Radio waves travel at a speed of 1.7 times 10^8 m/s through ice. A radio wave pulse sent into the Antarctic ice reflects off the rock at the bottom and returns to the surface in 32.9 times 10^-6 s. Part A How deep is the ice? Express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units.

Mechanical energy is indeed select one because the roller coaster selects one energy due to friction and air resistance as it travels down the track

When a ball is thrown onto the ground, it typically begins to roll with a certain velocity. However, due to Newton's first law, the ball would theoretically keep rolling without any force acting against it. In reality, the ball eventually stops after a certain distance, which implies that a force is being applied to it; this force is known as friction. Friction provides the necessary grip to allow us to walk without slipping and can be beneficial in many cases. On the other hand, friction can also be a major hindrance to motion, and around 20% of the power from a car engine is used to overcome friction in its moving parts.

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Answer:

divide the number of times the event occurs by the length of time.

Explanation:

The new pressure in the tank is 1.17 P.

A perfect gasoline is a theoretical gasoline composed of many randomly shifting issue particles that are not tough to interparticle interactions. the pleasant gas concept is useful as it obeys the precise gas regulation, a simplified equation of united states of america, and is amenable to evaluation beneath statistical mechanics.

An ideal gas is defined as one for which each the volume of molecules and forces between the molecules are so small that they have no effect on the behavior of the gasoline. The real gas that acts nearly like a simply best fuel is helium. this is because of the truth helium, in contrast to most gases, exists as an unmarried atom, which makes the van der Waals dispersion forces as little as feasible.

Using the ideal gas equation:-

Given;

P₁ = P

V₁ = V

T₁ =15°C

P₂ = 2P

V₂ = V/2

P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂

P₂ = P₁T₂/T₁

    = P * 338 / 288

   = 1.17 P

If the volume becomes half than the pressure becomes = 1.17 P

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Answer--  The formation ionic bond involve the transfer of valence electron.

What is ionic bond?

-- Ionic bond, also called electrovalent bond, type of linkage formed from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a chemical compound.

Dependence  

1. THe ease of formation  fo the positive and negative ions from the respective neutral atoms.

2. The arrangements of the positive and negative ions in the solids , that is  the lattice of the crystalline compounds.

-- The formation of a positive ion involves ionisation i.e. removal of electron from the neutral atom and that of the negative ion involves the addition of electron to the neutral atoms..

( Ionic bonds will be formed more easily between elements with comparatively low ionization enthalpies and elements with comparatively high negative value of electron gain enthalpy.)

What is electron gain enthalpy?

--The electron gain enthalpy is the enthalpy change, when a gas phase atom in its ground state gain an electron.

-- EGE process may be exothermic or endothermic.

What is ionisation energy?

Ionisation energy is the minimum amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron, the valence electron, of an isolated neutral gaseous atom or molecule

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The energy of the moving vehicle is 208.41 KJ.

The energy of a moving object or the energy possessed by an object in motion is called as the kinetic energy.

Where,

mass of the object/vehicle = m,

the speed at which the body is moving is v.

Mass of the vehicle = 1500 kg

Velocity of the vehicle = 60 km/hr

1 km/hr = 0.277 m/sec

60 Km/hr = 16.67 m/sec

Kinetic energy of the vehicle =  (1/2)*m*v²

K.E. =  (1/2)*1500*(16.67)²

K.E. = (1/2)*1500*277.88

K.E. = 208416.67 J

K.E. = 208.41 KJ

The energy in a moving vehicle of mass 1500 kg at 60km/hr is 208.41KJ.

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∴ p = 13.2 kgms⁻¹. As a result, the ball has a momentum of 13.2 kgms1.

Given conditions ⇒

Mass of the ball = 6 kg.

Velocity = 2.2 m/s.

Using the Formula,

Momentum = mass × velocity

∴ p = mv

⇒ p = 6 × 2.2

∴ p = 13.2 kgms⁻¹.

Hence, the momentum of the ball is 13.2 kgms⁻¹.

∴ p = 13.2 kgms⁻¹. As a result, the ball has a momentum of 13.2 kgms1.

