A face cloth, a belt made of rope, mittens, additional foot rags, a coat, a jacket, and his valenki. It's bitterly cold.
What use do mittens serve?A mittens is a hand-worn article of apparel for cold weather. As opposed to gloves, that cover each finger independently, gloves cover every four fingers collectively as well as your thumb. Because your finger share their heat and offer less contact area to the cold, mittens keep your fingertips warmer than gloves.
Why are there no fingers on mittens?This is due to the fact that mittens keeping your fingers enclosed inside the mitten's shell, in the same environment. Since mittens have much less area exposed to chilly air than gloves do, your fingers can distribute heat more efficiently.
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Soon, you will write your own short story. But first, you'll use this discussion to solicit ideas and feedback that will help you to plan for this assignment.
Examine Dakota's post.
I want to write a tense and suspenseful story (but one that isn't too frightening). The main conflict will be man (actually, a girl!) vs. nature: My protagonist gets separated from her family on a hike and spends one night—just one night—alone in the woods not far from her town. I want her night in the woods to be a kind of turning point in her life—the night where she leaves childhood forever. I'm wondering if any of you have ideas as to what might happen to the girl during her night alone. Again, I want the focus to be less on scary stuff (wild animals, ghosts, etc.) and more on her personal development.
CREATE ONE ORIGINAL POST THAT
Explains what type of story you intend to write. Will it be suspenseful? Will it be frightening? Will it be heartwarming?
Notes three questions and/or concerns you have about how to address one of the following: develop the story's main conflict, communicate a particular theme, select an appropriate point of view.
Posts any other ideas, questions, concerns related to your story on which your peers can provide feedback.
Answer: Sorry I need some point
Explanation:
Is displacement scalar or vector?
One illustration of a vector quantity is displacement. An illustration of a scalar quantity is distance. Any quantity with both magnitude and direction is a vector.
Since it solely depends on the magnitude and not the direction, it is a scalar quantity. Displacement is the direct length between any two places when measured along the minimal path between them, although it can only have positive values. Is displacement a scalar or a vector quantity? According to Wikipedia, displacement is the vector that represents the shortest path between the starting point and the ending point. In physics and mathematics, two different types of quantities are called scalars and vectors. While vectors have both magnitude and direction, scalars simply have magnitude (or size). Explore
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Can anyone be an explorer? Explain why or why not.
what was the name of the famous writer who thought he was too ugly for a beautiful woman so he helped someone else seduce the woman
Answer: Cyrano de Bergerac
Explanation: I just new who you were talking about :)
What is the point of view of Invictus by William Ernest Henley? (Re-do)
The point of view of Invictus by William Ernest Henley is Invictus is a poem by William Ernest Henley that translates from Latin as "unconquerable" or "unranked."
Who is William Ernest Henley?An English poet, author, critic, and translator, William Ernest Henley also edited books. Henley published numerous books of poetry, but his poem "Invictus" from 1875 is the one for which he is best known.
This poetry is about maintaining one's respect despite humankind's humiliations and having confidence in the face of death.
Henley experienced a very trying period in the infirmary, during which he produced the poem of stoicism, courage, and refusal to accept defeat. He developed bone tb as a young man, and in his 20s was forced to have the calf muscle of one of his legs broken.
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Why does snowball reduce the commandments to only one?
A. the animals are unwilling to accept all the commandments.
B. some of the animals have trouble remembering all seven commandments.
C. he knows that clover and boxer will be upsent about some of the rules.
D. napoleon says the other commandments are bad.
Snowball reduces the commandments to only one because he knows that Clover and Boxer will be upset about some of the rules
Snowball reduces the commandments to only one because he knows that Clover and Boxer will be upset about some of the rules. Snowball wants to avoid any conflict or confusion among the animals, so he eliminates the other six commandments and replaces them with a single, straightforward commandment.
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Why is BTS so popular?
Performing in three different languages and displaying an incredibly unusual global appeal, their passionate and active fan base made them the first musicians ever to sing "Leading Someone's Music" on "Don't Be In". Dream” entered the global artist chart for the second time in a row. "Purple is the last color of the rainbow." Purple means I trust you and love you for a long time. "
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What are the 5 Elements story?
The five elements of a story are character, setting, plot, conflict, and resolution.
