what is the concept of half-life with respect to radioactive nuclides? what rate law is characteristic of radioactivity? libretext
The amount of time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms present to decay is known as the radioactive half-life. When a radioisotope changes into another radioisotope, the process is known as radioactive decay, and radiation of some kind is released. The integrated first-order rate law describes radioactivity.
Are first order reactions involved in radioactivity?First-order reactions include those in radioactive decay. The rate of decay, also known as activity, of a sample of a radioactive substance is the decrease in radioactive nuclei per unit of time.
What is the first order reaction's integrated rate law?The integrated rate rule for the first-order reaction A's products is ln[A] t = -kt + ln[A] 0. An illustration of the natural log of [A] as a function of time is given since this equation has the form y = mx + b.
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in the lewis resonance structure for ammonium ion (nh4 ) in which the central n atom is singly bonded to each of the four h atoms, what is the formal charge on the central n atom?
in the lewis resonance structure for ammonium ion (nh4 ) in which the central n atom is singly bonded to each of the four h atoms on the n atom positive charge is present.
Ammonia is a colorless, intensely unpleasant gas with a pungent, choke-inducing smell. It readily dissolves in water to produce an ammonium hydroxide solution that can irritate the skin and burn. Ammonia gas is easily compressed and, when put under pressure, turns into a clear, colorless liquid.
The ammonia has normally three hydrogen attached to central nitrogen atom carrying lone pair. When fourth hydrogen attaches to the central atom positive charge appear on the central atom.
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malonyl-coa is an intermediate in fatty acid synthesis. it also regulates fatty acid metabolism.Which of the following molecules regulate the enzyme that catalyzes malonyl-CoA synthesis? a. fatty acids or fatty acyl-CoA b. carnitine c. oxaloacetate d. acetyl-CoA e. citrate Which of the following enzymes does malonyl-CoA regulate? a. ATP-citrate lyase b. carnitine acyltransferase c. acetyl-CoA carboxylase d. fatty acid synthase e. acyl-CoA dehydrogenase Determine how each of the following affects fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid oxidation. 1. high concentration of fatty acids in cytosol 2. high concentration of malonyl-CoAa. inhibits fatty acid synthesis b. inhibits beta oxidation
The enzymes that regulates the malonyl CoA is camitine acyltransferase.
1) citrate and fatty acids/fatty acul coa
2) camitine acyltransferase
3) high conc fatty acids in cytosol inhibits fatty acid synthesis
4) high conc malonyl coa inhibits B oxidation
Enzymes are proteins that function as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. Molecules on which enzymes can act are called substrates, and enzymes convert substrates into various molecules known as products. Almost all metabolic processes in cells require enzymatic catalysis in order to run fast enough to sustain life.
Metabolic pathways are linked to enzymes that catalyze individual steps. The study of enzymes is called enzymology, and in the field of pseudoenzymatic analysis, it is recognized that some enzymes have lost their ability to perform biological catalysis over the course of evolution. . This is often reflected in their amino acid sequence and unusual "pseudocatalytic" properties.
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Which transition metals are paramagnetic but can easily form ferromagnetic alloys with other metals? Question 17 options: A) Transition metals in groups 1-5, periods 5 and 6 B) Transition metals in groups 11 and 12, periods 4 and 5 C) Transition metals in groups 8-10, periods 4 and 5 D) Transition metals in groups 8-10, periods 5 and 6
The transition metals that are paramagnetic but can easily form ferromagnetic alloys with other metals are Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel.
Hence, the correct option is C: Transition metals in groups 8-10, periods 4 and 5.
What are paramagnetic and ferromagnetic substances?Paramagnetic substances are substances that are weakly attracted to magnets. The atoms of paramagnetic substances contain electrons that mostly spin in the same direction. They include aluminum, gold, and copper.
Ferromagnetic substances are substances that are strongly attracted to magnets when placed near magnets. They include metals such as Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel.
Transition metals are metals that have partially filled D-orbitals. Hence, transition metals are paramagnetic as well as ferromagnetic.
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Answer: C) Transition metals in groups 8-10, periods 4
Explanation:
draw a structural formula for the major organic product of the following sn1 reaction.
For the post-obit, the Sn1 reaction, depicts the major organic product, identifies the nucleophile, substrate, and leaving grouping, and decides the rate-limiting step.
