Afferent somatic neurons are the answer. Numerous neurons in joints assist in communicating to the brain information regarding joint activity, such as pain or position. These neurons fall under the category of afferent somatic neurons.
The nerve fibers that carry sensory data from the outside environment into the brain are known as afferent neurons, also called sensory neurons. Skin, skeletal muscle, tendon, and joint receptors initiate impulses carried out by sensory neurons known as somatic afferent neurons. The receptors in the skin that sense touch, pressure, temperature, and pain are known as exteroceptors. Specific somatic afferent fibers in cranial nerves II and VIII carry sensory impulses from the special senses.
So, we can say Afferent somatic neurons, which are present in many joints and assist in informing the brain about joint activity, such as pain or position, are the solution.
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which feature is peculiar to adeno-associated viral (aav) vectors and not shared with retroviral vectors?
The answer is gene therapy needs to be repeated periodically to provide a constant supply of the therapy protein.
What are adeno-associated viruses (AAV) and retroviral vectors?
Humans and certain other primate species are infected by tiny viruses called adeno-associated viruses (AAV). Currently, it is unknown whether AAV can cause disease. A minimal immunological reaction is brought on by the viruses.
Retroviruses are viruses that have RNA as their genetic makeup. Reverse transcription is how it turns RNA into DNA.
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which of the following requires the use of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle? a. cough b. throat clearing. c. tongue protrusion
During deglutition, vocalization, and expiration, the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle enables inward rotation of the arytenoid on the cricoid cartilage, shutting the laryngeal airway.
This activity, which brings the arytenoids together, is enhanced by the interarytenoid muscle. When swallowing, voicing, or exhaling, the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle contracts, causing the arytenoid to rotate inward on the cricoid and closing the laryngeal airway.
The rotation and posterolateral pull of the arytenoid cartilages are caused by the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle contracting. This helps the other intrinsic muscles extend the vocal cords and splits the vocal cords, allowing air to travel through during inspiration and expiration.
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answer this for 10 points and dont copy off the other
it would be the 3rd answer
pure substances and mixtures
describe the construction of a recombinant plasmid containing the gene for luciferase and the insertion of the plasmid into a bacterial cell by placing the steps in order.a. Perform a restriction digestion of the luciferase gene and the plasmid. b. Transform bacteria with the recombinant plasmid using electroporation. c. Ligate together the luciferase gene and the plasmid to generate a recombinant plasmid. d. Use PCR to amplify the gene for luciferase. Plate the bacterial cells, and screen for positive transformants.1. First step 2. Last step
The steps for constructing a recombinant plasmid containing the gene for luciferase and inserting the plasmid into the bacterial cell are:
Use PCR to amplify the gene for luciferase.Perform restriction digestion of the luciferase gene and the plasmid.Ligate together the luciferase gene and the plasmid to generate a recombinant plasmid.Transform bacteria with the recombinant plasmid using electroporation.Plate the bacterial cells, and screen for positive transformants.Therefore, the correct order is D, A, C, B, and E
Plasmids are used by researchers to insert DNA from other sources into plasmids to form recombinant DNA molecules. Bacterial cells that have been transformed with recombinant plasmids will become recombinant bacteria.
Transformation is the process of introducing foreign DNA into a cell. Bacterial transformation with plasmids is important not only for studying bacteria but also because bacteria are used as a means of plasmid storage and reproduction. Therefore, nearly all plasmids (even those designed to be expressed in mammalian cells) contain both the bacterial origin of replication and antibiotic resistance genes for use as selectable markers in bacteria.
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the circulatory system can help maintain body temperature by controlling the flow of blood to the skin.
Blood artery dilation makes it easier for heat to be discharged from the body into the environment. Blood vessels tighten in order to keep the heat inside.
What controls blood flow in the skin?
The noradrenergic vasoconstrictor system and a sympathetic active vasodilator system are both involved in the sympathetic neural control of skin blood flow. The latter is in charge of 80–90% of the significant cutaneous vasodilation that happens in response to whole-body heat stress.
What system controls the skin?
The skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands are all part of the integumentary system, an organ system.
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In nature, this method is the only way diversity is truly created. Changes in the genetic material of an organism are passed on to offspring and, although the process is slow, it could eventually result in the creation of a new species. These statements describe the effects of _______ on biodiversity. A. Growth rate b. Genetic drift c. Mutation d. Carrying capacity please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d.