Character is the most important part of a story as the story is based on characters. The writer must give a detailed description of the character including physical, mental, and emotional attributes for a clear imaginative picture to the audience.
Setting in a story presents the background, city, place, culture, and society in which the characters are situated. It allows readers to connect and visualize the situations between the characters.
The plot of a story is the central part which must have a clear beginning, middle, and end in the story. It must have a description of the situations with exposition and a logical connection between the beginning, middle, and end.
Conflict in a story refers to the problem that the characters face and intend to resolve at the end of the story. It is by conflict, that a story reaches climax, making it exciting for the audience.
The resolution of a story binds the whole story and gives an ending to the audience. The resolution could either present a solution to the conflict or keep it open-ended if the author intends to bring the sequel to the story.
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PLEASE ACTUALLY AWNSER THIS WILL GIVE 100 POINTS
You read two of Shakespeare’s plays in this unit: Hamlet and Twelfth Night. Choose one of these two scenes to reread:
Hamlet, Act III, Scene i
Twelfth Night, Act II Scene IV
Part A
Search online to locate two different theatrical performances of the scene you chose. When you search, include the act and scene in your search terms.
Which two versions did you choose? Include the URL of your sources in the box below.
Part B
Now compare and contrast the techniques in the two theatrical versions you watched. Use the table to do the following:
Describe the similarities and differences between the two versions for each element of the performance.
Note how the techniques enhance or alter the audience’s experience.
Identify what meanings (shades of characterization, connotations of words, etc.) become clearer as you watch the two presentations.
Part C
Before you construct your essay, review these guidelines for organizing a compare-and-contrast essay. Read the section headed “Compare and Contrast.” Don’t forget to use transition words to show the relationships between ideas and to help your essay flow smoothly.
Use your responses from part B of the task to write an essay addressing these points:
Compare and contrast the two versions of the scene.
Analyze the effects of the techniques on the individual audiences.
Include analysis of any special adaptations made to the text (the dialogue) or the setting that distinguish each version from the original play.
The two versions of the scene chosen to compare and contrast are Hamlet, Act III, Scene i from the Royal Shakespeare Company’s production and Twelfth Night, Act II Scene IV from the Stratford Festival of Canada’s production. Both productions are successful in conveying the themes of the play and presenting the characters in vivid detail. However, there are differences in the techniques used to bring these characters to life and the meanings and connotations of the words in each version that become clearer with each production.
The staging of both scenes is similar, with the use of a bare set that allows the focus to remain on the characters and their interactions. However, the Royal Shakespeare Company’s production of Hamlet features a more elaborate set, with the inclusion of a throne and a banquet table, while the Stratford Festival of Canada’s production of Twelfth Night features a simpler set. This difference in set design helps to create distinct atmospheres in the two scenes, with the Royal Shakespeare Company’s Hamlet scene conveying a sense of grandeur and formality while the Stratford Festival of Canada’s Twelfth Night scene conveying a sense of intimacy and simplicity.
The costumes and makeup used in both productions are also similar, but with subtle differences to reflect the different time periods in which the plays are set. The costumes in the Royal Shakespeare Company’s Hamlet feature a more regal, formal look, while the costumes in the Stratford Festival of Canada’s Twelfth Night are more whimsical and colorful. The makeup in both productions is also similar, with the actors in both versions wearing minimal makeup to bring out the characters’ facial features.
The dialogue and language used in both productions is also similar, but with differences that become clearer through the performances. The language in the Royal Shakespeare Company’s Hamlet is more formal and poetic, while the language in the Stratford Festival of Canada’s Twelfth Night is more natural and conversational. This difference in language helps to convey the characters’ personalities and the tone of each play more effectively. Additionally, the actors in both productions use their body language and facial expressions to bring the characters to life and add more meaning to the dialogue.
Overall, both productions are successful in conveying the themes of the play and presenting the characters in vivid detail. The differences in the staging, costumes, makeup, and language in each version help to convey different meanings and connotations of the words, as well as create distinct atmospheres in the two scenes. Through these techniques, both productions help to enhance the audience’s experience of the play and provide insight into the characters and the story.
how can you get better results if your first search finds too many sources that are not closely related to your topic?
Your search will be more targeted if you use all necessary concepts.