As shown in the diagram for the following Sn1 reaction, draw the major organic product, identify the nucleophile, substrate, and leaving grouping, and determine the rate-limiting steps.
Select the argument that properly identifies the reaction nucleophile, substrate, and leaving group. (CH3)2COH is the substrate, HCl (hydrochloric acid) is the nucleophile, and OH is the leaving group. (CH3)3COH is the substrate in the reaction, Cl is the nucleophile, and H20 is the leaving group in this reaction.
(CH3)3COH is the substrate, CF is the nucleophile, and OH is the leaving group in the reaction. The charge per unit limiting footsteps.
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How does changing the shape of an elastic object increase potential
energy?
Entropy never decreases in a spontaneous process. give an example to support this statement.
The entropy of the system of bodies increases during the spontaneous process of heat being transferred from colder to hotter bodies.
Entropy-Entropy is a measure for energy quality, with a lower value indicating higher quality. Lower entropy energy is energy that has been precisely organized. Chaotic energy storage results in high entropy.
Since every particle and atomic structure accelerates through time and space, entropy is constantly increasing. The second law of thermodynamics results in expressions with inequalities. Entropy cannot be destroyed by any means, at any scale, and thus cannot decrease overall.Entropy is created everywhere and always, increasing overall entropy at any scale, including life processes, open systems, micro-fluctuations, gravity, and entanglement.
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What is the energy of a photon of wavelength 5.50 x 10^-7m in joules
The wavelength is 3.975 × 10^-19 J.
What is wavelength?Wavelength can be difined as the distance between two successive crests or throughs of a wave.
To find out the energy in joules given the wavelength of a photon we have to Use the Planck's equation E = h x c / λ and substitute the values of the wavelength (λ), Planck's constant in joules (h = 6.6261 × 10⁻³⁴ J⋅s), and speed of light (c = 299792458 m/s). With these units, you'll get an energy result in joules (J).
Energy of photons,
E = hc/λ
(6.626 × 10-34Js) × (3 × 108ms-¹)/
5 x 10-7
= 3.975 × 10^-19 J
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draw the major organic product of the reaction. be sure to draw both the wedge and hash bonds per stereocenter to fully convey the stereochemistry.
Gabriel synthesis produces primary amine through an SN2 reaction.
A primary amine is produced by the Gabriel synthesis using the SN2 reaction. Phthalimide is first deprotonated using a base to form a nucleophile. The original structure is inverted due to the negatively charged N attacking the alkyl halide from behind. Acid hydrolysis, base hydrolysis, or the application of hydrazine are all methods for liberating the main amine. The S configuration of the alkyl halide reactant is present. Gabriel synthesis involves an SN2 reaction,
Hence, the main alkyl amine product will be configured as R.
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how many moles of hno3hno3 are present if 0.180 molmol of ba(oh)2ba(oh)2 was needed to neutralize the acid solution?
The moles of hno3 are present if 0.180 molmol of ba(oh)2 was needed to neutralize the acid solution is 0.36 mole of HNO₃.
Neutralization or neutralisation is a chemical reaction in which acid and a base react quantitatively with each other. In a reaction in water, neutralization outcomes in there being no excess of hydrogen or hydroxide ions gift inside the answer.
Calculation:-
Valance factor of HNO₃ is = 1
valance factor of Ba(OH)₂ is = 2
mole of Ba(OH)₂ is = 0.180
therefore mole oh HNO₃ neede is = 2 * 0.180
= 0.36 mole of HNO₃
Neutralisation is a chemical response wherein an acid and a base react with each different quantitatively. it's also written as Neutralisation. The acid electricity of the reactant gives the pH of the neutralised solution.
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this is a chemical process in autotrophs that uses light energy to create chemical energy.
Photosynthesis is a process that occurs in autotrophs, or organisms that can produce their own food. This process uses light energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. This process is vital for life on Earth, as it is the primary source of energy for many organisms.
Photosynthesis: a chemical process that uses lightPhotosynthesis is a chemical process that occurs in autotrophs, or organisms that can produce their own food. This process uses light energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The light energy is absorbed by specialized molecules called chlorophyll, which then use the energy to catalyze the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Photosynthesis is vitally important, as it is the primary source of energy for many organisms and is essential for life on Earth. In addition, photosynthesis provides oxygen to the atmosphere, which is used by other organisms. Without photosynthesis, the Earth would be a very different, much less hospitable place.