Velocity (v) is a vector quantity that measures displacement (or change in position, Δs) over the change in time (Δt), represented by the equation v = Δs/Δt.

momentum = 5x2 = 10 kg m/s.

Any object's velocity is a measurement of how swiftly it moves. Therefore, it can be described as the change in an object's position divided by time.

Both a magnitude (a value) and a direction are associated with velocity. Meters per second (meter/second) is the unit used to measure velocity.

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When a disease called myopia (near-sightedness) goes untreated, the picture of a distant object is centred in front of the retina, resulting in fuzzy distance vision. Myopia is a result of an imbalance between the eye's optical axial length and refracting power.

Myopia, a disease that affects many people, causes near objects to appear clear while far-distant objects to appear blurry. It happens when light rays incorrectly bend (refract) due to the shape of the eye or specific portions of the eye. When images enter the eye and focus in front of the retina, myopia is the result.

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Because capacitor 1 is longer by two times, V1 has more charge.

The storage of electric charge frequently uses a cylindrical capacitor. It is a particular kind of capacitor with the outline of a cylinder with an inner radius of "a" and an outer radius of "b."

Capacitors are said to be in series when they are connected in a row. The total capacitance of a series of capacitors can be calculated by adding the reciprocals of each capacitor's individual capacitances and then taking the reciprocal of the total.

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The height of the atmosphere would be 7951.33 m.

We are given that,

Pressure = P = 1 atm

Air density = ρ = 1.3 kg/m³

P = ρ g h

We know that pressure at sea level = 1 atm = 101300 Pa

Thus , putting the values in the above equation,

h = (101300 Pa)/(1.3 kg/m³)(9.8m/s²)

h = 7951.33 m

Therefore, the height of the atmosphere would be 7951.33 m, when the air density is constant.

The atmosphere of Earth extends upward from the planet's surface to a height of 10,000 kilometers (6,214 miles). After that, the atmosphere disappears into space. Although scientists disagree on the location of the atmosphere's upper border, they can all agree that the majority of the atmosphere is found near to the planet's surface, up to a distance of around eight to fifteen kilometers (five to nine miles). Although most life on Earth requires oxygen, oxygen does not make up the bulk of the planet's atmosphere. About 78% of the gases in the Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen, 21% are oxygen, 9% are argon, and 1% are other gases. The remaining gases include trace amounts of neon, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane.

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a) The kind of mirror it is concave.

b) to find the focal length we use the formula,

V  = uf/(u-f)

6.5 = -2.4f/(-2.4-f)

f = 3.8

c) magnification = v/u

=6.5/2.4

=2.7

d) image which is oriented to the object is  virtual and erect

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She has poor vision. She needs a divergent lens of some kind, either converging or diverging. given that divergent lenses are often prescribed with a -1.33 D diopter strength, the lens strength is 1.33 D.

(A) The person is nearsighted if they have trouble seeing objects farther away than 75 cm.

(b) The type of corrective lens must be divergent in order to balance out the excessive converging power of the wearer's eye (which by the way carries by convention a negative focal length)

(c) The equation f = 1/d = 1/0.75 = 1.33D gives the focal length's absolute value (f).

As a result, it would typically be written with a negative sign indicating a contrasting lens.

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Answer:

In an elastic collision, the total momentum of the two objects before the collision is equal to the total momentum of the two objects after the collision. This means that we can use the conservation of momentum to determine the velocity of the right ball after the collision.

The momentum of an object is equal to its mass multiplied by its velocity, so the initial momentum of the left ball is 0.25 kg * 2.0 m/s = 0.5 kgm/s. Since the initial velocity of the right ball is 0, the total initial momentum of the two balls is 0.5 kgm/s.

After the collision, the total momentum of the two balls must still be 0.5 kg*m/s. Since the mass of the two balls is the same, this means that the velocity of the right ball after the collision must be 2.0 m/s, which is the same as the initial velocity of the left ball.

Therefore, the velocity of the right ball after the elastic collision is 2.0 m/s.

The approximate focal length of an objective lens which will give a total magnification of 200x is 0.8 cm.

The focal length of a lens is the distance from the principal focus of a lens to the center of curvature of the lens.