Changes in the genetic material of an organism are passed on to offspring and, although the process is slow, it could eventually result in the creation of a new species. These statements describe the effects of (c) mutation on biodiversity.
Changes to an organism's DNA sequence are referred to as mutations. Errors in the replication of DNA during the cell division process, exposure to mutagens, or viral infections are all potential causes of mutations. Somatic mutations, which take place in body cells, are not transferred on to offspring, whereas germline mutations, which take place in eggs and sperm, can be passed down to future generations.
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There should be at least 3g of dietary fiber for every 100 calories per serving. (True or False)
Answer:
This statement is false. There is no specific recommended amount of dietary fiber that should be consumed per 100 calories per serving. The recommended daily intake of dietary fiber varies depending on age, gender, and other factors, but it typically ranges from 25-38 grams per day for adults.
The American Dietetic Association recommends that adults consume at least 14 grams of dietary fiber for every 1000 calories per day. This is a general guideline, and the exact amount of dietary fiber that an individual should consume may vary depending on their specific needs and circumstances. It is important to consult a healthcare provider or registered dietitian for personalized recommendations.
Explanation:
karen falls down a flight of stairs and suffers spinal cord damage due to hyperextension of the cord during the fall. the injury results in edema of the central cord with resulting compression of the anterior horn cells of the lumbar region. what signs would you expect to observe as a result of this injury?
Karen falls down a flight of stairs and suffers spinal wire harm because of hyperextension of the wire all through the fall. The damage outcomes in edema of the spinal wire with ensuing compression of the anterior horn cells of the spinal region.
One of the divisions of the gray be counted of the spinal wire, the anterior horn includes mobileular our bodies of alpha motor neurons, which innervate skeletal muscle to purpose movement.
Injury to the ventral horns can purpose the decrease motor symptoms and symptoms withinside the hands and hands, and damage to the corticospinal tracts outcomes in a spastic quadriparesis.
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the out-of-africa model asserts group of answer choices a single origin of modern people and replacement of archaic homo sapiens. migrations of homo habilis out of africa to asia, but not europe. the importance of gene flow across population boundaries. migrations of australopithecines out of africa to europe and asia.
The out-of-Africa model asserts: a single origin of modern people and replacement of archaic Homo sapiens.
The out-of-Africa model is a hypothesis that explains the origin as well as dispersal of the modern humans species. According to this hypothesis, the humans evolved at the East Africa and dispersed from there to evade the whole world.
Homo sapiens is the scientific name of the current modern humans. They are the most abundant, widespread and intelligent species of humans. These are bipedal organisms with large brains. Their cognitive skills are considered exceptional. The most common ancestor of Homo sapiens are Homo erectus.
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which mass extinction event occurred just before the rapid increase in speciation among mammalian species?
The Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction event, commonly referred to as the K-Pg extinction event, occurred just before the rapid increase in speciation among mammalian species.
The Cretaceous-Paleogene Mass Extinction Event and Its Impact on Mammalian SpeciationThe Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction event, which occurred 66 million years ago, was a global event that wiped out the majority of life on Earth. This event is most famously known for the extinction of the dinosaurs, but it also had major impacts on the evolutionary history of mammals.
Before the K-Pg extinction event, there were few mammalian species, but after the event there was a rapid increase in the number of mammalian species. This increase in speciation is thought to be due to the removal of the large dinosaurs, which opened up numerous niches for the smaller mammals to occupy. These new niches allowed for the evolution of new species and the increased diversity of mammals that we see today.
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sort the statements into the appropriate bins depending on whether they represent factors that varied from participant to participant at the start of this study, factors that were consistent from the start of the study, and factors that were measured in the study.a. smoking status (smoking vs. non smoking) b. total food intake c. percentage of different types of fats eaten d. activity level e. sex of participant f. number of non-fatal heart attacks g. deaths from coronary heart disease
Factors that changed from the study's beginning: Smoking status, total caloric intake, percentage of various types of fat consumed, and activity level variables remained constant: sex of the participant's result: amount of heart attacks that result in death and coronary heart disease deaths.
What is coronary heart disease?
The bigger coronary arteries on the surface of the heart are affected by coronary artery disease. The microscopic arteries in the heart muscle are impacted by coronary microvascular disease, another type of heart condition. Women are more likely to have coronary microvascular disease.
Type determines the cause of coronary heart disease. Cholesterol, a waxy substance that accumulates inside the lining of the coronary arteries to create plaque, is a common contributor to coronary artery disease. This deposit has the potential to completely or partially obstruct blood flow in the heart's major arteries. Coronary microvascular disease develops when the tiny blood capillaries in the heart are not functioning appropriately. A heart-healthy lifestyle can help most people avoid coronary heart disease.
