Synaptic vesicles are tiny spherical organelles found in neurons' cytoplasm that contain neurotransmitter and different proteins required for neurotransmitter production.
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that your body requires to function. They are responsible for transporting chemical signals ("messages") from one neuron (nerve cell) to the next target cell. Another nerve cell, a muscle cell, or a gland could be the next target cell.
Synaptic vesicles in neurons store neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse. A voltage-dependent calcium channel controls the release. Vesicles are required for the transmission of nerve impulses between neurons and are constantly recreated by the cell.
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n cell x, which has the a fate, gene 1 is on. in cell y, which has the b fate, gene 1 is off. what will happen if there is a loss-of function mutation in gene 3?
In cell X, which has the A fate, gene 1 is on. In cell Y, which has the B fate, gene 1 is off. If there is a loss of-function mutation in both Gene 3 and Gene 5 then Cell X will have the B fate and cell Y will have the B fate.
Genes that have sequence mutations can produce a wide range of alleles, or variants, in the population. These alleles may produce slightly varied phenotypic traits as a result of encoding slightly various copies of the same gene. A particular allele of a common gene is usually referred to as "carrying a gene" in scientific literature. Natural selection/survival of the fittest and genetic drift of alleles are two methods that cause genes to evolve. As new events are uncovered, the understanding of genes is always being refined. A gene's coding regions, for instance, might be divided up into a number of exons, whereas the gene's regulatory elements might be located outside of them. Instead of DNA, some viruses store their genomes in RNA.
The complete question is:
Below is a signaling pathway that determines the fate of cells X and Y [note that a pointed arrow ( → ) indicate activation and the blunt arrow ( ---| ) indicates inhibition].
1 → 2 ---| 3 ---| 4 → 5 ---| 6
In cell X, which has the A fate, gene 1 is on. In cell Y, which has the B fate, gene 1 is off. What will happen if there is a loss of-function mutation in both Gene 3 and Gene 5?
Question options:
a) Cell X will have the A fate and cell Y will have the B fate.
b) Cell X will have the A fate and cell Y will have the A fate.
c) Cell X will have the B fate and cell Y will have the B fate.
d) Cell X will have the B fate and cell Y will have the A fate.
e) There is not enough information to answer this question.
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If a medical researcher wanted to enhance communication between cells in order to cure a disease or prevent a malady, how might they achieve that? Propose two or more general methods that could be used to enhance signal transmission from cell to cell.
Two general methods that can be used to enhance communication between cells in order to cure a disease or prevent a malady is:
production of ligand molecules that bind to receptors on the cellenhancing the production of cellular receptors.What is signal transmission in cells?Signal transmission is the process where information from one cell is transmitted to another cell.
Signal transmission in cells is also known as signal transduction.
The process of signal transmission is mediated by molecules in the cells known as ligands.
Ligands are molecules that bind to and are recognized by molecules known as receptors.
The receptors are found on the cell surfaces, and when once the ligands bind to them, conformational changes occur in the receptors that help to send the signal to the interior of the cell.
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ne ouncements dules des abus protein made working enhancer Source: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Crossbreeding between gorillas and chimpanzees Match each word or phrase to identify whether or not each word or phrase represents a reason for the change in chimpanzee hands. Mutations in chimpanzee DNA Differences in the ways chimpanzees use their hands Sexual reproduction no protein made Differences in enhancer sequences mutant enhancer [Choose] [Choose] [Choose] [Choose] [Choose]
The completed sentences are as follows:
Crossbreeding between gorillas and chimpanzees( Represents a reason for the change)Mutations in chimpanzee DNA ( Represents a reason for the change)Differences in the ways chimpanzees use their hands ( Doesn't represents a reason for the change)Sexual reproduction ( Doesn't represents a reason for the change)Differences in enhancer sequences( Represents a reason for the change).What is Crossbreeding?Crossbreeding, also known as hybridization, is the process of breeding individuals from two different breeds, varieties, or species to produce new, genetically distinct offspring. This is often done in agriculture to produce plants or animals with desired traits, such as improved disease resistance or increased productivity.