The focal length of the objective lens of the microscope is calculated as follows:

total magnification is 200x

tube length is 160 mm

eyepiece = 10x

magnification of the objective lens = 200 / 10

magnification = 20

the focal length in cm is 160 / 10 = 16

The focal length of the objective lens = assumed length / total magnification.

the focal length of the objective lens = 16 / 20

the focal length of the objective lens = 0.8 cm

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The acceleration of a 1500 kg car when 3000 N of force is applied is

2 m/s².

According to Newton's second law of motion, acceleration of a body depends on two variables, the net force acting on the object and mass of the object. The acceleration of the body is directly proportional to the net force acting on the body and inversely proportional to the mass of the body.

If the force acting on an object increases, the acceleration of the body also increases. Likewise, if mass of an object is increased, the acceleration of the body decreases.

The equation of Newton's second law of motion is given as,

F = m*a

where, F is net force

m is mass

a is acceleration

Given that, m = 1500 kg

F = 3000 N

Making ' a ' as subject for the above equation, we have

a = F/ m = 3000/1500 = 2 m/s²

Thus, the acceleration of the car is 2 m/s².

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Answer:25 feet

Explanation:

The height of cliff is 44.1 m .

What is the relation between height and horizontal projectile?

An item launched into space on which gravity is the only force at work is referred to as a projectile. Some well-known instances of projectile motion are throwing a ball or firing a gun's bullet. A projectile's motion may be thought of as the result of two different motions occurring at once. In the motion of a projectile, we can see one component acting horizontally without producing any acceleration and another component acting vertically while experiencing continual acceleration due to the pull of gravity. The highest vertical location along the object's flight is considered to be its greatest height. The range of the bullet is defined as its horizontal displacement. The starting velocity of the item affects the projectile's range.If v is the starting speed, g is the gravitational acceleration, and H is the highest point that may be reached in meters, then is the beginning speed's angle from the horizontal plane (radians or degrees).

Time of flight = 7.5/2.5 = 3 seconds

Taking motion along vertical,

h = 0.5gt^2 = 0.5 x 9.8 x 3 x3 = 44.1m

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Thus inner diameter of hollow sperical iron shell is 57.3 cm.

How is density and diameter of sperical iron shell related?

We use the formula 4/3r3 to calculate the volume of a sphere. The volume of the hollow area must be subtracted from the total volume of the sphere in order to get the volume of a hollow sphere. Call the sphere's overall radius r1 and the radius of the hollowed-out area r2. As a result, we have 4/3π*r1^3 – 4/3π*r2^3.

When you know the radius, you may use the formula volume = (4/3) r3 to calculate the sphere's volume. The mass may then be calculated by multiplying the density and volume, as in mass = volume density, using the density formula density = mass/volume. The following formula might also be used: mass = (4/3) r3 density.

Estimate of V we interpret "almost completely submerged" to mean

V ≈ 4 πR^3 / 3

​here R =60cm.

Thus, equilibrium of forces (on the iron sphere) leads to

F = m (iron).g

ρ (water)gV  =ρ (iron) g( 4πR^3/ 3 - 4πr^3/ 3)

r is the inner radius (half the inner diameter).

Substituting in our estimate for V as well as the densities of water (1.0g/cm ^3) and iron(7.87g/cm ^3) we get the inner diameter:

[tex]2r = 2R(1 - \frac{1.0}{7.87})^{\frac{1}{3} }[/tex] =57.3cm.

Thus inner diameter is 57.3 cm.

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The centripetal force acting on the car is  36,000 N.

Centripetal force is the force that is directed towards the center of a circle and is necessary to keep an object in a curved path.

Step 1: Find the mass of the car.

Mass = 900 kg

Step 2: Find the velocity of the car.

Velocity = 10 m/s

Step 3: Find the radius of the circle.

Radius = 25.0 m

Step 4: Calculate the centripetal force.

Centripetal force = m*v2/r

Centripetal force = 900 kg * (10 m/s)2 / 25.0 m

Centripetal force = 36,000 N

Centripetal force is the force that is directed inward and is responsible for the circular motion of an object. It is directed towards the center of the circle and is perpendicular to the velocity of the object. It is usually caused by a combination of gravitational and/or electro-magnetic forces. It is the force that keeps an object in orbit around a larger object and keeps the moon in its orbit around the Earth.