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a tumor that has advanced to regional structures is in which stage? 1. stage 1 2. stage 2 3. stage 3 4. stage 4
A tumor that has advanced to regional structures is in stage 4.
Stage 4 is the most advanced stage of a tumor. At this point, the tumor has spread to surrounding tissue and/or other organs, and is resistant to treatment. Symptoms of stage 4 cancer may include fatigue, pain, and difficulty breathing. Treatment options at this stage may include chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, or a combination of treatments. The goal of treatment is to improve patient quality of life and extend survival.
Tumor is an abnormal growth of cells, which can occur in any part of the body. It can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign tumors are usually localized and do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant tumors, on the other hand, can spread to other parts of the body and cause serious health problems. Treatment for tumors depends on the type and location. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy and other treatments.
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after using up the readily available atp, muscle cells can form additional atp from which of the choices?
After using up the readily available ATP, muscle cells can form Glycolysis, Cellular Respiration, and Creatine phosphate.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the energy-carrying molecule used in cells because of its fast energy release. When phosphatase is removed from ATP it releases energy. The byproduct of ATP's energy release is the low-energy molecule ADP (adenosine diphosphate). ADP can be transformed back into ATP using a phosphate. This requires work. Nearly all cellular processes, including glycolysis, cellular respiration, and creatine phosphate, depend on ATP to supply the required energy for a reaction. ATP may convey energy and phosphorylate (add phosphate to) other molecules in biological activities including DNA replication, active transport, synthesis pathways, and muscle contraction.
Muscle cells store only enough ATP to complete a few contractions.
After using up the readily available ATP, muscle cells can form additional ATP from which of the choices?
(A). glycolysis
(B). cellular respiration
(C). the Calvin cycle
(D). dephosphorylation
(E). creatine phosphate
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Which gas is produced by burning fuel with no air?
Carbon monoxide is produced by burning fuel with no air.
When there is incomplete combustion, some of the carbon is not fully oxidized, which results in soot or carbon monoxide (CO). Inefficient fuel consumption and a health risk are both associated with incomplete combustion. Colorless, almost odorless, and tasteless gases and liquids make up carbon monoxide (CO).
It is produced when there is insufficient oxidation of carbon during combustion and burns with a violet flame. In addition, it is only marginally soluble in water, alcohol, and benzene. Boiling point: 190°C; solidification point: 207°C; specific gravity: 0.96716; specific volume: 13.8 cu. ft./lb. (70oF). liquid auto ignition temperature: 1128 oF. considered to be an inorganic substance.
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the thickening of the circular layer of the muscular externa at the location indicated by the arrows creates what?
The thickening of the circular layer of the muscular externa at the location indicated by the arrows creates pyloric sphincter.
The stomach has something called the pylorus, which connects the stomach to the duodenum. The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine. Together, the pylorus and duodenum play an important role in the movement of food through the digestive system.
The pyloric sphincter is a band of smooth muscle that controls the movement of partially digested food and juices from the pylorus to the duodenum.
What is its function?
The pyloric sphincter acts as a sort of gate between the stomach and small intestine. This allows the contents of the stomach to enter the small intestine. It also prevents partially digested food and digestive juices from re-entering the stomach. Helps mix with liquids. This mixture of food and digestive juices is called chyme. The force of these contractions increases in the lower stomach. With each wave, the pyloric sphincter opens, allowing a small amount of chyme to enter the duodenum.
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unlike signal transduction in many other sensory receptors, signal transduction in rods:_____.
Unlike signal transduction in many other sensory receptors, signal transduction in rods results in hyperpolarization of the sensory cell.
Sensory receptors can be found in specialized organs like the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth, as well as internal organs. Thus every receptor form expresses a distinguishable sensory modality that will eventually be combined into a single perceptual frame. This data is obtained through the transformation of energy into an electrical signal by specialized mechanisms. Potassium ions continue to leak out of the cell such as through potassium channels during hyperpolarization. Because potassium ions (positively charged ions) diffuse into the extracellular space, the membrane potential becomes more negative.
The procedure through which a physical or chemical signal is transferred through a cell as a sequence of molecular events, most frequently protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases, which results in a cellular response is known as signal transduction.
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how many dna molecules would there be after four rounds of pcr if the initial reaction mixture contained two molecules?