Crossbreeding can also occur naturally when members of different breeds or species mate, producing hybrids that may have unique characteristics and traits. Crossbreeding can be a useful tool for promoting genetic diversity and improving the overall health and vitality of a population.
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Full Question;
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what term is used to describe a period characterized by very high rates of speciation?
Periods characterized by very high levels of speciation are called adaptive radiation.
Adaptive radiation is a period when there is a rapid increase in the number of species characterized by rapid ecological and morphological diversity with a common ancestor. Adaptive radiation is part of the theory of descent with modification, although it expresses evolution in closely related forms and not in novel designs.
Selection of different habitats can cause changes in anatomy and physiology, even groups of organisms that live in the same habitat but different food choices can also cause anatomical and physiological changes in the bodies of these living things.
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What do you think the term "tectonically stable" means? Why do you think this rock formation is important to understanding the history of Earth? Do you think studying ancient rock formations such as the Kaapvaal craton can teach scientists not only about Earth's past but also it's future? Why or why not?
The term tectonically stable can be said to be a period where there is no disruption, compression or deformation from tectonic forces. This is essential because it keeps the earth possibly stable.
The rock formation is important to the understanding of the history of the earth because rocks tell us a great deal about the Earth's history. Rocks like igneous and sedimentary contain clues about what the Earth was like in the past and can be used to age-date certain periods in the past and even record past depositional environments which is helpful in story telling about past climate, life, and major events at Earth's surface.
The Kaapvaal craton in Africa is one of fifth ancient cratons left from the Precambrian era. Since then the rock has remained tectonically stable since its formation 3.6 billion to 2 billion years ago, so it will be optimally helpful in the teaching of scientist not only about the past but also the future due to it stable state.
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cell division that reduces chromosome number from diploid to haploid, reduction division
A Mitosis
B Meiosis
C Amitosis
D Fision
Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces chromosome number from diploid to haploid.
What do you mean by meiosis?
Meiosis, also called reduction division, division of a germ cell involving two fissions of the nucleus and giving rise to four gametes, or sex cells, each possessing half the number of chromosomes of the original cell.
The process of meiosis is characteristic of organisms that reproduce sexually. Such species have in the nucleus of each cell a diploid (double) set of chromosomes, consisting of two haploid sets (one inherited from each parent). These haploid sets are homologous—i.e., they contain the same kinds of genes, but not necessarily in the same form.
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Meiosis is the division of a cell that reduces the number of chromosomes from a diploid (2n) state to a haploid (n) state.
What is diploid?
Diploid is a term used in genetics to refer to a cell or organism that has two sets of chromosomes. In humans, the diploid number of chromosomes is 46, which is two sets of 23. This means that any human cell contains two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. Diploid cells are found in multicellular organisms, and are the most common form of cells in the human body. Diploidy is important for genetic diversity, as it allows for the exchange of genetic material between the two sets of chromosomes. This helps create genetic variation, which is necessary for evolution to occur.
This occurs in sex cells during the process of gamete formation, and is essential for sexual reproduction. During meiosis, two consecutive nuclear divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II) reduce the number of chromosomes by half. This process also involves cell division, which results in four haploid daughter cells. Each daughter cell contains one set of chromosomes, which is a combination of the maternal and paternal chromosomes of the original cell.
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from the aquatic systems below, where are heterotrophic bacteria the most abundant (cells/ml water)?
In the aquatic system heterotrophic bacteria are most abundant in Upper ocean
Heterotrophic bacteria and the photosynthetic cyanobactin- terium Synchronous are found almost everywhere in the upper ocean. In temperate waters, the annual cycle of their abundance may be quite regular. Generally, both groups are most abundant in summer and least so in winter.
Heterotrophic bacteria derive energy from organic compounds. They are widely distributed and most abundant forms. They may be aerobic or anaerobic. They are omnipresent and found in the food, soil, water. They help in recycling of natural substances.
They are mostly responsible for the decomposition of organic matter. They also live as a parasite and cause various diseases in plants, animals and humans. They are also present as a symbiont in organisms, e.g. Rhizobium in the root nodules of legumes, etc.