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-384 jewels energy (in j) must the shock absorbers of a 1140 kg car dissipate in order to damp a bounce that initially has a velocity of 0.850 m/s at the equilibrium position

In a damped system, oscillatory motion is suppressed by frictional forces. The increase in the internal energy of the damping system makes up for the decrease in kinetic energy connected to oscillatory motion according to the law of conservation of energy.

We specify that the car's vertical equilibrium position is where the potential energy zero is located. The car's initial total mechanical energy is There has been a decrease of -384 jewels in energy.

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The specific heat of the block is 3349J/kg C if a 500 g block of an unknown substance in an insulated container.

We know very well that if a system is in equilibrium state, it means that Heat loss = Heat gained

Also, Quantity of heat gained or released is given by = mcΔ∅

where m is defined as  mass of substance

c  is defined as the specific heat capacity

and Δ∅ is defined as the change in temperature

Therefore, applying the above formula by assuming heat lost by water will be heat gained by the block.

=>m₁×c₁×(∅₂-∅₁) = m₂×c₂×(∅₁-∅₃)

where m₁ is defined as the mass of block = 500g = 0.5kg

c₁ is defined as the specific heat capacity of unknown substance

∅₂ is defined as block initial temperature = 50°C

∅₁ is defined as equilibrium temperature of block and water after mix= 25°C

Also, we have m₂ as mass of water = 2kg

c₂ as specific heat capacity of water = 4186J/kg C

∅₃ as initial temperature of water = 20°C

Therefore, on putting the above quantities on above formula, we get

=>0.5×c₁×(50-25) = 2 x 4186×(25-20)

And we can find c₁ which is the unknown specific heat capacity

=>0.5×c₁×25=41860

=> c₁×12.5=41860

=>c₁=41860/12.5

=>c₁ =  3348.8J/kg C≅ 3349J/kg C

Hence, specific heat of the block is 3349J/kg C.

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The final speed of a 2.0 kg body that is initially traveling at 40 m/s east and has a constant force of 10 N applied to the object for 5.0 s is 65 m/s.

This problem can be solved using the concept of momentum-impulse. Where the magnitude of the impulse is equal to the change in momentum.

The equation is:

F x Δt = m x v

We have,

The constant force = 10 N ⇒ F

Δt = 5.0 s ⇒ t

Mass of the body = 2.0 kg ⇒ m

And, the change in velocity is:

10 x 5 = 2.0 x v

v = 25 m/s

so, the final speed of the body is:

Initial velocity + change in velocity

= 40 m/s + 25 m/s

= 65 m/s

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The current across 4 ohm is 2 ampere.

The potential difference across 10 ohm is 10 volt.

The rate of electron passage in a conductor is known as electric current. The ampere is the electric current's SI unit.

Let the unknown resistance is 10 ohm, then equivalent resistance of the circuit = 4 ohm + 10 ohm║10 ohm

=  4 ohm + { 10 ×10/(10+10)} ohm

= 9 ohm.

Then current passing through 4 ohm = V/R

= 18/9 ampere

= 2 ampere.

The potential difference across 10 ohm = [tex]ir_{eq[/tex]

= 2*{(10*10/(10+10)} volt.

= 10 volt.

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The acceleration due to gravity at this altitude is  1.26×10¹⁹m/s².

Gravitational acceleration is the acceleration that an object experiences as a result of the gravitational field. It has the SI unit m/s². It is a vector quantity because it has both magnitude and direction. g is a unit used to measure gravitational acceleration. 9.8 m/s² is the standard value of g at sea level on the surface of the earth.

Newton's law of gravitation states that the acceleration can be calculated by

a = G M/r², where G is the Universal Gravitational constant 6.67 x 10⁻¹¹, M is the mass of the Earth 5.97 x 10²⁴ kg, and r is the distance from the center of the Earth 6.38 x 10⁶ m.

