The photosystem, which is in charge of photosynthesis, receives energy from the sun through the chlorophyll in plants. In addition to producing oxygen, water also serves as a source of hydrogen ions and electrons.
What is a good example of photosynthesis?Plants are the most well-known example because, with the exception of a very small number of parasitic or mycoheterotrophic species, they all have chlorophyll and can manufacture their own sustenance. The second most abundant class of eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms is algae.
Why is it referred to as "photosynthesis"?The phrase "photosynthesis" comes from the Greek words "light" and "synthesis," which mean "putting together." Some of the chemical energy is kept in carbon compounds, such as sugar and starch molecules, which are created from carbon dioxide and water.
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what is the evidence that nociception is mediated by specific nociceptors rather than by strongly stimulated tactile receptors or warm receptors?
The evidence is that Nociceptive ache is a kind of ache due to harm to frame tissue and firmed by the specific nociceptors by the Nociceptive ache feels sharp, aching, or throbbing.
It's frequently due to an outside injury, like stubbing your toe, having a sports activities injury, or a dental procedure. Nociception is the detection of painful stimuli. Specialized neurons withinside the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) or the trigeminal ganglia venture into pores and skin and tender tissue to discover extremes of warmness, cold, mechanical, and chemical alerts and alert the frame of ability dangers.
Experimental demonstration that nociception includes specialised neurons, now no longer truely more discharge of the neurons that reply to regular stimulus intensities. So it is now no longer as though while the warmth receptors get a stimulus beyond a sure factor they begin to sign ache, as a substitute the nociceptors responding to warmness are definitely separate and feature a far better threshold that alerts the ability for tissue harm.
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which family is most likely to contain viruses that exist in a latent state in humans? group of answer choices herpesviridae papillomaviridae poxviridae hepadnaviridae adenoviridae
Herpes simplex, varicella zoster, Epstein-Barr, human cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, and Kaposi's sarcoma are a few examples of latent viral infections in humans. A latent viral infection is one in which the virus persists in the host cell for a protracted length of time without causing an infection.
Almost all individuals are infected by herpesviruses, which develop lifelong latency and can reactivate to infect new victims. These viruses are referred to as "latent," and they include the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), HIV, herpesviruses, and cytomegalovirus (CMV). Latent viruses can induce momentary (temporary) symptoms or chronic disease when they "reactivate," or come out of hiding. Many viruses have a tendency to lead to latent infections. Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, HSV-2, varicella zoster virus (VZV), and Epstein-Barr virus make up the majority of these pathogens.
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There are four mechanisms that can cause changes in the frequencies of genes in populations: mutation, migration, genetic drift, and natural selection. All four are mechanisms of evolutionary change. Compare natural selection to the other mechanisms for change. What choice best differentiates natural selection from the other mechanisms?.
The choice which best differentiates natural selection from the other mechanisms is that it is variation in any population, differential reproduction occurs and is not random as it occurs over time and more advantageous trait exists in the population which is therefore denoted as option D.
What is Population?This is defined as the total number of organisms which are present in an area over a given period of time.
Natural selection on the other hand is however unique and different from the other mechanisms that can cause changes in the frequencies of genes in population as it doesn't occur randomly and represents only positive change/adaptation thereby making option D the correct choice.
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The options are:
A) In a population, it is the changes in allelic frequencies of a gene that are due to chance.
B) A random error/change in the DNA sequence. These may be inherited or occur in cells during the lifetime of the organism
C) Also known as gene flow. It is any movement of individuals and/or the genetic material they carry, from one population to another.
D) There is variation in any population differential reproduction occurs and is not random as it occurs over time and more advantageous trait exists in the population.
A student produces a labeled drawing of a virus for a presentation. The student states that the capsid has a function similar to the nuclear membrane found in animal cells. Which of these describe the similar functions of capsids and nuclear membranes?A. both transport proteins throughout the structuresB. both provide energy for activities in the structuresC. both protect genetic information for the structuresD. both code for the proteins needed for reproduction of the structures
Both transport proteins function similarly to capsids and nuclear membranes throughout the structures.
