sodium sulfate will be formed if you start with 1.25 l of a 4.00 M solution of sodium hydroxide.
We are asked to calculate the mass of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) in 1.25 L of a 4.00 M solution. We will first need to calculate the moles of Na2SO4 using the following equation:
n=cV
Where, (c = concentration); (n = moles); (V = volume)
Now we can substitute in the values and solve:
n = cV
n = (4.00M)(1.25L)
n = 5.00mol
Now that we know the moles of Na2SO4 needed, we can convert to mass with the following equation:
m=nM
Where, (n = moles); (m = mass); (M = molar mass)
The molar mass is found by adding up the atomic molar masses of each atom in Na2SO4. The atomic masses are obtained from a periodic table:
M=(2×22.99g/mol)+(32.07g/mol)+(4×16.00g/mol)
M =142.05g/mol
Now we can substitute the values in and solve:
m = nM
m = (5.00mol)(142.05g/mol)
m = 710.25g
The mass of Na2SO4 needed is 710.25 g.
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according to molecular orbital theory, the regions of the wave function with the highest probability of finding electrons are areas with _______.
Constructive wave interference.
What is electron?
A negatively charged subatomic particle known as an electron can either be free or attached to an atom (not bound). a connected electron to an atom
According to molecular orbital theory, the regions of the wave function with the highest probability of finding electrons are areas with Constructive wave interference.
Molecular orbital theory explains, Constructive wave interference occures when orbital of the same phase overlap and it raises the electron density. The destructive wave interference causes nodes and lowers electron density when areas of opposing phase overlap.
Therefore, constructive interference is the area of the wave function where electrons are most likely to be found.
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Which tatement decribe the tranfer of heat
energy that occur when an ice cube i added to
an inulated container with 100 milliliter of water
at 25°C?
The statement describe the transfer of heat is : the ice cubes gains the heat energy and the water looses the heat energy.
The law of mass of conservation mass states that mass neither be created or nor be destroyed. The law of mass of conservation energy states that the heat energy in the isolated system should de constant. if the one thing is loose the energy then the other in will gains the energy in an isolated system. according to the conditions the ice cube is at lower energy .
Thus the ice cube will gains the the heat energy that the water looses the heat energy.
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PLWASE HELP ILL GIVE BRAINLG day 4
50 pts
what is the activation energy? what is the activation energy? the amount of energy required to separate reactants from the products the energy difference between the reactants and the products the minimum amount of energy to break the bonds in reactants the amount of energy required to activate a phase change
The smallest amount of energy required to dissolve the bonds between reactants is known as the activation energy.
Every molecule has a specific quantity of energy at a minimum. The energy may take the shape of potential energy or kinetic energy. Chemical reactions can result from the stretching, bending, and ultimately breaking of bonds that can occur when molecules contact. The quantity of free energy required to raise the reactants' energy level to the transition state's energy level is known as the activation energy for the forward reaction. It is described as the least additional energy needed by a reacting molecule to transform into a product.
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how many milliliters of 0.0850 m naoh are required to titrate each of the following solutions to the equivalence point: (a) 40.0 ml of 0.0900 m hn03, (b) 35.0 ml of 0.0850 m ch3cooh, (c) 50.0 ml of a solution that contains 1.85 g of hcl per liter?
The volume of NaOH required to titrate HNO₃ is 42.35 mL.
The volume of NaOH required to titrate CH₃COOH is 35.0 mL.
The volume of NaOH required to titrate HCl is 29.86 mL.
Titration between acid and base is a neutralization reaction. The steps to calculate the volume of base
Making a chemical reaction between acid and base and the reaction should be a balanced reaction.Calculate the number of moles from the acid.Calculate the number of moles from the base with the ratio of the coefficient of each substance.Calculate the base's volumeA. HNO₃ + NaOH → NaNO₃ + H₂O
Number of moles of HNO₃B. CH₃COOH + NaOH → CH₃COONa + H₂O
Number of moles of CH₃COOHC. HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O
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HELP 100POINTS IF ANSWER + BRAINLEIST Question 1. State your claim. Make sure your claim fully explains why the golf tee falls into the bottle when the hoop is pulled.
Question 2. Summarize the evidence you have gathered to support your claim and explain your reasoning.
Answer: Gravity overcomes the hex nut's stationary inertia and moves the nut straight down into the bottle.
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As a system reaches thermal equilibrium, _____ has been transferred from areas of high to low _____.
As a system reaches thermal equilibrium, thermal energy has been transferred from areas of high to low temperature.
What happens during thermal equilibrium?Heat is the transfer of energy from a high to a low temperature. The system (or combination of systems) is said to be in thermal equilibrium when these temperatures level out and heat stops flowing. Thermal equilibrium indicates that no matter is flowing into or out of the system.
Thermal energy may be transferred in three ways: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction occurs when heat energy is exchanged between nearby molecules that are in touch with one another.
When two things are in thermal equilibrium, there is no net heat movement between them, and their temperatures are the same.
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a greasy and dirty pot results after cooking. this will be cleaned by dishwashing detergent. This will be cleaned by dishwashing detergent greasy How does the soap work? a. Micelles are suspended in water and carry away dirt b. Soap has hydrophilic polar head group and long hydrophobic tail. c. Nonpolar hydrocarbons are attracted t0 dirt. d. Micelles suspend dirt in the water: e. Soap has hydrophobic polar head group and long hydrophilic tail.
f. Soap molecules form spherical cluster called micelle. g. The polar heads are attracted t0 dirt.
