What is action potential?
An action potential can be defined as a rapid fast, transitory, and propagating change of the resting membrane potential of specific cell location in other words it is a series of changes in the voltage across a membrane.
what is local potential?
The local potential can be explain as a local response to a stimulus, not the total response from the effector. It is also a type of potential energy that is inherent in each particle, and is responsible for the communication between same particles.
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When the energy is released in the form of heat and light it is?
When the energy is released in the form of heat and light it is called termed as an exothermic reaction.
Any chemical reaction results in the formation or breaking of chemical bonds. Additionally, the general rule is that "heat is absorbed when chemical bonds are broken and released when chemical bonds are established."
Because molecules naturally desire to stick together, forming chemical bonds between them needs less energy than breaking them, which costs more energy and causes heat to be absorbed from the environment.
in an exothermic reaction, the reactants have a greater energy level than the products. The products are therefore more stable than the reactants.
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Where is meiosis and where does it happen?
Meiosis is a type of cell division in which chromosome number reduces to half of its parental chromosomal number. Meiosis usually takes place in germ cells during gamete formation.
In meiosis four daughter cells are formed. All daughter cells have only half the number of chromosomes compared to its parent. Meiosis is divided into two steps, meiosis one and two and each step divided into four steps; they are prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase. Meiosis takes place during gamete production. This process takes place in the testis and ovary. Gamete production process in testis is called spermatogenesis whereas one that takes place in ovary is oogenesis.
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having two sets of chromosomes, one inherited from the mother and the other set inherited from the father.
Having two sets of chromosomes, one inherited from the mother and the other set inherited from the father occurs in organisms that reproduce by sexual reproduction.
In the field of science, sexual reproduction can be described as a process by which the male and female gamete join in order to produce a fertile offspring.
The daughter cell or the zygote formed after the fertilization process has two sets of chromosomes. One from the father and the other one from the mother. Hence, sexual reproduction is the process by which offspring are produced that have tow sets of chromosomes.
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the division of the autonomic nervous system that is anatomically known as the thoracolumbar division is the_____division.
The division of the autonomic nervous system that is anatomically known as thoracolumbar division.
The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is additionally referred to as the thoracolumbar division. Because of the preganglionic neurons' physical placement within the spinal cord, this division is also known as the thoracolumar division. The spinal cord contains these neurons in segments from T1 to L2.
The parasympathetic divide is also known as the craniosacral division, hence the answer provided is incorrect. The autonomic nervous system is not divided into the central and interior.The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system are the two functional divisions of the nervous system. The responses that each system generates make clear the significant contrasts between the two systems. Skeletal muscles are contracted by the somatic nervous system. The autonomic nerve system regulates glandular tissue, smooth muscle, and the heart. Although many, like breathing, can occur without conscious awareness, the somatic nervous system is linked to voluntary actions, whereas the autonomic nervous system is linked to involuntary actions, such those involved in homeostasis.
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Generalize: describe how plants and animals each contribute to the survival of the other. (this type of cooperative relationship is called interdependence. ).
Plants and animals contribute to each other's life because they depend on each other. The results of animal respiration carbon dioxide is used by plants for food raw materials, plants produce oxygen used by animals to breathe.
Interdependence is a relationship between one living thing and another and between biotic and abiotic components that need one another. In plants through the process of photosynthesis, make food for cell energy. The materials plants use for photosynthesis are air and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen. Plants can obtain carbon dioxide from the results of animal respiration. Apart from this another contributing relationship i.e., plants can also obtain nutrients by absorbing nutrients from decaying animals. Plants also need the help of animals to help the pollination process.
Meanwhile, oxygen which is the result of photosynthesis from plants, is needed by animals to breathe, without oxygen animals will not be able to survive. Animals also need plants as a source of food.
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The discovery of the relationship between syphilis and paralytic dementia revealed that: _______
The discovery of the relationship between syphilis and paralytic dementia revealed that: A mental disorder turned out to have a physiological cause.
What is syphilis?
Syphilis is a bacterial illness that persists over time and is spread through sex. Treponema pallidum is a species of bacteria that causes syphilis.
What are the symptoms of syphilis?
Fever, swelling lymph nodes, a sore throat, a bald spot here and there, headaches, weight loss, muscle aches, and exhaustion.