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the ph of a saturated solution of the metal hydroxide m(oh)2 is 11.15. calculate ksp for this compound.
Polar solute dissolve in polar solvent and non polar solute dissolve in non polar solvent. Therefore, Ksp for copper (II) hydroxide is 1.58x10⁻¹³.
What is solubility?Solubility shows the extent of solubility of a solute in solvent to make a solution. Solute is substances that is present in small amount. solvent is a substance that is present in large amount. Its SI unit is gram per litre or g/L.
Bond strength affect the solubility of a solute in solvent. weaker the bond strength is, more the solubility is. The weaker bond can be easily broken by water molecule.
pH= -log[H⁺]= 11.15
[H⁺]=7.07×10⁻¹²
[H⁺]×[OH⁻]=10⁻¹⁴
[OH⁻]=10⁻¹⁴÷7.07×10⁻¹²
=0.141×10⁻²
=0.00141M
M(OH)[tex]_2[/tex][tex]\rightarrow[/tex]M+²+ 2OH⁻
Initial concentration(M) 0 0
Change in concentration(M)| +S +2S
Equilibrium concentration(M)| S 2S
Ksp = [ Cu+² ] [ OH⁻] ²
=(S)(2S)²
=4S³
S= 3.41x10⁻⁵ g/L
Substituting the values, we get
Ksp =4(3.41x10⁻⁵)³
=158.6x10⁻¹⁵
=1.58x10⁻¹³
Therefore, Ksp for copper (II) hydroxide is 1.58x10⁻¹³.
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How many single bonds are in CH2O?
a 20.00-ml sample of 0.150 m nh3 is being titrated with 0.200 m hcl. what is the ph after 15.00 ml of hcl has been added? kb of nh3
8.96 is the pH after 15.00 ml of hcl has been added.
What is pH?
The H+ ion concentration's negative logarithm is known as pH
We are aware that not every acid or base reacts with a chemical substance at the same pace. Other people respond extremely strongly, some people mildly, and some people don't react at all. We utilise a universal indicator that exhibits various colours at various concentrations of hydrogen ions in solution to objectively assess the strength of acids and bases
0 mL of NaOH has not been added, leaving a pH of 2.32.
Only HCOOH is present in the solution prior to the addition of any NaOH. The balance of the HCOOH in solution controls pH.
Ka = HCOO- concentration times H3O+ concentration divided by HCOOH concentration
8.96 is the pH after 15.00 ml of hcl has been added.
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Which air mass would show the most dramatic change in both temperature and moisture content as it moves over a large body of very warm water?
Continental polar (cP) or continental arctic (cA) air masses are cold, dry, and stable.
These air masses originate over northern Canada and Alaska as a result of radiational cooling.
They move southward, east of Rockies into the Plains, then eastward. air mass would show the most dramatic change in both temperature and moisture content as it moves over a large body of very warm water
What does air mass cP mean?
The same arctic air mass will pick up some of the heat from the earth if it goes south from Canada into the southern U.S., but it will stay quite dry due to a lack of moisture. A continental polar air mass is what this is (cP).
During the winter, a continental polar air mass can develop over the land. It comes from northern Canada or Alaska in the Northern Hemisphere. It transports dry weather to the United States as it goes south.
Cp. In a system, Cp is the quantity of heat energy that is emitted or absorbed by a unit mass of the substance with a change in temperature at a constant pressure. It is the transmission of heat energy between a system and its surroundings under constant pressure, to put it another way.
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Hydrogen, when combined with oxygen in a chemical reaction, forms water. this is an example of which type of chemical reaction?
The reaction is exothermic in this Hydrogen, when combined with oxygen in a chemical reaction, forms water.
The response among hydrogen and oxygen is exothermic- it releases power to the surroundings: hydrogen + oxygen → water 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O Fuel cells use the response among a gasoline and oxygen to provide electric energy. Hydrogen is flamable and it burns with a popping sound in oxygen with an nearly colourless flame to shape water molecules and launch heat.
This response is noticeably exothermic. Formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen is a aggregate response due to the fact hydrogen and oxygen are combining to shape unmarried product. The response takes place as follows: 2H2(g)+O2(g)→2H2O(l). The response of hydrogen with oxygen to shape water is an exothermic response.
