The cornea, the aqueous humor, the lens, the vitreous humor, the ganglion cell layer, the inner plexiform layer, the inner nuclear layer, and the outer plexiform layer are the eight eye structures through which light travels before contacting the photoreceptors.
Which is the ideal route for light to travel when it enters the eye?It passes via the pupil, which is encircled by the colorful iris, which regulates the quantity of light that enters the eye. The light was then refracted further after passing through the lens and to get to the retina, it passes through the vitreous fluid.
Which direction should light signals go in order to reach the brain?Through the iris's central pupil, light enters the eye through the cornea's translucent layer. The lens changes its focus to direct the light onto the retina, where it appears reversed and upside-down.
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What molecule is similar to ATP structure?
RNA and DNA are similar to ATP molecules.
Both DNA and RNA are similar to ATP molecules. ATP is adenosine triphosphate. It is made up of the nitrogenous base adenine, 5-carbon sugar, and three phosphate molecules.
DNA and RNA are made of nucleotides. This nucleotide also contains three main components: the 5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group.
The only difference between DNA and RNA is the presence of different 5-C sugars. DNA has deoxyribose sugar, and RNA has ribose sugar. Also, both DNA and RNA are made of only one phosphate group; that's how they differ from the energy currency, ATP.
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Prosthetics is the field of medicine concerned with the design, manufacture, and attachment of artificial body parts. Recent advances in prosthetics have produced devices that cover a wider range of functions and work more like their tissue counterparts. The following is a mechanical heart valve next to the tissue it is designed to replace.
Answer:
I think its the first option
Explanation:
Sympathetic Parasympathetic Storage of energy Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle Increased heart rate Rest and digest Reduced urinary output Fight-or-flight Increased pulmonary airflow Activation of digestive organs Urinary bladder wall contraction Decreased pulmonary airflow
The sympathetic nervous system is the part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for stress-related activities. Sympathetic nerves can maintain homeostasis by cooling the body's heart through sweating and regulating heart rate.
The parasympathetic nervous system is the part of the autonomic nervous system that works together with the sympathetic nervous system. The parasympathetic nervous system plays a role in saving the body's energy by returning the body's functions to homeostasis. The parasympathetic nervous system also plays an important role in maintaining mental and physical health by helping the body to cool down from stress reactions activated by sympathetic nerves.
Following are the differences function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.
The function of the sympathetic nerves is to increase blood flow to skeletal muscles, increase heart rate, rest and digestion, decrease urine output, fight-or-flight, and increase lung airflow.
The functions of the parasympathetic nerves are energy storage, activation of the digestive organs, contraction of the bladder wall, and decreased pulmonary airflow
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codon optimization is a technique molecular biologists sometimes use to maximize the over-expression of a protein by making use of the most frequently-occurring aminoacylated trnas in an artificially- synthesized gene. what fundamental property of the genetic code allows this technique to work?
Codon-optimization describes gene engineering tactics that use synonymous codon adjustments to boom protein production.
Applications for codon-optimization encompass recombinant protein capsules and nucleic acid therapies, along with gene therapy, mRNA therapy, and DNA/RNA vaccines.
This technique is viable due to the fact degeneracy of the genetic code permits maximum amino acids to be encoded through multiple synonymous codon and due to the fact codon utilization could have a stated impact on tiers of protein expression. Indeed, codon optimization has been suggested to boom protein expression through > 1000-fold. This is viable due to the fact maximum amino acids are encoded through multiple codon.
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if mrnas could be ligated and replicated within plasmids, what enzyme commonly used in recombinant dna technology would no longer be needed?
An enzyme called reverse transcriptase is employed to make complementary DNA (cDNA) from RNA. To create a single, intact DNA molecule, the enzyme DNA ligase binds the fragments with complementary ends.
What is recombinant DNA?