Bacteria are used for making curd, antibiotics, nitrogen-fixation, etc. Heterotrophic bacteria can decompose organic matter such as cellulose, keratin, lignin, chitin, etc.
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What is the process of burning called?
The process of burning is called Combustion. It is a chemical reaction between two or more chemicals, generally including oxygen, that produces heat and light in the form of a flame.
The rate or speed at which the reactants combine is rapid, due in part to the nature of the chemical reaction and in part to the fact that more energy is created than can escape into the surrounding medium, causing the temperature of the reactants to be elevated to further accelerate the reaction.
In general, combustion is one of the most significant chemical processes and may be thought of as the final stage in the oxidation of some compounds.
Though oxidation was formerly thought to be just the interaction of oxygen with any molecule or element, the term has come to describe any reaction in which atoms lose electrons and become oxidized.
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what is the advantage in having this number of chambers compared to organisms with fewer number of chambers?
The benefit of having this many chambers over organisms with fewer chambers is that it eliminates the need to mix the blood types before sending deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.
In a heart with four chambers, a septum entirely divides the left from the right. This stops the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. This increases energy and improves oxygen supply. Numerous daily actions demand this energy.
Compared to the ventricles, the atria have substantially thinner walls. In comparison to the atria, the ventricles pump blood out at a higher pressure.
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how does homologous structures and analogous structures support the idea of common ancestry and descent with modification? in at least 5-7 sentences
Homologous structures provide evidence for common ancestry, while analogous structures express that similar selective pressures can produce similar adaptations.
What are Homologous structures?Homologous structures may be defined as those structures that have the same structural design and origin but different functions. For example, forelimbs of vertebrates, thorns, tendrils of bougainvillea and Cucurbita, etc.
Due to different needs, some structures developed differently. This is called divergent evolution. On contrary, analogous structures are those structures that are anatomically different but functionally similar.
Some examples may include the eyes of octopuses and mammals, the flippers of dolphins and penguins, etc. Due to the same or identical functions, different structures evolve similarly. This is called convergent evolution.
Therefore, similarities and differences among biological molecules can be used to determine species' relatedness on the basis of homologous and analogous structures.
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neurons and liver cells in humans can produce different proteins from the same dna. this is because:
All of the cells within a complex multicellular organism such as a human being contain the same DNA;
however, the body of such an organism is clearly composed of many different types of cells. Although all cells contain the same DNA sequence, muscle cells are different from nerve cells and other types of cells because of the different genes that are turned on in these cells and the different RNAs and proteins produced.
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Millipedes are carnivores that have a pair of poison claws to paralyze their prey.
a. True
b. False
It is false that millipedes are carnivores that have a pair of poison claws to paralyze their prey.
A carnivore is an organism that principally grub meat, or the flesh of animals. typically carnivores are referred to as predators. Organisms that carnivores hunt are referred to as prey. Carnivores are a significant a part of the organic phenomenon, an outline of that organisms eat that different organisms within the wild.
Millipedes are a bunch of arthropods that are characterized by having 2 pairs of articulate legs on most body segments; they're familiar scientifically because the family, the name derived from this feature. millipedes are herbivores or detritivores.
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many neurons of joints help to inform the brain about the activity of the joint, including pain or position of the joint. these types of neurons are classified as _____________________ neurons.
Many neurons of joints help to inform the brain about the activity of the joint, including pain or position of the joint. these types of neurons are classified as afferent neurons.
The neurons which informs the brain about the joints action are afferent somatic neurons, which are called as proprioceptors. Neurons are the information carrying, messenger unit which helps in transmitting information from skin/ organs system to the brain and vice versa. They are found in million of numbers inside the body. Afferent neurons are those which carry information from sensory receptors on the skin and organs to the central nervous system (brain) while efferent neurons carry motor information away from the central nervous system to the organs and other receptors on the body.
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Monkeys were ________ to develop a fear of fear-relevant stimuli, like toy snakes or a toy crocodile, as they were to fear-irrelevant stimuli, like flowers or a toy rabbit.