What does Lib 160 peer review mean in relation to articles?Because they frequently include research findings and papers that have been reviewed for a particular intellectual subject or discipline and have gone through a formal review procedure, peer-reviewed journals are also known as research journals or refereed journals. Peer-reviewed journals are a good example of scholarly sources of information.
publications that demand that an article be read and revised by a volunteer group of subject experts before approving it for publication. These specialists are examining the article without knowing who wrote it to make sure that the facts stated therein can be supported by the research that was done. The team of experts reviews the piece and then makes a recommendation as to whether it should be approved, rejected, or amended and resubmitted. Every article that is accepted for publication must adhere to a set of rules or requirements that are specific to the subject matter.
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Which of the followings is an example of work done against force?
a. Get down with the stairs
b. Walking on the flat ground
c. Getting up with the stairs
d. Dropping any object down from the top​
Getting up with the stairs is an example of work done against force. Thus correct answer (c).
What does forcework mean?
When a body moves in the opposite direction of the applied force, it is doing work against the force. If a body is raised above the ground against gravity, labor must be done against gravity.
Stationary objects also have opposing forces acting upon them. For example, when you sit on a chair, the force of gravity pulls you down. And with equal force, the chair pushes you back up, keeping you stationary. When opposing forces are balanced, an object remains stationary.
A force opposing motion is what?
A force opposing motion is called friction. Friction occurs when two moving objects come into touch and operates in the opposite direction.
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roughly half of all words in english can be spelled correctly based on established sound-symbol correspondences.a. trueb. false
True, roughly half of all words in english can be spelled correctly based on established sound-symbol correspondences.
Sound symbolism is the similarity between sound and meaning in linguistics. It's an example of linguistic iconicity. The English word ding, for example, may sound similar to the actual sound of a bell.
Recognizing relationships between sounds and symbols is one of the first skills that young children learn in school. Specifically, the relationship between the names of the letters and the sounds they produce. To become independent with reading and writing, it is essential to comprehend the relationships between sounds and symbols.
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Which best summarizes the excerpt's main ideas? isn't it obvious that some women are stronger and more fit for certain jobs than some smaller, weaker men, and thus they should be paid the same amount? fitness for a particular occupation should be determined by individual capabilities, and pay should be equal regardless of sex. Women who are more capable than men for certain jobs should be given the opportunity to train for those jobs and should be paid the same as men are. Both sexes can develop physical characteristics that make them fit for physical labor, and everyone deserves fair pay for a good day's work.
In the given excerpt from ‘For the ERA’, the best summarization of the main idea is that fitness for a particular occupation should be determined by individual capabilities and pay should be equal regardless of sex. (Option B)
ERA stands for Equal Rights Amendments which is a proposed amendment to the US Constitution that nullify many state and federal laws that discriminate against women. The central principle of the amendment that sex should not determine the legal rights of men or women. In reference to the support for the ERA, the passage states that as a robust woman may be more appropriately suitable for a physical labor than a weak man, hence fitness for occupation should be determine based on individual capabilities and skills, and there should be equal rewards for equal work. Hence, the main idea of the passage is summarized most appropriately by the holistic statement given in option B.
Note: The question is incomplete. The complete question probably is: Read the excerpt from For the ERA. “It is obvious, I think, that a robust woman could be more fit for physical labor than a weak man. The choice of occupation would be determined by individual capabilities, and the rewards for equal work should be equal”. Which best summarizes the excerpt's main ideas? A) Isn't it obvious that some women are stronger and more fit for certain jobs than some smaller, weaker men, and thus they should be paid the same amount? B) Fitness for a particular occupation should be determined by individual capabilities and pay should be equal regardless of sex. C) Women who are more capable than men for certain jobs should be given the opportunity to train for those jobs and should be paid the same as men are. D) Both sexes can develop physical characteristics that make them fit for physical labor, and everyone deserves fair pay for a good day's work.
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What type of information can auxiliary verbs provide about a verb?
A
where it happens, happened, or will happen
B
when it happens, happened, or will happen
C
why it happens, happened, or will happen
D
how it happens, happened, or will happen
The type of information that auxiliary verbs provide about a verb is: B
when it happens, happened, or will happen.