What does syphilis do to a person?
The condition may harm the liver, bones, joints, brain, nerves, eyes, heart, blood vessels, and other organs.
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Explain why CO2 levels in the atmosphere are HIGHER in the fall and winter and LOWER in the summer and springs. 3-5 sentences
Levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere rise and fall each year as plants, through photosynthesis and respiration, take up the gas in spring and summer, and release it in fall and winter. Now the range of that cycle is expanding as more carbon dioxide is emitted from burning fossil fuels and other human activities.
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Not all restriction enzymes necessarily cleave dna at rotationally symmetric sites. For example, the recognition site of the restriction enzyme bst xi is 5' ccannnnn^ntgg, where the symbol ^ represents the cleavage site and n means any nucleotide. Make the simplifying assumptions that equal amouts of all four nucleotides exist in the human genome, and that its base sequence is random. How frequently would you expect the two ends of a single bst xi-cleaved human genomic dna fragments to be compatible? (recall that compatible ends can hybridize because they have complementary base pairs. ).
The frequency of the Bst XI recognition site in the human genome is 65536.
The frequency of restriction sites on random DNA is a function of the length of the recognition sites. The ratio of the number of fragments to the number of gel bands depends on the method used to label the DNA, whether the DNA is labeled at one end or both ends, and whether the DNA is labeled before or after restriction digestion. Boundary site n long interval occurs on average once in 4ⁿ (4ⁿ= 1/(cutoff frequency)
Assuming that all four nucleotides are present in equal numbers in the human genome and the sequence is essentially random:
Using the formula Frequency = 4ⁿ
For BstXI, n = 8 (CCANNNNN – 8 bases)
Frequency = once every 4⁸ nucleotide bases
Probability of occurrence of sites with 8 different bases = (1/4)⁸= 1/ 65536
This means that the enzyme will cut one out of every 65536 bases.
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The female athlete triad consists of three conditions, including low energy availability/level, low bone density, and __________.
The female athlete triad consists of three conditions, including low energy availability/level, low bone density, and amenorrhea (menstrual disruption)
What impact does the female athlete triad have on bone density?The trifecta of eating disorders, irregular menstrual cycles, and low bone mineral density was initially used to describe female athletes Menstrual cycle irregularities brought on by malnutrition impacted bone density.
What is the nutrition for female athletes triad quizlet?The three independent but linked conditions with disordered eating, amenorrhea (menstrual dysfunction), and osteoporosis that are connected to female athletes' training are referred to as the "Female Athlete Triad."
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normally, each of your body cells has_______ chromosomes from your mother and ________chromosomes from your father.
Normally, each of your body cells has 23 chromosomes from your mother and the same amount of chromosomes from your father.
What is the cellular process of mitosis?The cellular process of mitosis is a cell division process by which multicellular organisms like humans produce somatic body cells, which involve the generation of two daughter cells with the same amount of chromosomes as the parental cell.
In humans, somatic cells contain two sets of homologous chromosomes having 23 chromosomes of each parent.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the cellular process of mitosis generates cells that have 46 chromosomes, i.e 23 chromosomes that derive from the father and other 23 chromosomes that derive from the mother.
Complete question:
Fill in the blank. Normally, each of your body cells has_______ chromosomes from your mother and ________chromosomes from your father.
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What is a Category 2 animal?
Animals that are put to death to stop the spread of illness fall under Category 2, which is for high-risk material. digestive tract contents and feces. animals and animal parts that perish other than via slaughter, such as falling stock.
The types of rabies exposure according to the WHO include category I handling or feeding animals, category II nibbling on exposed skin, and category I tiny scratches or abrasions that don't bleed.
Animal byproducts are things made from animals that people don't eat. ABPs include, among other things, all animal parts that have been killed for human consumption but are not edible or sold as food, such as the skin, bones, horn, and hooves, as well as the blood, fat, and offal.
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identify and describe one sustainable agriculture strategy or method that can be used to maintain or increase soil fertility.
One sustainable agriculture strategy or method that can be used to maintain or increase soil fertility is the use of organic compost rather than chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
What is the importance of soil fertility?The soil's fertility is important because it contains the nutrients that are necessary for the plant's growth. The soil also has microorganisms that make the soil fertile, so the cultivation would become better. By using chemicals, soil fertility is decreasing, so instead of using chemicals, organic compost should be used.