As a result, a recombinant plasmid containing the target gene is created. The process of fusing two or more DNA molecules to produce a hybrid is known as recombinant DNA. Restrictions endonucleases and ligases are two classes of enzymes that enable the technique. Restrictions enzymes, polymerases, and ligases are among the enzymes that aid in cutting, synthesis, and binding. The position at which the desired gene is inserted into the vector genome is greatly influenced by the restriction enzymes utilized in recombinant DNA technology.
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The following diagram shows the forelimb structure of an extinct species of mammal. Each circle represents a wrist bone, and three digits extend from the wrist.
The forelimbs below belong to four species that descended in a direct line from the ancestral mammal shown above. Of the four descendants shown, which species most likely appeared earliest in evolutionary history?
The one with the three circles, in the forelimbs of the species, is most likely to appear earliest in evolutionary history.
What is Forelimb?One of the paired articulated limbs linked to the cranial end of a terrestrial tetrapod vertebrate's body is called a forelimb or front limb. Foreleg or front leg is a more common phrase when referring to quadrupeds. The phrase upper limb is frequently used in reference to bipedal creatures having an upright posture, such as humans and some monkeys.
What is Species?A species is an organism's fundamental unit of classification, a taxonomic rank, and a component of biodiversity. The biggest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the right sexes or mating types can conceive a fertile offspring, usually by sexual reproduction, is referred to as a species. A species can also be identified by its karyotype, DNA sequence, anatomy, behaviour, or ecological niche.
Hence, the one with the three circles, in the forelimbs of the species, is most likely to appear earliest in evolutionary history.
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Match each word or phrase to identify whether or not each word or phrase represents a
reason for the change in chimpanzee hands.
Crossbreeding between gorillas and
chimpanzees
Mutations in chimpanzee DNA
Differences in the ways chimpanzees
use their hands
Sexual reproduction
[Choose ]
[Choose ]
[Choose]
[Choose ]
A reason for a change in the chimpanzee's hands include the following: Mutations in chimpanzee DNA and Crossbreeding between gorillas and chimpanzees; while the phrase that doesn't show a reason is Sexual reproduction and Differences in the ways chimpanzees
use their hands.
What is mutation?Mutation is defined as the alteration in the genetic makeup of a living organism which may occur due to the following:
When there is spontaneous break down of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).Change in a single nucleotide of the DNA.when there is additions or deletions of nucleotide in a DNA strand.A change can be noticed in an animal such as Chimpanzee when the following occurs:
Mutations in chimpanzee DNA: This can alter both that anatomy and the physiological features of the organism involved.Crossbreeding between gorillas and chimpanzees: When there is cross breeding between a chimpanzee and a gorilla, it will lead to a genetic diversity which can be observed as a change in the hands of the chimpanzee.Learn more about mutation here:
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which division of the ans is associated with normal body maintenance? multiple choice question. parasympathetic division sympathetic division
Division of the parasympathetic system is related to regular bodily maintenance.
"Fight-or-flight" reactions are managed by the sympathetic division of nervous system. The bodily processes that we would anticipate to enable this to happen do, in fact, take place. The "rest and digest" functions are regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system. Parasympathetic fibers from the brainstem are carried by cranial nerves with the numbers VII and X. List the areas of the spinal cord where the sympathetic nervous system's nerves originate. Your sympathetic nervous system is balanced by the parasympathetic branch of your autonomic nervous system. Your sympathetic nervous system controls the "fight or flight" response in your body, while your parasympathetic nervous system controls the "rest and digest" response.
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a ribosome is made of a. rrna and proteins. b. trna, rrna, and mrna. c. trna and rrna. d. trna, rrna, and proteins. e. rrna and mrna.
Option A, Ribosomes are made up of two subunits, each of which has several proteins and rRNA in it.
A ribosome is an intercellular structure comprised of both RNA and protein where a cell makes proteins. The mRNA sequence is decoded by the ribosome, which translates the genetic code into a particular string of amino acids that form extended chains and fold to form proteins. The two primary components of ribosomes are the small and large ribosomal subunits. Numerous ribosomal proteins and one or more ribosomal RNA make up each subunit (RPs or r-proteins). Ribosomes and associated elements are also referred to as translational machinery.