What are auxiliary verbs?Auxiliary verbs usually referred to as assisting verbs, are verbs that give clauses and sentences additional functionality and context. Auxiliary verbs can be used to make interrogative sentences as well as to communicate tense, mood, voice, or aspect. In English grammar, helping verbs are frequently used in conjunction with the main verb to produce a complete verb phrase. They are a crucial component of speech and writing. Primary auxiliary verbs and modal auxiliary verbs are the two basic groups of auxiliary verbs. The use of auxiliary verbs can assist readers to understand if an action occurs when the main verb's action occurs, who or what is in charge of that action, and whether a statement or a query is being made. Expressing tense using auxiliary verbs is one of their most popular uses. The moment at which an action is occurring in relation to when it is being conveyed in a phrase is known as the verb tense. Auxiliary verbs make it feasible to communicate in a variety of tenses.
The type of information that auxiliary verbs provide about a verb is: B
when it happens, happened, or will happen.
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Tuesday.5: Choose a matching analogy.
A illness: curable
B punishment: evil
epidemic: extensive
D breeze: refreshing
folktale: traditional
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Analogy definition, a similarity between like features of two things, on which a comparison may be based: the analogy between the heart and a pump. I.e Breeze and Refreshing is the most suitable words that can go side by side here because going out for some breeze is a refreshment.
What is an example of fable?
An example of a fable is a fox and crow.
Fables are passed on to the younger generation to teach them the values and morals of a culture. Fables are specially meant for children to teach them the maxims of life. In ancient Greek tradition, children were taught fables and made them recite it. Greek Fabulist Aesop is credited for most of the western fables. He was a storyteller and wanderer in Ancient Greece living between 620 to 564 BCE.
One example of a Fable is the story of the fox and crow. In the story, a hungry fox sees a crow with a piece of cheese. The fox comes and tells the crow about how beautiful the crow is and how beautiful the crow's voice will be. After many praises, the crow tries to speak and the cheese fell from the beak of the crow and falls into the mouth of the fox. The moral of the story is flatterers live at the expense of those listening to him/her.
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Was BTS successful from the start?
BTS has risen to stardom since their debut in 2013. They debuted with the album "2 kool 4 school" and also won the Rookie of the Year Award at the awards ceremony.
How did BTS succeed?But unlike South Korea's Big Three, Bang allowed their idols to express themselves by writing their own music and interacting directly with their fans. This relative freedom makes BTS the most popular band in the world and Bang millionaires.
What was BTS' first hit song?BTS scored his first number one hit in late 2016 with "Blood Sweat & Tears," which sold over 1.5 million copies in South Korea and made him No. 1 on the US World Digital Songs chart.
Why did BTS suddenly become famous?BTS is the first Asian group to be nominated for Best Artist at the American Music Awards and the first all-Korean band to be nominated for a Grammy Award. They were also the first Korean group to win a Billboard Music Award.
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What is the main conflict of the plot?
A story's inciting event, the core conflict that furthers the plot's goals, and the way the climax is resolved are all referred to as the central conflict and climax.
The strongest goal of a main character is confronted with an equally strong internal or external impediment in this definition of the core conflict. Conflict begins when characters take action to oppose such forces. There is no tale if there is nothing to overcome. The storyline of a novel is created and advanced by conflict.Soon after introducing the main character in a tale, the conflict is established. The beginning of the action and the beginning of the tale are both triggered by conflict. Anyone who writes should be able to develop compelling conflict.Thus this is the conflict of the plot.
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What are the 7 conceptual skills?
The 7 conceptual skills are Creative Thinking Skills, Interpersonal Communication Skills, Management Skills, Decision-Making Skills, Ability to Motivate, Analytical Thinking Skills and Innovation Skills.
The ability to see an organization's large picture is referred to as having conceptual talents. For instance, you can consider why you are doing a project before getting started, how it ties to the company as a whole, and how it impacts the surrounding environment.Conceptual abilities are crucial because they enable managers to see the entire firm and take the broad picture into consideration. Managers must make decisions that will affect the whole firm, therefore possessing conceptual skills helps them comprehend how those decisions will affect the business.A manager with conceptual talents can see the entire company, deal with ideas, and understand the connections between various abstract notions. Human skills, often known as human connection skills, demand attention to interactions with people and communication.Thus these are the conceptual skills.
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What makes BTS music so popular?
BTS has a lot of charms. Genre-less good music is merely the cherry on top. They also execute brilliantly and convey encouraging messages.