Hence, one sustainable agriculture strategy that can be used to maintain or increase soil fertility is the use of organic compost rather than chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
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Which type of adverse effect is most likely to be reported as part of the spontaneous reporting system?
A. Dramatic conditions occurring soon after the drug’s administration that rarely occur in clinical practice in the absence of the drug
B.Conditions that mimic those caused by the disease itself
C. Conditions that are self-limited or mild
D.Conditions that occur long after the administration of the drug began
The type of adverse effect that most likely to be reported as part of the spontaneous reporting system is option 'A' Dramatic conditions occurring soon after the drug's administration that rarely occur in clinical practice in the absence of the drug.
What is adverse drug reaction?An adverse drug reaction also known as ADR can be explained as an unwanted, uncomfortable, or dangerous effects that a drug may have that is harmful or unpleasant resulting from an intervention related to the use of a medicinal product.
Types of adverse drug reactionthe major types of adverse drug reactions include:
dose-related (Augmented), non-dose-related (Bizarre), dose-related and time-related (Chronic), time-related (Delayed), withdrawal (End of use), and failure of therapy (Failure).how to report ADRIt is obvious that ADRs occurring as a result of medication errors or failures reported to the National Reporting and Learning System (NRLS) will immediately be reported to the Yellow Card Scheme
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how many dna molecules would there be after four rounds of pcr if the initial reaction mixture contained two molecules?
32 DNA molecules would there be after four rounds of PCR if the initial reaction mixture contained two molecules.
A single DNA molecule can be amplified by the PCR method up to 2n times, where n is the number of cycles. A given DNA template can therefore be amplified to 16 duplicate strands using PCR over 4 cycles.PCR doubles the amount of target DNA molecules per cycle, assuming there are enough primers, dNTPs, and polymerase molecules. Five cycles equal five times the target DNA is doubled. 32 is equal to 2 to the fifth power, 2x2x2x2x2.The following equation can be used to determine how many copies of double-stranded DNA are present overall:DNA copies are calculated as follows = (DNA quantity (ng) x 6.0221023 / (DNA length x 1109 ng/ml x 650 Daltons)
The amount of template required for each reaction is determined by calculating the number of DNA copies.To know more about PCR check the below link:
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We use the sense of ______ to sample our environment for information about the food we will eat, the presence of individuals in the room, or potential
We use the sense of olfaction to sample our environment for information about the food we will eat, and the presence of individuals in the room.
Olfaction is the sensation of odor that effects from the detection of odorous substances aerosolized in the environment. On the side of imaginative and prescient, flavor, hearing, and stability, olfaction is a special sense.
The manner of olfaction involves the conversion of a chemical stimulus, an odorant, into an electrical signal sent to the mind for interpretation. This mechanism begins after olfactory sensory neurons depolarize in reaction to the binding of an odorant molecule to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR).
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what is the rule of maximum parsimony, and why is it used in many phylogenetic analyses? what might be disadvantage(s) of using this method? g
The rule of maximum parsimony, says that the most likely tree is the one with the fewest common ancestors.
The Phylogenetic Parsimony Principle: Says that the most likely tree is the one with the fewest common ancestors. A model would conjecture that if two species both have noticeable incisor teeth they likewise share a solitary predecessor, as opposed to that they developed the characteristic freely.
Maximum Parsimony is a character-based method that infers a phylogenetic tree by reducing the total number of evolutionary steps necessary to explain a particular set of data assigned on the leaves. In the past, precise methods for maximizing parsimony scores on phylogenetic trees have been developed.
Maximum parsimony's computational complexity is one of its drawbacks. Since the problem of finding the most parsimonious tree is NP-hard, it is highly unlikely that any algorithm can quickly locate one for each and every possible input sequence.
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What is the relationship between proteins and enzymes?
Answer:
Proteins are the molecules that enzymes are made of. Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body. They act as catalysts, lowering the activation energy of a reaction and allowing the reaction to occur more quickly and efficiently.