After 4 rounds of PCR, the initial 2 molecules of DNA become 32 molecules.
PCR is the abbreviated form of Polymerase Chain Reaction which is a molecular technique. Here small pieces of DNA are used to make millions of copies. This technique was developed by Kary Mullis in 1980. The process of making copies of DNA occurs in three steps namely; denaturation, annealing, and elongation.
DNA is the most commonly found form of genetic material. A type of nucleic acid. It exists mainly because it is more stable than RNA. The structure of DNA is a double-stranded molecule with helical antiparallel strands.
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why is lingual lipase of minor importance when discussing nutrition and digestion in adults?
Lingual lipase is important for infant nutrition. Lingual lipase also reportedly contributes to the digestion of lipids in adults along with gastric lipase, especially in diseases with pancreatic insufficiency such as cystic fibrosis and alcoholic pancreatic insufficiency.
A convenient lipase assay that discriminates between pancreatic and lingual lipase activities was developed to describe some properties of the triglyceride-hydrolyzing activities of lingual lipase (from von Ebners glands) and pancreatic lipase. Secretion of lingual lipase is stimulated by feeding. Gastric contents collected postprandially from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) contained lipase activity which is probably secreted from pharyngeal tissues. Also, duodenal contents from CF patients contained lipase activity with properties very close to those found in gastric contents from CF patients and controls. Apparently, the serous glands responsible for the secretion of lingual lipase is less affected than the exocrine pancrease in this disease. During fat balance experiments, CF patients utilized around 40% of the dietary lipids and more than 50% of milk lipids given as a test meal were hydrolyzed in the duodenum within 2 hr. In these patients with severe pancreatic insufficiency, we suggest that the lingual lipase is responsible for a considerable proportion of triglyceride hydrolysis. This hydrolysis starts in the stomach and continues in duodenum.
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The following scenario depicts a homo erectus group butchering a zebra. identify the finds we may see in the archaeological record resulting from this activity.
a. The cutmarks on this bone were made by stone tools
b. animal tooth marks and cutmarks are visible on the shaft of this antelope humerus
c. This close-up shows the stone tools
d. Not a Find in the Archaeological Record:
e. collection of rocks
The archaeological record resulting from this activityrectus fossils have been determined in 1891 at the Indonesian island of Java via way of means of a Dutch physician referred to as Eugène Dubois. .
The Homo erectus changed into a human of medium stature that walked upright. The braincase changed into low, the brow changed into receded, and the nose, jaws, and palate have been extensive. The mind changed into smaller and the tooth large than in present day humans.
Remains from many sites, together with Zhoukoudian in China, display that erectus changed into ingesting meat on a big scale and from a number of animal species, further to a extensive kind of plant foods. These animals may also had been each scavenged (from different predators) and hunted.History of Homo erectus.
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after forest clearance, secondary succession of farmland back to a mature oak/hickory climax forest generally requires: a. a few decades b. about one millennium c. a few years d. about one century
Secondary succession starts when a disturbance (such as wind storms, insect outbreaks, logging, avalanches, bulldozers, or fire) leaves the soil intact and takes a few decades.
Seeds, spores, and roots usually remain as well. Sites that begin with secondary succession reach the next stage more quickly than during primary succession. Forest ecologists recognize four phases of forest succession, or what is sometimes called forest development. These phases are: (i) stand initiation, (ii) stem exclusion, (iii) understory reinitiation, and (iv) steady state.
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Which statement about transcription is true?
Question 18 options:
Transcription occurs in the ribosomes where the tRNA brings amino acids.
Transcription only occurs in the cytoplasm because that is where the ribosomes are located.
Transcription only occurs in the nucleus because DNA does not leave the nucleus.
Transcription can occur in the nucleus or cytoplasm, depending on which gene is being transcribed.
The statement about transcription which is true is that it only occurs in the nucleus because DNA does not leave the nucleus and is therefore denoted as option C.
What is DNA?This is referred to as deoxyribonucleic acid and it is known as the genetic material of most living organisms. It ensures that traits are passed from the parent to the offspring during cell division when an organism undergoes reproduction.
Transcription is referred to as the process of making an RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence and the gene which is present in the DNA are all found or present in the nucleus.
This is therefore the reason why it only occurs in the nucleus because DNA does not leave the nucleus hence option C was chosen as the correct choice in this scenario.