The world's largest boy idol group, not just in South Korea, is the one that broke the record. Their words, driven by dazzling videos, cause LSS (or last-song-syndrome), and young people all over the world copy their dynamic dance motions. They've gone viral to that extent. BTS accomplished numerous firsts in 2013, including the release of their debut albums "2 Cool 4 Skool" and "O! RUL8,2" as well as their first-ever live performance. They received their first significant honor at the South Korean Melon Music Awards later that year when they were named Best New Artist. The first significant distinction is that BTS's songs are more concerned with the perception of "wrong-doing" than other K-pop bands' lyrics, which tend to focus on themes that are more controversial. Another significant distinction is how much more emotive BTS's lyrics are when compared to those of other K-pop groups.
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based on the narrator's description of the custom house colleagues, what must it have been like to work there?
The narrator describes the custom house coworkers as being traditional and closed-minded, courteous but cold.
What part does the narrator play?a storyteller or narrator. In a fictional work, the narrator selects the view point for the story. The narrative is considered to be told in the person if the narrator respect to the current in the events of the story. When the narrator isn't one of the characters, the narrative is in the third person.
Why is a competent narrator necessary?An audiobook publisher will engage a narrator again and again if they can trust them to deliver in the fields of energy, pronunciation, breathing techniques, pitch control, and characterization.
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in europe, hundreds of thousands of cows have caught the disease. and 150 humans have died from it. but mad cow disease had never appeared in the u.s. until now! what tone does this passage have? anger confusion disbelief urgency
The tone of this passage is disbelief that is to become aware of the tone of a passage is to study positive phrases
The fine manner to become aware of the tone of a passage is to study positive phrases with fine or terrible connotations. The tone of disbelief signifies the Refusal to believe; absence of belief. Disbelief is described as an unwillingness to simply accept some thing as true. If a person tells you that they noticed a ghost and also you doubt their story, that is an instance of while you sense disbelief. Such as, there is utter disbelief that this has happened. And with that he shook his head in general disbelief. She checked out me with surprise and disbelief. The anger and disbelief once they then get executed first.
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How does dancing improve one's body performance and health Write some examples that will justify your answer?
Dancing has positive effects on your health by enhancing the health of your heart and lungs. enhanced motor fitness, muscular strength, and endurance. enhanced capacity for exercise. Increased strength and muscular tone.
Julie Granger, a personal trainer of the International Sports Sciences Association (ISSA) in Paris and the founder of The Studio Paris and Ballerina Body Training, asserts that dancing is the best exercise. In addition to using all of your muscles and limbs, dancing also increases heart rate. Additionally, dancing may be a lot of fun.According to the Mayo Clinic, dance demands balance and helps develop core strength, which helps maintain healthy posture and avoid muscular strains and back problems. Among other things, dancing may be a good kind of exercise, a pleasurable pastime, a cultural icon, and an artistic expression.Thus this is how dancing improve one's body performance and health.
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what is the plot chart look like for for the book "The Royal Diaries Elizabeth I Red rose of the house of Tudor England 1544" by Lasky, Kathryn?
Elizabeth, who appeared to be a tough, intelligent woman who spoke five languages, ruled for more than forty years as well as led England via one of its most prosperous historical periods.
What is a story plot?The plot of a story is what happens. A plot, on the other hand, is more than just a series of events.
A strong plot is centered on one moment—a break in a pattern, a turning point, or an action—that raises a dramatic question that must be answered throughout the story.
Elizabeth was tall and beautiful, with light red-gold hair and pale skin. She exaggerated those same features, especially as she grew older, and other women tried to imitate her.
Elizabeth, who appeared to be a tough, intelligent woman who spoke five languages, ruled England for more than forty years and guided the country through one of its most prosperous periods in history.
Thus, this was the plot chart for the book "The Royal Diaries Elizabeth I Red rose of the house of Tudor England 1544" by Lasky, Kathryn.
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The word commission comes from the Latin word committere meaning to join or entrust. How does this word origin
relate to the modern definition of commission?
The term "commission" now denotes a team of individuals chosen to perform a particular duty or job. This etymology supports the notion that a commission is
What is a commission?A sales commission is a payment made to an employee after they successfully complete a task, typically selling a predetermined volume of goods or services. Sales commissions are a common incentive used by employers to boost employee productivity. A commission can be paid instead of or in addition to a salary.