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Examine the cross-sectional diagram of a cell.
What evidence indicates this cell is prokaryotic?
Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, have a free-floating chromosome that is circular and is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane.
Instead, DNA simply exists in a region of the cell called the nucleoid.
Prokaryotic cells only have small range of organelles, generally only plasma membrane and ribosomes.
Most prokaryotic cells have a rigid cell wall that surrounds plasma membrane and gives shape to the organism.
In eukaryotes, vertebrates don't have cell wall but plants do
Eukaryotic cells are cells containing membrane-bound organelles and are the basis for both unicellular and multicellular organisms. In contrast, prokaryotic cells do not have any membrane-bound organelles and are always part of unicellular organisms.
Ribosomes occur both as free particles in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and as particles attached to membranes of endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells
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Is peptide another word for amino acid?
somatic hypermutation occurs only in the ________ regions of rearranged heavy and light chains.
somatic hypermutation occurs only in the V or Variable regions of rearranged heavy and light chains.
Somatic hypermutation occurs only in activated B cells, not T cells. This occurs in germinal establishments inside of lymph nodes and the spleen, where B cells are stimulated and T cells are present. Somatic hypermutation is a procedure in which point mutations pile up at rates 106-fold greater than the background mutation rates observed in other genes in the antibody V-regions of both the light and heavy chains.
Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes is important in antibody-mediated immunity. SHM in B cells serves as the molecular foundation for antibody affinity maturation. In this way, SHM plays an important role in optimizing antibody-dependent immune responses.
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Solid fats are more likely to raise blood cholesterol levels than liquid fats. Suppose a nutritionist analyzed the percentage of saturated fat for a sample of 6 brands of stick margarine (solid fat) and for a sample of 6 brands of liquid margarine and obtained the following results:.
Answer: The most favorable figures are 24.7%.
Explanation:
compute the stick and liquid data's mean and standard deviation. The element's sigma is represented by the bar. The time now is 26.30. If you enter the value of X as 1, then every number between 1 and 1 will equal 6, and the standard deviation is equal to N-1. sigma of x1 - x1 bar old square If I put the data here, I would call this the under root of 10 0.108. What we can see, we can. We may estimate that this was for the stick at 101.70. Here, I combined all the X values and divided them by six. Therefore, this is roughly 16. Even though the formula is the same, the standard deviation is lower than seven. The old one is equal to the new one, which is the null hypothesis, and the new one is not equal to the old one, which is the conventional hypothesis. To determine whether the null hypothesis is separate or not, we will apply the T. Test component 26 tests in this section and the following one. On the electric slide, one square on N plus equals two squares. The values are divided first into six equal parts by the square's under-root, and then into six equal parts by the entire square. This comes to about 34.75
Solid fats are more likely to raise blood cholesterol levels than liquid fats. When a nutritionist analyzed the percentage of saturated fat for a sample of 6 brands of stick margarine (the solid fat) and for a sample of 6 brands of liquid margarine and obtained the following results:
Stick= [26.1, 26.5, 26.5, 25.8, 26.7, 26.2]
Liquid= [16.6, 16.5, 17.1, 17.5, 17.7, 16.3]
Calculate the mean and standard deviation for the stick and liquid values. The bar displays the element's sigma. It is currently 26:30. Every integer between 1 and 1 will equal 6, and the standard deviation is equal to N-1, if you enter 1 as the value of X. sigma of x1 - x1 bar old square I would refer to this as the under root of 10 0.108 if I were to enter the data. We can see what we can see. This was, roughly speaking, for the stick at 101.70.
Here, I divided the total number of X values by six in this case. Thus, this is approximately 16. The standard deviation is less than seven despite the fact that the formula is the same. The null hypothesis is that the new and old are equal, while the conventional hypothesis is that the new and old are not equal.We will use the T. Test component 26 tests in this section and the one that follows to assess whether or not the null hypothesis is distinct. One square on N plus equals two squares on the electric slide. The under-root of the square divides the values first into six equal parts, and then the full square divides the values into six equal parts. This equals around 34.75.