The attitude above the surface must be multiplied by the Earth's radius to determine r.

r = 25km + 6.38 x 10⁶ = 31.38x10⁶

a =  6.67 x 10⁻¹¹ × 5.97 x 10²⁴/ 31.38x10⁶

a = 3.98×10¹⁴/ 31.38x10⁶

a = 1.26×10¹⁹m/s².

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The wavelength of light is calculated to be 662.4 nm.

Monochromatic light is nothing but the single wavelength light where mono refers to single and chroma refers to colour. Visible light of a narrow band of wavelengths is classified as monochromatic lights.

Given that, width of fringe β = 0.552 * 10⁻³ m

Distance of screen, D = 1.75 m

Separation of slits, d = 2.10 mm = 2.1 * 10⁻³ m

The formula for fringe width is:

β = (λ* D)/d

Making λ as subject,

λ = β*d/D

λ = (0.552 * 10⁻³ * 2.1 * 10⁻³)/ 1.75 = 0.6624 * 10⁻⁶ = 662.4 nm

Thus, the wavelength of light is 662.4 nm.

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The speed at which a wave travels is unaffected by its wavelength. Waves C and D move forward at the same rate. Only changes in the characteristics of the medium a wave travels through can change its speed.

In a particular medium, the speed of propagation is constant; only the wavelength varies as the frequency does.

The characteristics of the medium have an impact on most waves' wave propagation speed in addition to frequency and wavelength variations. Tension, density, rigidity, and temperature are some of the variables that influence the speed of wave propagation.

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The effective force constant while Treating the cantilever as an ideal, massless spring is 8.19 N

The term "spring constant" refers to the proportional constant k. It gauges the stiffness of the spring. A spring exerts a force F = -kx in the direction of its equilibrium position when it is stretched or compressed to a length that differs by an amount x from its equilibrium length.

This question requires us to find the effective force constant.

The frequency f is given as

[tex]f=\frac{1}{2\pi } (\sqrt{\frac{k}{m}) }[/tex]

from the equation that we have above, we have

[tex]k = 4\pi ^2*f^2*m[/tex]

we have the values as

f =  17.1 MHz

m = 7.10×10−16 kg

put these values in the equation

[tex]k = 4 * 3.14^2 * (17.1*10^6)^2*(7.10*10^-^1^6)[/tex]

k = 8.19N/m

The effective force constant has been calculated as 8.19N/m

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Weighing a Bacterium Scientists are using tiny, nanoscale cantilevers 4 micrometers long and 500 nanometers wide-essentially miniature diving boards-as a sensitive way to measure mass. The cantilevers oscillate up and down with a frequency that depends on the mass placed near the tip, and a laser beam is used to measure the frequency. A single E. coli bacterium was measured to have a mass of 710 femtograms = 7.10×10−16 kg with this device, as the cantilever oscillated with a frequency of 17.1 MHz .

Treating the cantilever as an ideal, massless spring, find its effective force constant.

The frequency of a 2 meter wavelength radio wave is 149,668,992Hz .The range of the radio waves is considered to be 3 kHz up to 300 GHz.

Radio waves are a kind of electromagnetic radiation with the longest frequencies in the electromagnetic range, commonly with frequencies of 300 gigahertz (GHz) and underneath. At 300 GHz, the relating frequency is 1 mm (more limited than a grain of rice); at 30 Hz the comparing frequency is 10,000 kilometers

For electromagnetic wave ,we know an expression

c=ν × λ

where c is the defined as the speed of wave  in any medium,

ν is  defined as the frequency of the wave and

λ is defined as the  wavelength of the wave.

Now, we know that speed of radio wave is 186,000 miles per second

We also know that 1mile= 1609.344 meters

Therefore,186,000 miles=186,000×1609.344 meters

So, speed of radio wave is 299,337,984m/sec.

Using the above formula, we get

=>299,337,984m/sec=v×2

=>v=299,337,984/2

=>v=149,668,992/sec

or v=149,668,992Hz

Hence, frequency of radio wave is 149,668,992Hz.

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A uniform beam is suspended horizontally through two same vertical springs which can be connected among the ceiling and quit of the beam.

In physics, a force is a power that may trade the motion of an object. A pressure can purpose an item with mass to alternate its speed, i.e., to boost up. pressure can also be described intuitively as a push or a pull. A force has both importance and course, making it a vector quantity.