A group of persons who have been entrusted with a certain responsibility or function. The word originates from the Latin word "committee," which means "to join" or "to entrust." In this regard, the word's etymology and meaning today are closely tied.
A payment made to a representative or employee in exchange for doing business on their behalf or rendering a service. Particularly: a portion of the funds received from the overall amount paid to the agent in charge of the business. For each automobile he sells, a commission is given to him. 7 the act of giving someone authority.
Therefore, The term "commission" now denotes a team of individuals
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Who are some people that have shaped Anabaptist/mennonite?
Answer:
Men like Bishop John F. Funk, John S. Coffman, Menno Steiner, and other self-aware leaders who introduced a more dynamic and evangelistic strain of piety into the Mennonite communities looked to the sixteenth century for a model that could be followed in nineteenth-century America. Ion:
in which of the language skills (phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics) does gavin demonstrate strength? weakness? how do you know? what evidence is there that some of these skills have been developed with support over time?
Gavin is a young boy who is currently in the early stages of language development. His language skills have been assessed and it has been determined that he has strengths and weaknesses in each of the five language skills: phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
In terms of phonology, Gavin is able to produce a variety of speech sounds, including vowels and consonants. He is even able to differentiate between certain phonemes, such as the /s/ and /sh/ sounds. This is evidence that some of his phonology skills have been developed with support over time.
In terms of morphology, Gavin is able to produce a variety of two-word combinations, such as “more juice” and “good bye.” He also has a good understanding of the inflections, such as adding a -s or -ed to a verb, as well as making plurals by adding -s. This is evidence that some of his morphology skills have been developed with support over time.
In terms of syntax, Gavin has a good understanding of the basic rules of grammar, such as using the correct word order in a sentence, using the appropriate verb tense, and using singular and plural forms correctly. This is evidence that some of his syntax skills have been developed with support over time.
In terms of semantics, Gavin is able to comprehend a wide range of vocabulary words and is able to use them in context. He is also able to understand the meaning of many different words and phrases. This is evidence that some of his semantics skills have been developed with support over time.
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24. When Emily's father died he left her?
a figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes
A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human emotions, ideas, or attitudes is known as personification.
What is personification ?Personification is a form of anthropomorphic metaphor in which a thing or abstraction is shown as a person in literature or art.The form of personification covered here includes instances where a personification emerges as a literary character or a human figure in art, but excludes fleeting literary effects like "Shadows hold their breath." Since ancient Greece, this has been known by its technical name, prosopopoeia. Many objects are frequently personified in the arts.Allegory frequently includes personifications, and historians and theorists of personification worry that the two have too often been confused or that allegory has dominated discussions of both. Single personifications are frequently referred to as "allegories," which is debatably wrong. Personification appeared to be mostly out of style by the late 20th century, but in the 21st century, a number of superhero film franchises brought the semi-personificatory superhero characters of numerous comic book series to dominate mainstream cinema.To learn more about Personification refer :
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What causes racism?
3 paragraphs
Answer: Many experts believe racist beliefs were developed to justify self-interest and greed. For almost 400 years, European investors enslaved people through the Transatlantic slave trade to support the massive tobacco, sugar, and cotton industries in the Americas. Slavery was cheaper than indentured servitude, so slavery was a business decision, not a reflection of hatred or bigotry.
Chesapeake, which grew tobacco, provides a good example. For a while, land owners used indentured servants, most of whom were young men who signed a 4-7 year contract. Servants were exploited during their contract, but after their time was over, they were free. The first Africans, some of whom worked as indentured servants, likely arrived in 1619. However, by the 1660s, the number of indentured servants from Europe dwindled, so tobacco plantation owners began to rely on slavery to raise profits. What could justify the ownership of other humans? Defenders of slavery had a list of racist reasons, saying that slavery was part of God’s plan, it “civilized” Black people, and that some races were so inferior they were meant to be slaves. As Preston Tisdale wrote in an opinion piece for CTPost, “the demonization and dehumanization of African Americans needed to be powerful enough to obfuscate the horrors of slavery.” Racism has certainly proved powerful
While many say ignorance sparks racism, some of history’s most intelligent minds were behind racist ideas. Around the end of the 18th century, science replaced religion and superstition as the intellectual authority. In the way scientists started categorizing animals and plants, they also started categorizing humans. In 1776, German scientist Johann Fredrich Blumenbach classified humans into five groups, putting “Caucasian,” or “the white race” at the top. In the mid-1800s, Samuel George Morton posited that brain size was linked to intelligence. He concluded that white people had larger skulls and were therefore intellectually superior. While scientific texts were not widely available in this era, Morton’s ideas managed to spread in accessible publications, like cheap periodicals.Scientific racism only grew stronger as the years went by. The Nazis relied heavily on classifications, eugenics, and other racist junk science when justifying their genocide. While no longer held in high regard, scientific racism continues to this day thanks to groups like the Pioneer Fund, which supports publications writing about race-based differences in intelligence.