A nuclear membrane is a double-layered membrane which separates this same content of the nucleus from rest of the cell. All eukaryotic cells found in plants, animals, fungi, but also protists have a control centre called a nucleus where DNA is stored. Every nucleus is surrounded and protected by a double-layered membrane known as that of the nuclear envelope or nuclear membrane. It separates this same nucleoplasm (the fluid found in the nucleus) from the cytoplasm. The nuclear membrane is found in both animal and plant cells. Cells perform numerous functions including such protein synthesis, molecule conversion to energy, and waste elimination.
This membrane protects the genetic material of the cells from the outside of the nucleus, where chemical reactions occur. It also contains several proteins that are essential for the organisation of DNA and the control of genes.
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How does the use of fertilizer affect the carbon cycle?
Answer:
The use of fertilizer can affect the carbon cycle by increasing the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, as well as by increasing the amount of organic matter in the soil, which can lead to an increase in soil carbon.
Explanation:
Which type of ion channel opens and closes in response to changes in the membrane potential?
Voltage ion channel opens and closes in response to changes in the membrane potential.
Numerous membrane proteins that function as ion channels are embedded throughout the plasma membrane. Only specific kinds of ions can traverse each channel in the membrane. The majority of channels are one-ion specific (selective). Because the channel pore is often so narrow, ions must go in single file through it.
A channel can exist in a number of states, each of which is either open or closed and corresponds to a different protein shape. In general, closed states are either a result of the pore contracting, blocking the ion's passage, or the pore being stopped up by a different portion of the protein. When a channel is open, ions move down the transmembrane concentration gradient for that specific ion to pass through the channel pore. The maximal channel conductance and electrochemical driving force for that ion dictate the rate of ionic flow across the channel.
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a. What abiotic factor in a desert is likely to have caused both populations to stabilize after experiencing a period of exponential growth? Explain your answer. (2 points)
b. What is a likely reason that the environment has a greater carrying capacity for population A than for population B? (3 points)
The answers include the following below:
The abiotic factor in a desert which is likely to have caused both populations to stabilize after experiencing a period of exponential growth is the low amount of rainfall.A likely reason that the environment has a greater carrying capacity for population A than for population B is it having more sunlight.What are Abiotic factors?This is referred to as the non-living factors that impact an ecosystem and examples include rainfall, sunlight etc.
In the desert ecosystem, the abiotic factor which caused both populations to stabilize after experiencing a period of exponential growth is the low level of rainfall which will lead to some organisms dying out and becoming stable and sunlight is a likely reason why population A has more carrying capacity than for population B
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The main compound used to release energy for metabolism is:
a. NAD+.
b. sucrose.
c. ribonucleic acid.
d. glucose phosphate.
e. adenosine triphosphate.
Adenosine triphosphate is the key substance utilized to release energy for metabolism. The right response, in this case, is option E.
Adenosine triphosphate serves as the source of energy for cells to both use and store. The three serially connected phosphate groups, a nitrogenous base, and a ribose sugar make up the nucleoside triphosphate structure of ATP.
Due to the oxygen atoms' attraction to the phosphate group in the structure of adenosine triphosphate, sometimes referred to as ATP, the molecule has a high energy level.
For instance, ATP is needed to keep your heart beating and to breathe. Additionally, ATP aids in the synthesis of lipids, nerve impulses, and the transport of certain chemicals into and out of cells. Even ATP is used by certain creatures to create light, such as bioluminescent jellyfish and fireflies.
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which immunoglobulin type is found as a dimer form in mucous secretions, linked together by a joining chain protein and a secretory component?
The most common immunoglobulin isotype found on mucosal surfaces is secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA).
Two IgA molecules (dimeric IgA), a joining protein (J chain), and a secretory component make up secretory IgA. (SC).
Your immune system produces an antibody called immunoglobulin A (IgA). Mucous membranes, particularly those in the digestive and respiratory systems, contain IgA. Saliva, tears, and breast milk all contain it. A hereditary health condition called IgA deficiency can be handed down through generations.
IgA has long been considered a non-inflammatory antibody at mucosal locations. sIgA is concentrated in the mucus out layer [46] because of its polymeric structure and the oligosaccharide side chains of SC, which noncovalently cross-link microorganisms and encourage them to clump together in situ.