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Regulation of bacterial gene expression typically involves all of the following mechanisms except
Regulation of bacterial gene expression typically involves all of the following mechanisms except regulation of RNA processing. The correct option is (A).
What are the mechanisms of regulating gene expression?
In particular, there are two levels of control over gene expression. The first way transcription is regulated is by regulating the amount of mRNA that can be generated from a given gene. The translation of mRNA into proteins is regulated by post-transcriptional processes, which constitute the second level of regulation.
How is gene expression regulated?
In essence, epigenetic changes, or "tags," such DNA methylation and histone modification, change the accessibility of DNA and the structure of chromatin, which controls how genes are expressed.
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pregnant women have an increased requirement for because cell division takes place at a rapid pace during embryonic development. multiple choice question. biotin folate vitamin c thiamin
Due to rapid cell division in pregnant women, they have an increased requirement for folate or folic acid.
A para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) molecule with an amino-terminal connected to a pteridine and a carboxyl group connected to the -amino group of glutamic acid makes up folic acid, a water-soluble vitamin (Glu).
Tetrahydrofolate, also known as H4 folate or the active cofactor form of FA, is produced by the enzyme folic acid reductase by reducing the pteridine ring at positions 5, 6, 7, and 8.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells' metabolisms both depend heavily on THFA.
The production of purines (see Chapter 15, step two of the pathway), dTMP, and other amino acids, such as methionine, depends on it for one-carbon units and other tiny molecular building blocks.
The complete question is:
Pregnant women have an increased requirement for_________because cell division takes place at a rapid pace during embryonic development. multiple choice questions.
(A). biotin
(B). folate
(C). vitamin
(D). c thiamin
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you plan to model a loss of function mutations could lead to over expression of the her2 protein using crispr/cas 9. which genomic locus should you target your sgrna to generate this loss of function mutation?
direct sgRNA towards the chromosomal locus encoding the ERBB2 repressor protein. Plan to use crispr/cas 9 to simulate how a loss of function mutation may cause the her2 protein to be overexpressed.
The erbB2 gene, commonly referred to as HER2 or neu, produces a 185-kDa transmembrane glycoprotein that is a member of the EGFR family of epidermal growth factor receptors. The ERBB2 gene, a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase, encodes the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (also known as HER2 or HER-2/neu). An intrinsically active receptor tyrosine kinase, ErbB2 functions as a tyrosine kinase. The epidermal growth factor receptor and HER2 are both members of the ErbB family of transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases.
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Craniofacial size has reduced over the course of human evolution, including during the transition from foraging to farming. Place the sequence of events following the dietary transition in chronological order to show how craniofacial growth became reduced. size has reduced over the course of human evolution, including during the transition from foraging to farming. Place the sequence of events following the dietary transition in chronological order to show how craniofacial growth became reduced.
During the move from foraging to farming, human craniofacial size decreased due to:
Eating foods that were reduced in toughnesschewing stress changedless demand placed on chewing muscles and craniofacial bonesHuman cranial capacity has evolved dramatically. The spatial packing hypothesis proposes that encephalization has altered the modern human skull, resulting in a domed cranial vault, a greatly flexible cranial base, and a retracted facial skeleton.
Most research has employed ancient or comparative primate data to establish connections between brain size and cranial form, but the molecular foundation for how brain size affects skull shape and cranial features is unclear and has rarely been rigorously studied. Body size has varied less than brain size over human evolution.
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How are mitochondria affected by exercise
Answer: Mitochondria is affected by exercise because, mitochondria increase ATP synthesis rates to address the cell's metabolic request.