Answer:
Explanation:
“People often define racism as disliking or mistreating others on the basis of race. That definition is wrong,” said Roberts, who directs the Social Concepts Lab, part of the psychology department, in the School of Humanities and Sciences. “Racism is a system of advantage based on race. It is a hierarchy. It is a pandemic. Racism is so deeply embedded within U.S. minds and U.S. society that it is virtually impossible to escape.”
Roberts, an assistant professor and co-author, Michael Rizzo, a postdoctoral fellow at New York University and the Beyond Conflict Innovation Lab, write that “just as citizens of capitalistic societies reinforce capitalism, whether they identify as capitalist or not, and whether they want to or not, citizens of racist societies reinforce racism, whether they identify as racist or not, and whether they want to or not.”
After examining research on racism from psychology, the social sciences and the humanities, the researchers argue that American racism systematically advantages White Americans and disadvantages Americans of color – but that it does not have to. It all starts with awareness, they contend.
“Many people, especially White people, underestimate the depths of racism,” Rizzo said. “A lot of attention is rightfully put on the recent murders of Breonna Taylor, Ahmaud Arbery, George Floyd and far too many others. But people need to understand that those horrific events are a consequence of a larger system. We want readers to walk away with a better understanding of how that system works.”
Seven factors
The first three factors Roberts and Rizzo reviewed are: categories, which organize people into distinct groups; factions, which trigger ingroup loyalty and intergroup competition; and segregation, which hardens racist perceptions, preferences and beliefs. Simply put, the U.S. systematically constructs racial categories, places people inside of those categories and segregates people on the basis of those categories, the authors argue.
For example, there is a considerable body of research showing that people, adults and children alike, tend to feel and act more positively toward those they consider to be like them and in their “ingroup.” This means that they are likely to treat people from outside of their social circles less favorably.
For many White Americans, their ingroups do not include Black Americans. Part of the reason for this has to do with America’s fraught history of racial segregation, which kept White and Black communities separated. Roberts and Rizzo point to studies demonstrating that the amount of exposure a child has to other racial groups early in life affects how they will think about and act toward those groups when they are adults.
Research also shows that children are more attuned to faces of the racial majority group. That is, Black children are better at recognizing White faces than White children are at recognizing Black faces. This disparity can have tragic real-world consequences. In a criminal lineup, for instance, not being able to recognize Black faces, paired with biased preferences and beliefs, increase the odds that an innocent Black suspect will be misidentified as the perpetrator of a crime.
Roberts and Rizzo note that in cases where felony convictions were overturned because of DNA evidence, a significant number of the original convictions were due to incorrect eyewitness identifications.
The remaining four factors the researchers argue contribute to American racism include: hierarchy, which emboldens people to think, feel and behave in racist ways; power, which legislates racism on both micro and macro levels; media, which legitimizes overrepresented and idealized representations of White Americans while marginalizing and minimizing people of color; and passivism, such that overlooking or denying the existence of racism encourages others to do the same. In short, they argue that the U.S. positions and empowers some over others, reinforces those differences through biased media, and then leaves those disparities and media in place.
Of the seven factors they identified, perhaps the most insidious is passivism or passive racism, according to the scholars. This includes an apathy toward systems of racial advantage or denial that those systems even exist.
Discussions about passivism are particularly relevant now, Roberts said, as thousands take to the streets to protest against racism. “If people advantaged by the hierarchy remain passive, it is no surprise that those at the bottom cry out to be heard,” he added. “People have been crying for centuries.