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The symptoms of diphtheria are due to an exotoxin that blocks proteins synthesis in host cells.
a. True
b. False
The symptoms of diphtheria are due to an exotoxin that blocks proteins synthesis in host cells is true.
So the correct answer is option B.
The pathogenic bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which secretes the exotoxin diphtheria toxin, is what causes diphtheria. The corynephage prophage, which infects cells and prevents protein synthesis, is what causes disease in humans. It carries the toxin gene.
A-B toxin or diphtheria toxin is a single polypeptide chain of 535 amino acids that is made up of two subunits connected by disulfide bridges. The A subunit of the protein, which is more stable, enters the host cell after the B subunit, which is less stable, adheres to the cell surface.
To 2.5 ngstrom resolution, the crystal structure of the homodimer of diphtheria toxin has been established. Three domains make up the Y-shaped molecule that the structure has shown.
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The mass of a human cell is 0. 000000000001 kilogram. What is the mass of a human cell in scientific notation, in kilograms?.
Answer:
10 * 10^-10
Explanation:
choose the main reasons that contributed to mendel selecting the garden pea as his experimental subject.
The main reasons why Mendel selected the garden pea as his experimental subject include its short life cycles, multiple offspring, and contrasting characters.
Mendel's experimentMendel conducted several experiments to understand how characters are inherited and through his several works, he was able to formulate what we now know as the law of genetics.
Mendel made use of the pea plant as his study subject. The organism was preferred over other organisms for several reasons, which include:
It has a short life cycle. Thus, several breeding experiments could be carried out within a short period and conclusions can be made as early as possible.The plant produces a lot of offspring. Thus, the phenotypes and genotypes of offspring can be studied in good detail.The plant breeds true. There are no in-betweens in traits as they are in direct contrasts. It is either rough or smooth seeds, yellow or green pods, etc.Thus, based on these reasons, the pea plant was the preferred organism for Mendel's experiments.
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If the purchase price for a house is $345,000, what is the monthly payment if you put 10% down for a 30 year loan with a fixed rate of 6.375%?
a. $1,569.27
b. $1,937.12
c. $2,152.35
d. $3,314.59 please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
If the purchase price for a house is $345,000 then the amount due each month would be $1,937.12
Step 1
$345,000 was the initial value.
Initial Value x 10% of Down Payment
30 years = Nper (Number of Payments).
Rate = 6.375%
Step 2
Given that it is 10% of the Initial Value, you may compute it as follows:
10% = 10/100 = 0.1
10% x (345,000) = 0.1 x 345,000 = 34,500
Step 3 Present Value (PV)
The total amount borrowed will be:
Initial Value - The down Payment is equal to PV.
PV= 345,000 - 34,500
PV = 310,500
Step 4 Accurate the data: The Nper and Rate in months should be as follows to estimate the monthly payment:
Nper = 30 years x 1 2 months / 1 year = 360 months
Rate = 6.375/12 = 0.531
Step 5 Use the equation: Keep in mind that the following equation determines the loan payment based on consistent payments:
c = PV x Rate/ 1 - (1 + rate) - Nper
Replace the numbers in the corresponding variables of the upper equation to complete step six of the equation.
c = 310,000 + 0.00531 / 1 - [tex](1+0.00531)^{-360}[/tex]
c= 1,937.12
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once a peptide bond has been formed between the amino acid attached to the trna in the p site and the amino acid associated with the trna in the a site, what process occurs next?
The expanding polypeptide chain linked to a) a tRNA at the P site as soon as a new peptide bond was created in the ribosome. Between the amino acids found in the ribosome's A and P sites, a peptide bond is formed.
After the peptide bond is created, where does the tRNA go?Exactly one codon pulls the mRNA through the ribosome once the peptide bond has been created. The E ("exit") site of the initial, empty tRNA might now drift away as a result of this change. Additionally, it opens up a new codon at the A site, allowing the cycle to continue.
each aminoacyl-acyl tRNA's linkage stability, which is created by an ester bond joining the amino acid carboxyl group.