Explanation: Hope it helps
PLEASE MARK BRAINLEST.
which of the following is the most common pattern of bone loss? group of answer choices a) vertical bone loss b) horizontal bone loss c) interproximal bone loss d) circumferential bone losswhich of the following is the most common pattern of bone loss? group of answer choices a) vertical bone loss b) horizontal bone loss c) interproximal bone loss d) circumferential bone loss
Answer:
Option (B)
Explanation:
HORIZONTAL BONE LOSS: Most common pattern of bone loss in periodontal disease. ‘The bone is reduced in height, but the bone margins remain approximately perpendicular to the tooth surface’. The inter dental septa and facial and lingual plates are affected but not to equal degree around the same tooth.
which mass extinction event occurred just before the rapid increase in speciation among mammalian species?
The Cretaceous-Paleogene marked the beginning in evolution of mammals.
At the most basic level, mass extinctions reduce diversity by wiping out specific lineages, thus reducing any descendant species they may have produced. Thus, mass extinction cuts off entire branches from the tree of life.
However, mass extinctions play a creative role in evolution and can also spur the growth of other branches. The end-Cretaceous mass extinction is best known for the extinction of the dinosaurs, but it also caused many other casualties.
Ammonites (sea mollusks), pterosaurs (gliding reptiles), mosasaurs (swimming reptiles), and many other plants and animals became extinct or suffered severe losses.
Bones of extinct mammals suggest that they became more terrestrial during the early Paleogene after the Cretaceous. This is due to increased undergrowth of shrubs under the canopy which became a more suitable habitat for these small mammals.
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What are 3 interesting facts about the intestines?
The small intestine is a maze-like coil that is 22 to 25 feet long. The length of the big intestine is 5 to 6 feet. A unique type of muscle found in the intestines contracts and relaxes in a wave-like pattern. Food and trash are pushed through the intestines by this movement.
It is more difficult to survive without a small intestine than it is without a stomach or large intestine for the majority of people. Nutritional supplements must be administered directly into the circulation in liquid form when all or most of the small intestine must be removed or ceases to function.
90% of the nutrients in your body are absorbed by your small intestine. The longest section of the digestive tract is the small intestine, which is almost three times longer than your entire body.
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dental plaque consists of a biofilm, with bacteria carefully arranged in a community. what are the advantages of forming a biofilm?
One benefit of biofilm formation is that it protects against immunological assault. where a biofilm made of well organized microorganisms makes up dental plaque.
Dental plaque behaves like other biofilms in that it has an open architecture. The open architecture, which is made up of voids and channels, facilitates the movement of oxygen, metabolites, waste products, metabolites, and nutrients through the biofilm. Dental plaque is the varied microbial community that lives on the surface of teeth and is embedded in a matrix of polymers that are produced by bacteria and saliva. Dental plaque biofilms are created by a process that starts with the pellicle's initial colonization and culminates in the intricate construction of a mature biofilm.
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kinesin-5 is a motor protein that binds to overlapping interpolar microtubules near the midzone of the mitotic spindle. each of these kinesin proteins has two motor domains that walk toward the plus ends of the microtubules to which the kinesin is bound. when is this kinesin active and how does it affect the spindle?
During anaphase B ,Kinesin -5 slides the microtubule past one another toward the spindle poles, pushing the poles apart and lengthening the spindle.
During anaphase B the spindle is movement toward spindle pole ,lengthening the spindle and pushing it toward poles is more as compare to anaphase A. Anaphase B spindle elongation is marked by separation of the two opposing spindle poles, pulling along disjoined sister chromatids, leading to final chromosome segregation. Kinesin-5 (additionally known as Eg5 or kif11) is a homotetrameric motor protein that features through modulating microtubule (MT)-MT interactions. In the case of mitosis, kinesin-five slows the charge of separation of the half-spindles.
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A diffraction grating has 6000 lines per centimeter ruled on it. What is the angular separation between the second and the third orders on the same side of the central order when the grating is illuminated with a beam of light of wavelength 550 nm?.
The angular separation between the second and the third orders on the same side of the central bright fringe is 27.29°.
Waves spreading outward around obstructions are known as diffraction.