Explanation:
which statement is accurate? group of answer choices hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function. pairs of hormones that have the same effect are said to have antagonistic functions. hormones are often regulated through feedback loops. hormones that differ in effect reach their target cells by different routes through the body.
Because the introductory material is self-contained, the colon is both appropriate and essential. Typically, the overall function of hormones belonging to the same chemical class is the same.
How important and what a cell is?For all living things, from microbes to people, cells give structure and function. The tiniest form of life, according to scientists. The biological apparatus that creates proteins and sends signals to our bodies is housed in cells.
The reason behind the name "cell"After using a very primitive microscope to examine a piece of cork, Robert Hooke proposed the word "cell" in 1665, derived from the Latin cella, which means "storeroom or chamber." Also claimed is that he compared the rectangular spaces to some monastic cells when he first saw them.
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explain the mechanism of action of restriction enzymes and the impact a mutation could have on a restriction site.
A bacterial protein called a restriction enzyme cleaves the DNA at predetermined sites. The restricted site is what this website is called.
Restriction enzymes provide protection against bacteriophages on living bacteria. They recognize the bacteriophage, cleave at its restriction sites, and destroy its DNA. The restriction site mutation (RSM) technique is based on the identification of DNA sequences that can withstand the cutting action of particular restriction enzymes and the polymerase chain reaction amplification of these resistant sequences. A restriction enzyme works by shape-shape matching, like all other enzymes. It wraps around the DNA and breaks it when it comes into touch with a DNA sequence whose shape matches the recognition site of an enzyme in both strands of the DNA molecule.
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Thermogenesis has been studied the plants in the genus arum, including skunk cabbage and the corpse flower. in these plants, what hypotheses have been provided to explain the reason behind thermogenesis?
Thermogenesis has been studied the plant life withinside the genus arum, which includes skunk cabbage and the corpse flower. In those plant life, those hypotheses had been furnished to give an explanation for the purpose in the back of thermogenesis safety from frost damage
leaf manufacturing and photosynthesis.
Thermogenesis, which takes area in specialized tissues such brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, is defined because the disposal of strength thru the technology of heat.
All metabolic sports worried in keeping
the organism in a stay circumstance require obligatory thermogenesis, which takes area in all organs.
It additionally consists of the strength used whilst meals is consumed, digested, and processed (thermic impact of meals, or TEF).
Thus, the purpose in the back of thermogenesis are: safety from frost damage, leaf manufacturing and photosynthesis, seed germination.
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a dark-red strain and a white strain of wheat are crossed and produce an intermediate, medium-red f1. when the f1 plants are interbred, and f2 generation is produced in a ratio of 1 dark-red: 20 medium-dark-red: 22 medium-red: 20 light-red: 1 white. further crosses reveal that the dark-red and white f2 plants are true breeding. how many genes are involved in the production of color? group of answer choices
Quantitative and polygenic inheritance refers to the contribution of different genes to the expression of a trait, generating phenotypic graduation according to the interaction between the alleles. Option B. Two diallelic genes are involved in the production of color.
What are quantitative and polygenic inheritance?
When the expression of a phenotypic trait depends on the additive effect of a series of genes, we talk about quantitative heritability.
Polygenic inheritance occurs when a trait results from the interaction of more than one gene.
The action of many genes and alleles can cause many different combinations that are the reason for genotypic graduation.
Quantitative traits can be measured, such as longitude, weight, and eggs laid per female, among others.
These characters do not group individuals by any precise and clear categories. Instead, they group individuals into different categories that depend on how the genes intercrossed and distributed during meiosis.
The result depends on the magnitude in which each allele contributes to the final phenotype and genotype.
When they interact, they create a gradation in phenotypes, according to the contribution level.
In the exposed example we have a color gradation, so we can assume we are talking bout quantitative heritability.
Cross 1)
Parentals) dark-red strain x white strain
F1) 100% medium-red
Cross 2)
Parentals) medium-red x medium-red
F2)
1 dark-red (homozygous)
20 medium-dark-red
22 medium-red
20 light-red
1 white (homozygous)
Following the provided data, we know that dark-red and white are homozygous individuals.
From the cross between dark-red and white individuals, we got medium-red individuals, so we will assume the dark-red color is the dominant phenotype.
Medium-red is the heterozygous genotype because most individuals express this phenotype.