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If the density of your unknown liquid is 0.65 g/mL, calculate the volume in liters that 3 mL of your unknown liquid would occupy when vaporized at the barometric pressure and temperature of your boiling water bath in Run 1. Use the accepted molar mass of your suspected unknown.unknown molar mass is 60g/mol
The volume of 3 mL evaporated unknown liquid is calculated to be 1.95 / 30.688 × Molar Mass
The volume in liters that 3 ml of the unknown liquid would occupy when vaporized can be calculated as follows;
as the boiling pressure at 1 atm is 100°C or 373°K and the standard STP temperature = 273°K and STP volume = 22.4 L
first, we calculate the temperature of the unknown as follows;
T = 373 °K ÷ 273°K
T = 1.37 °K
Density = D = 0.65 g/mL
So,
volume = volume of unknown liquid × D / molar mass × V × T
volume = 3 × 0.65 / molar mass × 22.4 × 1.37
volume = 1.95 / 30.688 × molar mass
Therefore the volume of 3 mL of the unknown liquid by using the accepted molar mass is 1.95 / 30.688 × molar mass
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What is the effect of increasing concentration of Cu2+ and zn2+ on E cell?
As [Zn 2+] molar concentration increases, the E cell decreases. (Solvent of zinc sulphate) With a rise in [Cu 2+] molar concentration, the E cell grows. at various electrolyte concentrations, results.
A solute's molar concentration is the quantity of that solute in one unit of a solution. It can be measured in mol/L, mol/dm 3, or mol/m3. Molar concentration, also called molarity, is indicated by the letter M, or molar. Analyzing the health claims made for sports drinks and providing an overview of electrolytes. In chemistry and physics, an electrolyte is a material that conducts electricity after splitting into positively and negatively charged particles known as ions. Weak Electrolytes: Electrolytes that have not been fully dissolved into the solution.
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Winston prepared two pies and put them next to each other in the oven. The pies were identical, but one was in a glass pie pan and one was in a ceramic pie pan. This table shows how the temperature of each pie changed over 20minutes.
Pie Initial temperature (°C) Final temperature (°C)
Pie in the glass pan 23 52
Pie in the ceramic pan 25 54
The next time Winston puts a pie in the oven, he wants the pie to warm up quickly. What should he do to maximize the rate of thermal energy transfer into the pie?
Thickening the material involved is a way in which the rate of thermal energy transfer into the pie can be maximized.
What is Temperature?This is referred to as the degree of hotness or coldness of a substance and it is influenced by thermal energy. It is usually measured with the use of a thermometer and the S.I unit of this type of measurement is Kelvin.
The way in which the rate of thermal energy transfer can be maximized is by thickening the material as it will ensure that the atoms are tightly packed together which permits the flow of electrons or heat between them in this scenario.
The arrangement of the atoms ensures that the thermal energy is easily absorbed and also has a relative high specific heat capacity thereby making it the correct choice.
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b) if the initial rate of appearance of xef4 is 2.50 x10-2 atm/min, what is the rate of disappearance of xe?
The rate of disappearance of xe is 2.50×10-² atm/min.
What is rate of disappearance?
The rate of disappearance can be defined as the speed at which a reactant dissipates after being consumed in the process of the reaction.
2.50×10-² atm/min is the rate of disappearance of xenon(xe), if the initial rate of appearance of xef4 is 2.50 x 10^-2 atm/min
xe+ 2F2⇒ xef4
rate of disappearance of xe= 1( rate of disapperance of xe)
= 1( initial rate of appearance of xef4)
⇒1x= 2.50×10-² atm/min
⇒rate of disappearance of xe= 2.50×10-² atm/min
Therefore, the rate of disappearance of xe is 2.50×10-² atm/min.
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in the hydrogen atom, the quantum number n can increase without limit. because of this fact, does the frequency of possible spectral lines from hydrogen also increase without limit?
No, if the hydrogen atom's energy were proportional to n (or any power of n), it would become infinite as n increased in size. However, n2 has an inverse relationship with the atom's energy. As a result, as n increases to infinity, the atom's energy gets closer to the ionization energy, or 13.6 eV, which is a value that is a finite amount above the ground state. Its energy loss is never greater than the ionization energy as the electron transitions from one bound state to another. Any emitted photon has a limited amount of energy and frequency.