Monkeys were more likely to develop a fear of fear-relevant stimuli, like toy snakes or a toy crocodile, as they were to fear-irrelevant stimuli, like flowers or a toy rabbit.
What do you mean by stimuli?A stimulus is anything that can trigger a physical or behavioral change. The plural of stimulus is stimuli. Stimuli can be external or internal. An example of external stimuli is your body responding to a medicine.
Moreover, stimulus is an event or any change in the external environment that evokes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue. stimulus can be internal or external. Sense organs, such as the ear, and sensory receptors.
In physiology, a stimulus is a detectable change in the physical or chemical structure of an organism's internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to detect external stimuli, so that an appropriate reaction can be made, is called sensitivity.
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Which glands secrete their product by way of a duct directly onto an epithelial surface?
Exocrine glands secrete their product by way of a duct directly onto an epithelial surface.
A gland is a group of cells that function as a functional unit to produce and release a substance into the bloodstream or a duct. Exocrine and endocrine glands are the two main categories of glands. The exocrine gland is present in numerous organs and performs a number of jobs for the body. Because of this, healthcare professionals must be familiar with the physiology of exocrine glands.
Exocrine glands provide the body with a way to discharge secretions including proteins, mucus, and other products to epithelial surfaces throughout the body, playing a critical part in the physiology of many organ systems from the skin to the pancreas.
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1. explain how mitosis leads to two daughter cells, each of which is diploid and genetically identical to the original cell
During mitosis, daughter cells are produced that are genetically identical to their parent cells.
Before copying, or "replicating," its chromosomes, the cell evenly splits the copies to provide each daughter cell a full set. The growth phase (G1), during which the cell expands, precedes the DNA replication phase (S phase), which takes place during the cell cycle's interphase. One chromosome produces two chromatids during DNA replication, but only one centromere connects the two of them. Prior to cell division, every chromosome is duplicated, enabling each daughter cell to have the same genetic content. Additionally, this means that any errors produced during cell division that are not fixed will be passed on to the daughter cells from parent cells.
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if you made a change in the dna of a promoter sequence that inactivates the promoter, what would happen at the rna level?
No RNA would be produced since the Rna would be unable to detect and bind the DNA.
Can a promoter's DNA sequence be altered?If the promoter of the DNA is altered, for as by being rendered inactive, RNA polymerase and the accompanying transcription factors won't be able to detect the promoter and bind the DNA to the promoter's operator, and transcription won't begin.
What would occur if the sigma factor's binding to RNA polymerase was broken?Multiple Options No transcription would start if RNA polymerase left the promoter.Stem-loop structure wouldn't arise in this case.There would be no way to identify the terminator sequence.The template DNA wouldn't allow RNA polymerase to connect to it.A new RNA molecule would not be created using the correct nucleotides.
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What are the similarities between DNA replication and RNA transcription?
The fact that a polymerase enzyme catalyzes both processes are some of the similarities between DNA replication and RNA transcription.
The utilization of DNA and RNA, the fact that both transcription and DNA replication take place in the nucleus. The creation of a fresh copy of DNA in a cell occurs during both DNA replication and transcription. DNA replication creates a second copy of the DNA, whereas DNA transcription converts the DNA into RNA. The creation of fresh nucleic acids, such as DNA or RNA, involves both steps.
The division of a double-stranded DNA molecule into two identical daughter strands is known as "DNA replication." The process of transcription involves turning DNA molecules into RNA. In order to create a complementary RNA molecule, RNA polymerase employs one of the DNA strands as a template.
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given that about 25% of the mammalian genome is associated with genes, including introns and regulatory sequence, what would be the approximate average length of dna per gene if the genome contained 20,000 genes?
About 25% of the mammalian genome is associated with genes, including introns and regulatory sequence, and the approximate average length of DNA per gene if the genome contained 20,000 genes would be 40,000 base pairs.
Mammalian genome is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes analysis and review articles within the fields of biology and genetics in mouse, human and connected organisms. As of Gregorian calendar month 2009 its editors-in-chief are Joseph H. Nadeau and Sir Leslie Stephen D. M. Brown.