Two diallelic genes must be coding for this feature.
Gene 1 (A and a alleles)Gene 2 (B and b alleles)Phenotypes and Genotypes
dark-red (homozygous) ⇒ four dominant alleles ⇒ AABBmedium-dark-red ⇒ three dominant alleles ⇒ AaBB, AABbmedium-red (heterozygous) ⇒ two dominant alleles ⇒ AaBblight-red ⇒ one dominant allele ⇒ Aabb, aaBbwhite (homozygous) ⇒ zero dominant alleles ⇒ aabb
Option B) Two diallelic genes must be involved in the production of color.
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Complete question
A dark-red strain and a white strain of wheat are crossed and produce an intermediate, medium-red f1.
When the f1 plants are interbred, and f2 generation is produced in a ratio of 1 dark-red: 20 medium-dark-red: 22 medium-red: 20 light-red: 1 white.
Further crosses reveal that the dark-red and white f2 plants are true breeding.
How many genes are involved in the production of color?
Group of answer choices
A) 12
B) 2
C) 4
D) 1
E) 3
Which leukocyte type migrates from the blood into the tissues and becomes a mast cell?
Basophil migrates from the blood into the tissues and becomes a mast cell.
What are basophils?One variety of white blood cell is the basophil. The least frequent granulocyte, basophils account for 0.5% to 1% of the circulating white blood cells. They are the biggest form of granulocyte, though. In addition to causing inflammatory reactions during immunological responses, they also have a role in the development of both acute and chronic allergic disorders, such as hay fever, asthma, atopic dermatitis, and anaphylaxis. They also generate substances that help regulate immunological responses, such as heparin, which prevents blood clotting, and substances like histamine and serotonin, which cause inflammation. However, these substances are less abundant than those found in mast cell granules. Mast cells were formerly believed to be basophils that moved from the blood into their native tissues (connective tissue), but they are now understood to be different sorts of cells.
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If the density of ethanol is 0.789 g/mL, how many milliliters are produced in this reaction?
C6H12O6 --> 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2
The volume of the ethanol is 6.7 mL
What is the density of the ethanol?We know that density is defined as the ratio of the mass to the volume of an object. We know that the density is said to be an intrinsic property and this means that we can use the density of the object to be able to obtain the kind of object that we are dealing with.
We have the information that the mass of the carbon dioxide that can be obtained from the reaction is about 10 g. We can now use this to obtain the number of moles by the use of the formula;
Number of moles = mass/ molar mass
= 10 g/44 g/mol
= 0.23 moles
From the reaction equation:
1 mole of ethanol produces 2 moles of carbon dioxide
x moles of ethanol produces 0.23 moles of carbon dioxide
x = 0.23 × 1 /2
= 0.115 moles
Mass of ethanol = 0.115 moles × 46 g/mol
= 5.29 g
Volume of the ethanol = mass/density
volume = 5.29 g/0.789 g/mL
= 6.7 mL
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What is the expected function consequence of movement of a transposable element within the genome?
-All of the listed responses are correct
-Increased production of a protein
-Decreased production of a protein
-Abnormal transcription of a gene
-None of the listed responses are correct
All of the listed responses are correct with respect to the consequence of the movement of a transposable element
Transposable elements are DNA segments with the capacity to move between different regions of the genome. Mobile elements migrate from one place to another, creating various changes or mutations, although the majority of the DNA is always in the same location surrounded by the same nearby fragments of DNA. When a transposable element inserts itself into a gene, it can disrupt the normal function of the gene and cause abnormal transcription to happen.
The movement of a transposable element within genome can have a effects on protein production. In some cases, the movement of a transposable element may result in the increased production of protein. On the other hand, the movement can also result in decreased protein production. This can happen if the transposable element inserts itself into a gene responsible for producing a particular protein, and disrupts the normal function of the gene. This can result in the gene being unable to produce the protein, or in the production of an abnormal or non-functional protein
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cell division that reduces chromosome number from diploid to haploid, reduction division
The cell division that reduces chromosome number from diploid to haploid, reduction division is Meiosis.
Meiosis is a special form of cell division that occurs only in testicles and ovaries. An organ that produces male and female reproductive cells. sperm and egg.