The correct answer is, "Micelles are suspended in water and carry away dirt."
How does soap work?Micelles, which are suspended in water, remove dirt. Soap contains a lengthy hydrophobic tail and polar hydrophilic head group. A micelle is a globular collection of soap molecules. In soil, nonpolar hydrocarbons are drawn. In water, micelles hold dirt in place.
Grease is solubilized by a detergent, which then emulsifies it with water.
The most typical cleaning agent is a detergent. Each detergent has hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. The detergent can dissolve in water because the hydrophilic head can interact with it. It can interact with grease because of its hydrophobic tail.
In order to dissolve the grease, a detergent's molecules clump together to form micelles. Grease is totally removed by mechanical scrubbing by emulsifying it with water.
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A sample of gas weighs 3.33 g and occupies a volume of 1.365 l at 95 °c and 790 torr. identify the gas sample.
a. Cl2 (molar mass 70.90 g/mol)
b. NH3 (molar mass 17.03 g/mol)
c. N2O (molar mass 44.02 g/mol)
d. CHCls (molar mass 119.4 g/mol)
e. SO2 (molar mass 64.07 g/mol)
The molar mass of the gas sample is closest to the molar mass of option (e) SO2, which is 64.07 g/mol. Therefore, the gas sample is likely SO2.
To determine the identity of the gas sample, you can use the ideal gas law, which relates the pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles of a gas. The ideal gas law can be expressed as:
PV = nRT
where P is the pressure of the gas in units of atm, V is the volume of the gas in liters, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the gas constant (8.31 J/mol*K), and T is the temperature of the gas in Kelvin.
To use this equation, you need to convert the temperature to Kelvin by adding 273.15 to the temperature in Celsius. You also need to convert the pressure from torr to atm by dividing the pressure in torr by 760 (since 1 atm = 760 torr).
Using these conversions, you can plug in the values given in the problem to solve for the number of moles of gas:
P = 790 torr / 760 = 1.03 atm
V = 1.365 L
T = 95 °C + 273.15 = 368.15 K
R = 8.31 J/mol*K
Plugging these values into the ideal gas law equation gives:
1.03 atm * 1.365 L = n * 8.31 J/mol*K * 368.15 K
Solving for n gives:
n = 0.0428 mol
Now that you know the number of moles of gas, you can use the molar mass of each of the gases listed in the options to determine which gas has a molar mass closest to the mass of the sample. The mass of the sample is 3.33 g, so you can calculate the molar mass of the gas by dividing the mass of the sample by the number of moles:
3.33 g / 0.0428 mol = 77.9 g/mol
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What is the composition of the sigma bonds in methane i.e. what atomic orbits comprise the molecular orbit? Hint: they are all the same, so there is only one kind sigma bond here.
The 1s-orbital from the a hydrogen to either a sigma bond forms a link with one of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals of carbon.
What has a methane destructor?Methane is naturally eliminated by a variety of biological and chemical processes, including the reaction of methane-eating microorganisms (methanotrophs) on soil and water with air hydroxyl [OH] and chlorine.
How is methane dangerous to people?The quantity of oxygen absorbed from the air might be decreased by high methane levels. This may include headaches, facial flushes, slurred speech, visual issues, memory loss, changes in mood, and vision abnormalities. In severe situations, respiration and heart rate fluctuations, balance issues, numbness, and unconsciousness may occur.
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Balance each of the following redox reactions occurring in acidic aqueous solution.A. BrO−3(aq)+N2H4(g)→Br−(aq)+N2(g)Express your answer as a chemical equation. Identify all of the phases in your answer.B. Zn(s)+Sn2+(aq)→Zn2+(aq)+Sn(s)
Balance redox reactions equation occurring in acidic aqueous solution is 4BrO3- + 5N2H4 + 4H+ → 2Br2 + 5N2 + 12H2O.
The most fundamental and widely used method for balancing chemical equations is known as "balancing by inspection," also known as trial and error. The number of trials and errors required to arrive at an equation that is ultimately correctly balanced can be reduced by using a few techniques. A chemical equation cannot be considered balanced unless the law of conservation of matter is observed. In chemical equations, two distinct types of numbers are used. Subscripts are used in the chemical formulas of the reactants and products. Coefficients are also employed to display the number of molecules of a substance that are consumed or produced prior to chemical formulas.
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How many bonds does chlorine form?
The bonds formed between Chlorine atoms of molecule will be covalent Bond and bonded by one covalent bond only.
Covalent bonds are made by sharing of electrons to complete the octet or doublet of the atom to attain stability.
Covalent bond refers to the mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms.
These electrons simultaneously attract the atomic nuclei of the two atoms participating in the covalent bond.
A covalent bond is formed only when the electronegativity difference of two atoms is too small so that an electron transfer to form ions will not occur.
Number of bonds for a neutral atom = (Number of electrons in the complete valence shell i.e. 2 or 8 electrons) - (Number of valence electrons of the atom)
Number of bonds for chlorine = (Number of electrons in the complete valence shell i.e. 2 or 8 electrons) - (Number of valence electrons of the carbon)
which means,
Number of bonds for chlorine atom = 8 - 7
Number of bonds for chlorine atom = 1
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