Pv = 2Mg

T = 0.5cos(0)Mg + 3/4 Mg cos0/sin0

Px = T

M = 48 kg, L = 8 m , 0 = 36°

T = 0.5 cos 36° × 48 * 9.8 + 3/4 × 48 × 9.8 cos 36°/sin36°

T = 875.84 N.

Force is defined as an external cause that adjustments or has a tendency to change the kingdom of the frame as soon as implemented. If the body is in motion, it comes to relaxation, and if at rest, then it's going to come to motion.

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The drop in potential energy (per unit mass or volume) of water traveling through either pipe, the drop is the same for both pipes.

Both the pressure created by the pump at the top of the pipes and the pressure at the bottom of the pipes are equal (taken to be zero). Since the fluxes vary, the pressure drop across each pipe is also variable. This circuit is an analog of parallel resistors, where the voltage for each resistor is the same, but the currents vary if the resistances are not equal.When water flows from a small pipe to a large pipe, the flow (measured, for instance, in gallons per minute) is the same in both pipes, because the amount of water entering one pipe must equal the amount leaving the other. Otherwise, water would build up in the pipes. For the same reason, circuit components connected in series have a constant total electric current.

Water pressure and total electric potential (voltage) are comparable, and a pump is comparable to a battery. Similar to how electricity going through a resistor decreases in voltage, water traveling through pipes lose pressure. In a battery, chemical reactions cause charges to flow against the average due to the pump's utilization of mechanical work to increase the potential energy of the water.

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During the new moon, the net gravitational force acting on the Earth in the Sun-Earth-Moon system is approximately 3.502 × 10²² Newtons.

Given data:

Mass of the Sun (M(S)) = 1.989 × 10³⁰ kg

Mass of the Earth (M(E)) = 5.972 × 10²⁴ kg

Mass of the Moon (M(M)) = 7.342 × 10²² kg

Distance between the Sun and the Earth (r(SE)) = 1.496 × 10¹¹ meters

Distance between the Moon and the Earth (r(ME)) = 3.844 × 10⁸ meters

The gravitational force between two objects is given by Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation:

F = (G × (m₁ × m₂)) ÷ r²

Gravitational force due to the Sun on the Earth:

F(SE) = G × (M(S) × M(E)) ÷ r(SE)²

Gravitational force due to the Moon on the Earth:

F(ME) = G × (M(M) × M(E)) ÷ r(ME)²

The net gravitational force on the Earth during the new moon is the vector sum of these forces:

F(net) = F(SE) - F(ME)

Gravitational force due to the Sun on the Earth

F(SE) = (6.67430 x 10⁻¹¹) × ((1.989 × 10³⁰) × (5.972 × 10²⁴)) ÷ (1.496 × 10¹¹)²

F(SE)= 3.52 × 10²² N

F(ME) = (6.67430 x 10⁻¹¹) × ((7.342 × 10²²) × (5.972 × 10²⁴)) ÷ (3.844 × 10⁸)²

F(ME) = 1.98 × 10²⁰ N

F(net) = F(SE) - F(ME)

F(net) = 3.52 × 10²² - 1.98 × 10²⁰ N

F(net) =  3.502 × 10²²

So, during the new moon, the net gravitational force acting on the Earth in the Sun-Earth-Moon system is approximately 3.502 × 10²² Newtons.

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The Table Below Gives The Masses Of The Earth, The Moon, And The Sun. Name Mass (Kg) Earth 5.97×10²⁴ Moon 7.35×10²² Sun 1.99×10³⁰ The Average Distance Between The Earth And The Moon Is 3.84×10⁸ m. The Average Distance Between The Earth And The Sun Is 1.50×10¹¹ m. Use

The table below gives the masses of the Earth, the Moon, and the Sun.

Name Mass (kg)

Earth 5.97×10²⁴

Moon 7.35×10²²

Sun          1.99×10³⁰

Find the net gravitational force Fnet acting on the Earth in the Sun-Earth-Moon system during the new moon (when the moon is located directly between the Earth and the Sun).

Express your answer in newtons to three significant figures.