A normal somatic cell has a complete set of chromosomes. When the cells of the mother's and father's bodies fuse to form a baby, the fertilized egg doubles its original number of chromosomes. Meiosis is sometimes called "meiosis" because it reduces the number of chromosomes by half.
So when the sperm and egg fuse, the baby will have the correct number. Therefore, the purpose of meiosis is to produce gametes, sperm and eggs with half the genetic complement of the parent cell. In the image below, pink represents the genetic contribution from the mother and blue represents the genetic contribution from the father.In this example, the diploid somatic cell contains 2n = 4 chromosomes. , two from the mother and two from the father. In humans, 2n = 46 and n = 23.
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why do plant cells occasionally switch from noncyclic electron flow (nef) to cyclic electron flow (cef)?
Creating a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane in higher plants uses cyclic electron flow (CEF), which primarily serves two purposes: (1) producing ATP and balancing the ATP/NADPH energy budget; and (2) defending photosystems I and II from photoinhibition.
ATP and NADPH are produced by noncyclic electron transport. The single product of cyclic electron transport was ATP. Both steps are required by a plant to produce the required amount of ATP for the Calvin Cycle. The electrons are released by photosystem I and then brought back into the system during cyclic photophosphorylation. However, in non-cyclic photophosphorylation, the electrons that the photosystems emit do not come back.
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how does the ribosome know what amino acid to to add next when building a polypeptide?
Ribosome knows as the messenger RNA ester sequence is translated into associate degree aminoalkanoic acid sequence victimisation the tRNAs as adaptors to feature every amino acid within the correct sequence
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain each amino and acid practical teams. Though many amino acids exist in nature, out and away the foremost vital are the alpha-amino acids, that comprise proteins. solely twenty two alpha amino acids seem within the ordination
Peptides are short chains of amino acids coupled by amide bonds. Long chains of amino acids are known as proteins. Chains of fewer than twenty amino acids are known as oligopeptides, and embrace dipeptides, tripeptides, and tetrapeptides.
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which mass extinction event occurred just before the rapid increase in speciation among mammalian species?
The Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction event, commonly referred to as the K-Pg extinction event, occurred just before the rapid increase in speciation among mammalian species.
The Impact of the K-Pg Extinction Event on the Speciation of MammalsThe Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction event, which occurred 66 million years ago, was a global event that wiped out the majority of life on Earth. This event is most famously known for the extinction of the dinosaurs, but it also had major impacts on the evolutionary history of mammals.
Before the K-Pg extinction event, there were few mammalian species, but after the event there was a rapid increase in the number of mammalian species. This increase in speciation is thought to be due to the removal of the large dinosaurs, which opened up numerous niches for the smaller mammals to occupy. These new niches allowed for the evolution of new species and the increased diversity of mammals that we see today.
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what gland is not working properly in both cushing syndrome and addison disease?
Primary adrenal insufficiency, also referred to as Addison disease, can be brought on by low cortisol levels. Although uncommon, primary adrenal insufficiency is an autoimmune disorder that damages the adrenal glands.
What do Cushing's and Addison's diseases have in common?Both are effects of the adrenal glands not functioning properly. The two conditions Addison's disease and Cushing's syndrome are diametrically opposed. Both are effects of the adrenal glands not functioning properly.
What gland is a factor in Addison's illness?Overview. When the body doesn't produce enough of these hormones, it can develop Addison's disease, also known as adrenal insufficiency. In Addison's disease, the adrenal glands frequently produce too little aldosterone and too little cortisol.
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The alimentary canal is innervated by the and divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
a. True
b. False
The alimentary canal is innervated by the and divisions of the autonomic nervous system. This statement is False.
The GI tract is innervated by enteric nervous system (ENS) neurons as well as axons of extrinsic sympathetic, parasympathetic, and visceral afferent neurons.
Food that has been swallowed stimulates the pharynx and upper esophagus, eliciting afferent signals that are integrated in the brainstem and then provide efferent signals to enteric neurons in the stomach, causing acid secretion and increased gastric volume in preparation for the arrival of the food.
Intestinal inflammation causes pain and altered motility, at least in part due to effects on the enteric nervous system. While these changes can be reversed with healing, long-term damage can lead to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and post-enteritis irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
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