If n increases from 1 to infinity, how will the energy of a hydrogen atom change?As n rises, energy magnitude decreases, but the electron's energy rises because of the negative sign.
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the atomic mass of an element is 32.07 u and its atomic number is 16. the element forms a simple ion. the ion will most likely have a charge of
This atom is most likely to have a charge of -2, +4, +6 oxidation state.
Sulfur has mass the of 32.07 u and its atomic number is 16.
In the oxidation states of 2, 4, and 6, respectively, sulfur can form the compounds sulfide , sulfite, and sulfate. It blends with almost all other components. Because sulfur exhibits catenation, or the bonding of one identical atom to another, second only to carbon, some sulfur compounds have an interesting property. As a result, sulfur atoms can organize into chains and ring systems. There are the major important sulfur compounds and chemical groups.
Sulfur usually is on -2, +4 or +6 level of oxidation states (but it can be also on the 5, 3, 2, 1, -1 ).
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Identify the final concentrations of each species following the addition of 1. 0 m koh to a 2. 0 m hf solution.
The final concentration of KOH, HF and KF are 0 M, 1.0 M and 1.0 M respectively.
Chemical reaction:HF ( aq ) + KOH ( aq ) ⟶ KF ( aq ) + H₂O ( l )
Initial conc. 2.0 M 1.0 M 0 M
Final conc. 1.0 M 0 M 1.0 M
When 1.0 M KOH reacts with 2.0 M HF, 1.0 M KOH fully reacted.
we used unity method 1 M KOH = 1 M HF
so 1.0 M KOH reacts with 1.0 M HF to form 1.0 M KF
1.0 M HF remains unreacted.
Therefore, the final solution contains 1.0 M HF and 1.0 M KF. This means that the solution contains equal amounts of weak acid and salt.
Therefore, the final concentrations of KOH, HF, and KF are 0 M, 1.0 M, and 1.0 M, respectively.
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a mixture of 10.0 g of ne and 10.0 g ar has a total pressure of 1.6 atm. what is the partial pressure of ne? a) 1.1 atm b) 0.80 atm c) 0.54 atm d) 0.40 atm e) 1.3 atm
The partial pressure of ne 1.1 atm, hence the Correct Option is a).
Solution:
partial pressure of Ne = mole fraction x total pressure
10/20 / 10/20+ 10/40 = 0.6875
partial pressure of Ne = 1.6 x 0.6875 = 1.1 atm
or
Moles of Ne = 10/20 = .5 moles
Moles of Ar = 10/40 = .25 moles
Partial pressure of Ne = .5*1.6/.75 = 1.06 nearly equal to = 1.1 atm
The partial pressure of a gas is a measure of thermodynamic activity of the gas's molecules.
In a mixture of gases, each constituent gas has a partial pressure which is the notional pressure of that constituent gas as if it alone occupied the entire volume of the original mixture at the same temperature. The total pressure of an ideal gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture (Dalton's Law).
The partial pressure of a gas is a measure of thermodynamic activity of the gas's molecules. Gases dissolve, diffuse, and react according to their partial pressures but not according to their concentrations in gas mixtures or liquids. This general property of gases is also true in chemical reactions of gases in biology. For example, the necessary amount of oxygen for human respiration, and the amount that is toxic, is set by the partial pressure of oxygen alone.
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(a) an ideal gas occupies a volume of 1.0 cm3 at 20oc and atmospheric pressure. determine the number of molecules of gas in the container. (b) if the pressure of the 1.0 cm3 volume is reduced to 1.0 x 10-11 pa (an extremely good vacuum) while the temperature remains constant, how many moles of gas remain in the container?
(a) The number of molecules of gas in the container will be 4.1583 x 10⁻⁵ moles
(b) The moles of gas remaining in the container will be 1.231482x 10⁻²⁰ moles
For a
Volume of gas = 1.0 x 10⁻⁶ m³
Temperature of gas = 20 °C or 293 K
Pressure = 1.013 x 10⁵ Pa
R = 8.3143 J/mol.K
We will calculate the number of molecules from the ideal gas equation.