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Ketoacidosis is a potentially life‑threatening condition that can occur when there is inadequate cellular glucose uptake, such as in uncontrolled diabetes.
a. True
b. False
True, diabetic ketoacidosis is a life-threatening complication of diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by a lack of insulin and increased blood sugar levels. Normally, once blood glucose levels are high, insulin will decrease the process of breaking down stored glucose from the liver and increase the uptake of glucose by other cells such as skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. This causes blood sugar levels to decrease.
In diabetic ketoacidosis, insulin deficiency and an increase in hormones that work opposite to insulin cause other glucose production mechanisms (such as gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis) to increase and disrupt the utilization of glucose by body cells. Finally, blood sugar levels will be higher. Not only that, but the body will also compensate for this failure to utilize glucose by releasing fatty acids and using them as energy which produces an acidic substance, namely ketone bodies. This causes ketone levels in the blood to increase, and the body's condition becomes more acidic.
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For bacteriophages and animal viruses ________ is the step in the viral life cycle that determines host cell or tissue specificity.
For bacteriophages and animal viruses attachment is the step in the viral life cycle that determines host cell or tissue specificity.
Bacteriophage is a virus capable of infecting bacterial cells. The lytic cycle allows it to enter the host cell. The virus within that bacterial cell could even destroy or replicate without killing the host cell. The bacteriophage attaches to the bacterium via its long tail fibers, and then installs its genetic material into the host cell to begin reproduction. Bacteriophages enter the host cell by injecting DNA, whereas animal viruses enter via endocytosis or membrane fusion. Animal viruses can enter latency, which is similar to bacteriophage lysogeny.
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if tow parent are heterozygous for a recessive disease what is the change their child will also be a heterozygous carrier for this disease
The chance the child will also be a heterozygous carrier for this disease is about 50%.
When one allele of a gene effectively outweighs the other (recessive) allele, the allele is said to be dominant. When an allele requires two copies of itself to be expressed, the allele is said to be recessive.
Here, the parents are heterozygous, which means they have one dominant allele and one recessive allele. Let's consider B as a dominant allele and b as a recessive allele. If we cross the parents' having a heterozygous allele, the chance that the child also has a heterozygous allele is given by the attached Punnett square.
Here, the probability of homozygous dominance is 25%, the heterozygous carrier is 50%, and the homozygous recessive is 25%. From this, we can conclude that the chance of a child being a heterozygous carrier for this disease is about 50%.
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What occurs in a chemical reaction?
A. Reactants break bonds and form new bonds to make new substances.
B. Reactants break bonds and reform the same bonds.
C. Reactants break bonds, but do not form new substances.
D. No chemical bonds get broken.
I really need help on this :-(
Answer: Breaking chemical bonds.
Explanation: The number of atoms before and after the chemical range is the same but the number of molecules will change.
which type of ion channel opens and closes in response to changes in the membrane potential?
When a chemical ligand, such a neurotransmitter, attaches to a protein, the ion channel is said to be ligand-gated. In response to variations in membrane potential, voltage channels open and close.
Changes in membrane potential open what kind of channel?At resting membrane potential, voltage-gated ion channels are usually closed; but, upon depolarization of the membrane, they open. Through a domain that senses voltage, these channels are able to track changes in electric potential across the membrane.
Throughout the action potential, which channels open and close?Both open and closed voltage-gated potassium channels exist. When an action potential occurs, three basic things happen: The cell body depolarizes as a result of a triggering event.
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What are 3 facts about meiosis?
3 facts about meiosis;
Is the sort of cell division that produces germ cells.Four monoploid daughter cells are formed.It is found in male testes and female ovaries.Meiosis Characteristics , Each cell division cycle results in the production of four daughter cells.
The daughter cells are identical in form and size to the mother cell but differ in chromosomal number. The daughter cells are haploid in nature. Meiosis involves recombination and segregation.
Homologous chromosomes couple and form synapses during prophase I, a process specific to meiosis. The paired chromosomes are referred to as bivalents, and the creation of chiasmata induced by genetic recombination is visible.
These may be seen under the microscope thanks to chromosomal condensation.