An intron is a region that resides inside a cistron however doesn't stay within the final mature mRNA molecule following transcription of that cistron and doesn't code for amino acids that frame the macromolecule encoded by that cistron. Most protein-coding genes within the human ordination carries with it exons and introns.
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Reactive oxygen intermediates and reactive nitrogen intermediates produced by phagocytic cells are effective in killing invading microorganisms. True O False
The statement 'reactive oxygen intermediates and reactive nitrogen intermediates produced by phagocytic cells are effective in killing invading microorganisms' is true.
In the field of biology, phagocytic cells can be described as the type of cells that eat or kill the microorganism by releasing such compounds that are toxic to the microorganism.
Oxygen intermediates and nitrogen intermediates are formed by the phagocytic cells and these intermediates are reactive enough to bind to the compounds in the microorganism and hinder their activity. When the activities of the microorganism are hindered such that they cannot carry out the basic life process, the microorganism is killed. Hence, the statement above is true.
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Plastic beads used in jewelry making are made of long molecules usually consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Compare the bonding in these molecules to the bonding in gems.
Due of the close similarities in the electronegativities of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen, most bonds in plastics are covalent.
In chemistry, factors that may hold atoms together must manifest in order for chemical compounds to develop. These forces are known as bonds, and depending on the chemicals that form the bonds, they may be covalent, metallic, or ionic. For instance, substances created by two nonmetals tend to be covalent, but those formed by a nonmetal and a metal tend to be ionic.The majority of a substance's features are also determined by the sort of bond it contains, for example, ionic bonds result in solid, molecularly distinct crystal formations, whereas covalent bonds result in amorphous solids.However, because plastic is easily deformed and cannot endure high temperatures, pressures, or mechanical shears, it will have covalent bonds, such as those found in plastic beads.To know more about bonds check the below link:
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which neurotransmitter is released by both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division?
Answer: acetylcholine
Explanation:
in animals, what is the difference between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning?
Reproductive cloning involves making the identical copies of an entire organism whereas therapeutic cloning involves making copies of certain damaged tissues or organs by creating embryonic stem cells.
Cloning is the process of making the exact copies of an organism, cell, tissue or organ. The cloned copy has the same genetic sequence as that of the object it was cloned from. The first cloned organism was Dolly, the sheep.
Embryonic stem cell is the cell of the inner cell mass of trophoblast stage of embryo. It is a totipotent cell that has the capability to give rise to all types of cells and form a complete organism.
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which color is the tube and stopper that is used to collect specimens for serum analysis?
Monoject royal and blue-top tubes colors come in two varieties: one simple and one with the anticoagulant EDTA. To obtain whole blood or serum for trace element analysis, these methods employed.
Each evacuated blood collection tube has a color-coded plastic or rubber cap on top of it. The color serves as a cue as to what kind of additives are in the tube. Chemicals like anticoagulants that keep the blood in tact for laboratory processing are examples of additives. Light blue stopper tube is the color of the tube that must always be filled to the proper ratio.
Red-top tubes are infrequently used, but mottled red/gray, gold, or cherry red-top tubes are typically used to collect serum. Blood that has been combined with an anticoagulant in the collecting tube and has not clotted is used to make plasma. After gathering the whole blood, leave it undisturbed at room temperature to allow the blood to coagulate. Normally, this takes 15 to 30 minutes. By centrifuging at 1,000–2,000 x g for 10 minutes in a refrigerator, the clot can be removed. The substance that collects at the top is called serum.
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which fish do not require evisceration? salmon whitefish sable small fish less than five inches in length
Small fish less than five inches in length does not require evisceration.
Evisceration is the total elimination of all internal organs of the body, including the gonads, without slashing or perforating them.
To reduce the amount of bacterial parasites and spoilage bacteria found in fish intestines and gills, complete and thorough evisceration is required.
Because Clostridium botulinum is commonly found in marine and freshwater environments, fish gills and intestines can contain large numbers of spores. These spores can germinate and develop in the right conditions, generating a potent neurotoxin. Proper evisceration is essential for reducing the threat of toxin production because it removes the Clostridium botulinum spores.