PV = nRT
Rearrange the equation for the number of moles
n= PV / RT
Put the values
n = (1.013 x 10⁵ Pa) (1.0x10⁻⁶ m³) / ((8.3143 J/mol.K) (293 K))
n = 4.1583 x 10⁻⁵ moles
For b
Volume of gas = 1.0 x 10⁻⁶ m³
Temperature of gas = 20 °C or 293 K
Pressure = 1.0 x 10⁻¹¹ pa
We will calculate the number of moles from the ideal gas equation.
PV = nRT
Rearrange the equation for the number of moles
n = PV / RT
n = (3.0 x 10⁻¹¹ Pa) (1.0 x 10⁻⁶ m³) / (8.3143 J/mol.K) (293 K)
n = 1.231482 x 10⁻²⁰ mol
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Place the following events in order starting with the vibration of the oval window and ending with the depolarization of hair cells.a. Increased pressure in perilymph of scala vestibulib. Pressure wave depresses basilar membranec. Inner hair cells move closer to tectorial membraned. Stereocilia bende. Tip-link proteins open K+ channelsf. K+ ions enter hair cells causing depolarization
The question mentions the Oval window in the human ear. The vibration of oval window and ending with the depolarization of hair cells have a particular order.
The oval window is a connective tissue membrane located at the end of the middle ear and the beginning of the inner ear.
The following events in order starting with the vibration of the oval window and ending with the depolarization of hair cells are given:
1) Oval window vibrates or tip-link proteins open K+ channels
2) Increased pressure in the perilymph of scala vestibuli
3) Pressure wave depresses basilar membrane
4) Inner hair cells move closer to the tectorial membrane
5) Stereocilia bend
6) K+ ions enter hair cells causing depolarization
Therefore, the vibration of oval window and ending with the depolarization of hair cells have a particular order.
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What kind of pattern is the periodic table arranged in?
a 30.0-g sample of water at 280. k is mixed with 50.0 g of water at 330. k. calculate the final temperature of the mixture assuming no heat loss to the surroundings.
The final temperature of the mixture assuming no heat loss to the surroundings is 311.25 K.
The final temperature of the water mixture is calculated by, T(final) = (m1 T1 + m2 T2) / (m1 + m2), where m1 and m2 are the weights of the water in the first and second containers, T1 is the temperature of the water in the first container, and T2 is the temperature of the water in the second container.
Let the final temperature be 'T' k
heat lost by 50 g water = heat gained by 30 g water
50*C*(330-T) = 30*C*(T-280)
50*(330-T) = 30*(T-280)
16500 - 50*T = 30*T - 8400
80*T = 24900
T = 311.25 K
Therefore, the final temperature of the mixture is 311.25 K.
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Draw a structural formula for the major organic product of the following SN1 reaction.
tert−Butyl iodide or tert−Butyl chloride, tert−Butyl iodide reacts at the faster rate.
What is an example of an SN1 reaction?Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution process is equivalent to the SN1 reaction.Reactions occur in a single order.An illustration of an SN1 reaction is the hydrolysis or tert-butyl bromide in an aqueous NaOH solution.
What is the reaction process for SN1 and SN2?Two of the most frequent chemical reactions in organic chemistry are SN1 and SN2.SN1 is a substitution-nucleophilic addition reaction that frequently involves both benzene and carbonyl compounds.Another kind of nucleophilic substitution known as an SN2 is more frequently seen with alkyl halides and benzoins.
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What percentage of a radioactive element will be left after 2 half-life?
25 percentage of a radioactive element will be left after 2 half-life time.
Time = n × t 1/2
After 1 half time time there will be 50 % original isotope and 50% of decay product. After 2 half time 25 % of original isotope and 75 % of decay product is there.
A quantity (of substance half-life )'s (symbol t12) is the amount of time needed for it to decrease to half of its original value. The phrase is frequently used in nuclear physics to refer to how long stable atoms last or how quickly unstable atoms decay radioactively. In a broader sense, the phrase is used to describe any exponential decay (or, very rarely, a non-exponential decay). For instance, the biological half-life of medications and other substances in the human body is discussed in the medical sciences. In exponential growth, doubling time is the opposite of half-life. A characteristic unit for the exponential decay equation, half-life is constant during the course of an exponentially decaying quantity's lifetime. The table below illustrates how a quantity decreases in relation to the number.
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