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Water content, ion content and blood sugar levels of the body need to be maintained, along with what other internal condition?.
Water content, ion content and blood sugar levels of the body need to be maintained, along with temperature.
In biology, homeostasis refers to the state of constant internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems. This is the optimal state of the organism's functioning, and it includes many variables, such as body temperature and fluid balance, that must be kept within certain pre-set limits.
Homeostasis involves the receptor, the control center, and the effector. The receptor receives information about the changing environment, which is processed by the control center.
Homeostasis ensures that optimal conditions for enzyme action and all cell functions are maintained throughout the body. It refers to the maintenance of a consistent internal environment in the face of changing internal and external conditions. Controlling blood glucose concentrations in the human body is one of these.
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Which of the following are found in both DNA and RNA Mcq?
Phosphate groups, guanine, as well as cytosine, are found in both DNA and RNA.
So, the correct option is C.
Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and RNA; each one has a nitrogen base, a phosphate group, and a five-carbon sugar backbone. While DNA is mostly located in the cell nucleus, RNA is a different sort of nucleic acid that is frequently present in the cytoplasm. The idea put forth by Watson and Crick was that RNA must replicate the DNA code inside the nucleus and transport it outside to the cytoplasm, where proteins are made.
They include the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that serves as a cell's genetic blueprint and the ribonucleic acid that serves as a cell's functional manual (RNA). Genes and other non-coding regions of DNA are organized into chromosomes.
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The given question is incomplete. So, the complete question is:
Which of the following are found in both DNA and RNA?
a. ribose, phosphate groups, and adenine
b. deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and guanine
c. phosphate groups, guanine, and cytosine
d. phosphate groups, guanine, and thymine
a researcher is conducting a phylogenetic study of organisms using genea. in several of the species she is examining, she retrieves three different but similar gene sequences using the same primers. what should she conclude from her results?
GeneA has undergone a gene duplication in several species.
Gene duplication is the process of copying a region of DNA coding for a gene. Gene duplication can occur as a result of a recombination error or as a result of a retrotransposition event. Duplicate genes are frequently immune to the selective pressures that normally exist for genes.
In genomics, duplication is a type of mutation in which one or more copies of a DNA segment (which can be as small as a few bases or as large as a major chromosomal region) are produced. All organisms experience duplication. Major genome duplications are not uncommon. It is thought that the entire yeast genome duplicated around 100 million years ago. Plants are the most prolific duplicators of genomes. Wheat, for example, is hexaploid, which means it has six copies of its genome.
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an error that can occur during meiosis or mitosis; it results in one daughter cell receiving two copies of a particular chromosomes while the other daughter cell receives none.
Non-disjunction is the error that can occur during meiosis or mitosis that results in one daughter cell receiving two copies of a particular chromosomes while the other daughter cell receives none.
In the field of biology, non-disjunction can be described as an error in which the chromosomes are unable to separate during the anaphase of the cell division process.
A non-disjunction can occur during mitosis or meiosis when one of the daughter cells receives two chromosomes instead of one. As a result, the other daughter cell will get no chromosome.
Non-disjunction errors will cause serious diseases or syndromes in individuals as one of the daughter cells has an extra chromosome and the other one has missing chromosomes.
The question will correctly be written as:
An error that can occur during meiosis or mitosis; it results in one daughter cell receiving two copies of a particular chromosomes while the other daughter cell receives none is called?
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Parasympathetic innervation to the ciliary muscle results in accommodation, which makes the lens more rounded to allow for close vision.
a. True
b. False
Parasympathetic innervation to the ciliary muscle results in accommodation, which makes the lens more rounded to allow for close vision.
The statement is true.
Option A is correct.
What is the ciliary muscle?The ciliary muscle is described as being elongated, triangular in shape, and located beneath the anterior sclera just posterior to the limbus.
The ciliary muscle functions are mainly instructed by the parasympathetic nerve fibers of oculomotor nerve (CN III).
When the ciliary muscle undergoes contraction, it loosens the zonular fibers increasing the convexity of the lens, which induces accommodation for near vision.
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which mass extinction event occurred just before the rapid increase in speciation among mammalian species?