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which organelle is responsible for the fact that onions can make you cry? hint: unique to plant cells and stores nutrients.
Vacuole organelle is responsible for the fact that onions can make you cry.
Plant vacuole serve a variety of purposes and are crucial for a plant's growth and development. Vacuoles are incredibly dynamic and pleiomorphic, and the type of cell and growing circumstances have an impact on how big they are. Vacuoles divide up many cellular elements like proteins, carbohydrates, ions, and other secondary metabolites. They are crucial to how plants react to biotic and abiotic signaling pathways. We will discuss the mechanisms underlying plant vacuole formation, the patterns of changes in vacuole morphology in particular cell types, and the function of SNAREs and Rab GTPases in vacuolar trafficking in this review. Plant vacuoles can differ in form and dynamics depending on the type of cell they are in or the circumstances they are in. It is now possible to analyze the dynamic changes in vacuole morphology under various growth circumstances as well as the cellular factors that influence vacuole morphology thanks to the introduction of GFP-tagged vacuolar markers.
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The presence of a harmful material in the stomach will probably cause –
A. the absorption of food in the small intestines.
B. the stomach to stop churning and mixing food.
C. the absorption of water in the stomach.
D. vomiting to remove the harmful substance from the stomach.
The presence of harmful material in the stomach will probably cause vomiting to remove the harmful substance from the stomach. Thus, the correct option for this question is D.
What materials are absorbed in the stomach?The materials that are absorbed in the stomach may include glucose and other simple sugars, amino acids, and several fat-soluble chemicals. This is because the water flows equally as quickly from the blood across the gastric mucosa to the lumen of the stomach, the net absorption of water from the stomach is minimal.
The absorption of food in the small intestines and the absorption of water in the stomach involves normal function when the whole digestive system works normally. But the process of vomiting is stimulated when there is a harmful material present within the stomach.
Therefore, the correct option for this question is D.
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lymphocytes that can get rid of cells of the body that have been invaded by foreign organisms are called
lymphocytes that can get rid of cells of the body that have been invaded by foreign organisms are called killer t cells.
an immune cell variety that has the ability to eradicate particular cells, such as virus-infected cells, cancerous cells, and alien cells. To destroy cancer cells, it is possible to isolate killer T cells from other blood cells, develop them in a lab, and then provide them to a patient. T-cells can be divided into two categories: Helper T-cells promote the production of antibodies by B-cells and aid in the growth of killer cells. Cells that have already been invaded by an alien invader are directly destroyed by killer T-cells. A CD8 receptor is present on the surface of cytotoxic T cells. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class I molecules interact with cells through the CD8 receptor to detect infection in healthy cells. The CD8 receptor triggers the cytotoxic T-cells when it detects an infected cell.
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if a student wanted to view the histology of nephron loops within renal pyramids, where in the kidney should they look?
If a student wanted to view the histology of nephron loops within renal pyramids they should look Renal pelvis. This renal pelvis of the kidney is the funnel like dilated part of the ureter in the kidney.
What is histology?
Histology is defined as the scientific study of the microscopic structure microanatomy of cells and tissues. histology provided a key information about biological tissues, animal growth, physiology, and tissue diseases .
Therefore renal pelvis is enlarged upper end of the ureter and the tube through which urine flows from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
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true or false? a large cerebral hemorrhage in the right hemisphere will lead to sensory and motor deficits on the right side of the body.
False, a large cerebral hemorrhage in the right hemisphere will not lead to sensory and motor deficits on the right side of the body.
A brain blood artery that breaks due to illness or injury is the main cause of cerebral hemorrhage. Blood may now enter the brain because of this. Cells in the brain may be harmed by the abrupt increase in pressure. And a quick rise in blood volume might result in sensory unconsciousness or even death. When the cerebrospinal fluid gaps around the brain are filled with blood, this is known as a cerebral hemorrhage. Both ailments are quite severe. the sensory body's components and the tasks they govern in addition to depleting the brain of oxygen and destroying brain cells.
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