According to the question the given data is
number of lines = 6000 per cm,
Wavelength, λ = 550 nm = 550 × 10 ⁻⁹ m
d = [tex]\frac{1}{no of lines}[/tex]
d = 10⁻² / 6000 m
Calculate the second-order maxima angle and third-order maxima angle by the formula given below,
d sinθ1 = n1 λ
sinθ1 = n1 λ / d
θ1 = sin⁻¹( 2× 550×10⁻⁹ / 10⁻² / 6000)
θ₁ = sin⁻¹(0.6)
θ₁ = 36.87°
Similarly, for θ₂,
θ₂ = sin⁻¹(3 × 550 × 10 ⁻⁹ / 10⁻² / 6000)
θ₂ = sin⁻¹(0.9)
θ₂ = 64.16°
Calculate the separation as follows,
θ₂ - θ₁ = 64.16° - 36.87°
θ₂ - θ₁ = 27.29°
Therefore, the angular separation (in degrees) between the second and the third orders on the same side of the central bright fringe if the wavelength is 550 nm and A diffraction grating has 6000 lines per centimeter ruled on it, is 27.29°.
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giraffes have a haploid chromosome number of 15. how many chromatids should be present in a diploid, somatic, giraffe cell at the end of prophase?
The giraffes have a haploid chromosome number of 15.
Chromosomes are duplicating and germ cells are expanding. It should be emphasized that germ cells are diploid at birth, with 46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs of homologues. The germ cells have 46 chromosomes (92 chromatids) following chromosomal replication.
What occurs at the prophase's conclusion?
The commencement of a group of fibers organizing to form a spindle and the dissolution of the nuclear membrane signal the end of prophase, respectively.
How does prophase affect an animal cell?
Chromatin gathers into chromosomes and the nuclear envelope, which is the membrane that encloses the nucleus, disintegrates during prophase. The centrioles in animal cells start to divide and travel to the opposing poles of the cell as they are close to the nucleus.
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Four identical lab carts each have a mass of 200 kg. Different masses are added to the carts and the velocities are measured. All carts move to the right.
An illustration with four carts labeled Cart A, Cart B, Cart C, and Cart D. Cart B has a 20 kilogram mass in it, Cart C has a 40 kilogram mass in it, and Cart D has a 60 kilogram mass in it. There are labels under each cart. Under Cart A is v = 4.8 meters per second, under cart B is v = 4.0meters per second, under cart C is v = 3.8 meters per second, and under cart D is v = 3.5 meters per second.
Which cart has the greatest momentum?
cart A
cart B
cart C
cart D
Mark this and return
cart a.............................
Beginning with carbon fixation, arrange the steps of the Calvin cycle in the correct order
Answer:no ie
Explanation:
because
______ occurs when impulses from an organ are perceived as originating from the skin.
Referred pain arises when impulses from specific viscera are regarded as coming from the skin rather than the organ.
Referred pain occurs when pain in one region of your body is triggered by pain or damage in another part of your body. For example, an injured pancreas could be producing back discomfort, or a heart attack could be causing jaw pain.
Nerve or nerve root compression is a common cause of referred pain. Degenerative disorders such as herniated discs, degenerative disc disease, and spinal stenosis can induce this compression. These problems can develop gradually as we age, and our bodies wear down.
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the female athlete triad consists of three conditions, including low energy availability/level, low bone density, and __________.
a) amenorrhea (menstrual disruption)
b) sleep disruption
c) rapid fluctuations in weight
d) bulimia
The female athlete triad consists of three conditions, including low energy availability/level, low bone density, and (a) amenorrhea (menstrual disruption).
Female athlete triad is a syndrome especially observed in female athletes. The main cause of the syndrome is energy imbalance. The athletes use more energy than they consume which results in the triad.
Amenorrhea is the condition of missing the menstrual cycle. It also has a subpart called primary amenorrhea where a girl does not have her menstruation begin till the age of 15. It is also accompanied by some other symptoms like excess facial hair, hair loss, headache, lack of breast development, etc.
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How long does it take for an astronaut red blood cell count to return to normal after a mission in space
Answer:
three to four months
Explanation:
The researchers saw that space-related anemia was reversible, with red blood cells levels progressively returning to normal three to four months after returning to Earth.
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