Mass extinction event that occurred just before the rapid increase in speciation among mammalian species is : cretaceous-Tertiary or K–T extinction which is now now called the cretaceous–Paleogene (or K–Pg).
What is mass extinction?An event when species vanish much faster than they are replaced is called mass extinction.
The main causes that threaten the survival of mammals are habitat loss, environmental pollution, hunting, and competition for food or habitat among wild animals. Impacts of human activities on the survival of endangered mammalian species are greater than ever before.
Change in environment often creates new living spaces that contribute to rapid speciation and increased diversity. Whereas, cataclysmic events, like volcanic eruptions and meteor strikes that obliterate life and can cause devastating losses of diversity.
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What is the correct order the layers of the wall of the digestive tract starting with the innermost layer.
The digestive tract is composed of layers of tissue which provide protection and aid in the digestion of food. Starting with the innermost layer, these layers are:
MucosaSubmucosaMuscularisSerosaThe Innermost Layers of the Digestive Tract Wall: An Orderly GuideThe mucosa is the innermost layer of the digestive tract, and it is made up of epithelial cells that secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients. The submucosa is a layer of connective tissue that provides support to the mucosa and contains small blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. The muscularis layer contains smooth muscle that helps move the contents of the digestive tract along. The serosa is the outermost layer of the digestive tract and is composed of a thin layer of connective tissue that helps protect the digestive tract from injury.Each layer has its own unique purpose and contributes to the overall functioning of the digestive tract.
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All of the following are characteristic of the cnidarians except ___________________.a. muscle tissue derived from mesodermb. a motile form called the medusac. a sessile form called the polypd. a gastrovascular cavity
The cnidarians doesn't have proper mesoderm. It is considered to be diploblastic creatures with endoderm and ectoderm.
Cnidarians are soft-bodied, radially symmetrical creatures that live in aquatic environments. They go by the popular names of hydras, corals, jellyfish, and sea anemones. Portuguese men-of-war, sea fans, sea pens, and sea whips are a few other cnidarian species. The stinging nematocytes on the tentacles of cnidarians behave as little harpoons that respond to stimuli by ejecting tiny stinging cells that can poison and hook potential prey.
Cnidarians have a nerve net instead of bones and a central nervous system. These individuals only have the ectoderm and endoderm as their two bodily layers. Between these two bodily layers is the mesoglea. When compared to most cnidarian species, such as jellyfish, the mesoglea (jelly-like structure) makes up the majority of the body in some of these individuals.
Hence, cnidarians are aggregate of cell which performs particular function.
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proteins that play a critical role in the development of many eukaryotic organisms usually have a highly conserved dna-binding motif called the motif.
the statement that proteins that play a critical role in the development of many eukaryotic organisms usually have a highly conserved dna-binding motif called the motif is True.
How does protein affect eukaryotic organisms?Protein synthesis is an essential process because humans rely on the body to produce the proteins required to perform essential functions. in the absence of protein synthesis, the body will be unable to produce hormones, enzymes, and even new muscle.
Protein-protein interactions are important in biology, and spectrometry has been used to identify interactions in a variety of organisms. As a short conserved sequence pattern associated with distinct protein or DNA functions, motif helps in protein DNA-binding to promote eukaryotic development.
The complete Question is:
Proteins that play a critical role in the development of many eukaryotic organisms usually have a highly conserved DNA-binding motif called the motif. a. True b. False
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describe relationships between concentration, ph, temperature, and enzyme activity and how results relate to conditions in the human body
A reaction is typically sped up by increasing temperature and slowed down by reducing temperature. An ideal pH range exists for each enzyme. Enzyme activity will be slowed by pH changes outside of this range.
Specifically, enzymes. Normally, just one or a few substrates can trigger an enzyme's reaction. Only one type of substrate will be accepted by some enzymes, which are more selective than others. Other enzymes can interact with a variety of molecules as long as they possess the chemical group or type of bond that the enzyme is looking for. Enzymes can be reused. Since enzymes are not reactants, they are not depleted by the process. An enzyme can be employed for another process after it has catalysed one by binding to a substrate and then being released, unmodified.
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