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where does much of the seafood we eat begin life? 2.what do our oceans control? 3.what is the name of the project designed to reveal the oceans to the world? 4.how much acropora palmate remains in the florida keys?
The ocean has a big impact on the climate and weather on Earth. 70% of the earth's surface is made up of water. Our weather patterns and the slow, subtle changes in our climate are driven by this enormous reservoir, which continuously exchanges heat, moisture, and carbon with the atmosphere.
Oceans provide us with food, control our climate, and produce the majority of the oxygen we breathe. Additionally, they support industries like tourism, fishing, and international shipping, serving as the cornerstone for a large portion of the global economy. Hydrogen ions are released by carbonic acid, and when they interact with the carbonate in seawater, they create bicarbonate, a form of carbon that is difficult for the ocean to lose. The ocean takes in more carbon dioxide as a result of fossil fuel combustion and rising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels in order to maintain equilibrium.
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Which mammals were found to have a vocal range of 7 octaves, nearly twice that of humans?
Bats mammals were found to have a vocal range of 7 octaves, nearly twice that of humans.
Mammals are a group of vertebrates that make up the class Mammalia, which in females are characterized by the presence of mammary glands. The mammary glands produce milk for the female to nourish her offspring, the neocortex, fur or hair, and her three middle ear bones.
With the exception of sharks and some tuna, most fish are not warm-blooded and therefore not mammals. No limbs, fingers, toes, fur, or hair. With the exception of lungfish and snakehead, most cannot breathe the air because they do not have lungs.
My guess is that octopuses aren't mammals. Octopuses are invertebrates and do not have backbones. More specifically, cuttlefish are cephalopods, the same as octopuses and cuttlefish. They are one of the smartest invertebrates.
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which scriptures describe a biologic law of reproduction for which no exception has ever been documented?
The scriptures that describe a biologic law of reproduction for which no exception has ever been documented are: Genesis 1:24.
What is the biologic law of reproduction ?
The biological law of reproduction states that each species of living organism will reproduce according to its own kind. This law states that offspring will be genetically similar to their parents and other members of their species. This law is also known as the law of heredity or the law of "like begets like".
What is the Genesis 1:24?
Genesis 1:24 reads: "And God said, “Let the land produce living creatures according to their kinds: the livestock, the creatures that move along the ground, and the wild animals, each according to its kind.”
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A plant cell is placed in a solution whose solvent concentration is twice as great as the concentration of the cell cytoplasm. The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing water but not the solutes to pass through what will happen to the cell?.
The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing water but not the solutes to pass through because (D) the cell will shrivel because of the active transport of water.
Osmosis is the process by which solvent molecules move from a lower concentration to a higher concentration, or from a less concentrated solution to a highly concentrated solution, over a semipermeable membrane. The osmosis process involves the movement of water. Water travels passively from a lower concentration of solute to a high solute concentration during the osmosis process.
Osmosis is another name for the diffusion of water or a solvent through a membrane, which only permits specific substances to pass through the channel. Osmosis is a passive process, thus ATP is not needed for it to take place.
The active movement of water will cause the cell to shrink as a result. Option D is correct as a result.
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the specific location where a substrate fits/connects to an enzyme is called the:______
The area of an enzyme's active site is where substrate molecules interact and a chemical reaction takes place. The active site of an enzyme is the precise area where a substrate attaches or fits.
Amino acid residues that are present in the active site take part in the enzyme's catalytic process. The Amino acids employed for substrate binding may be the same or distinct from other Amino acids. disruption of catalysis but not substrate binding using site-directed mutagenesis. The active site of an enzyme is composed of specific amino acid R groups and offers a distinct chemical environment (residues). This particular environment is ideal for transforming certain chemical reactants for that enzyme, known as substrates, into unstable intermediates, or transition states.
So, the area of an enzyme where substrate molecules interact and undergo a chemical reaction is known as the active site. The active site of an enzyme is the precise area where a substrate attaches or fits.
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local watershed carries runoff from farms, suburban lawns, and wastewater treatment plants into local rivers, which run into a local bay. how could this affect the health of the bay? there will be a decrease in nitrogen and therefore an increase in aquatic life. there will be a decrease in dissolved oxygen and therefore a decrease in fish. there will be lower nitrogen levels and therefore fewer algae blooms. there will be less pollution and therefore an increase in biodivers
Oligodendrocytes serve the same purpose in the cns that satellite cells do in the pns.T/F
The assertion is false. In the CNS, oligodendrocytes perform the same function as Schwann cells do in the PNS. The CNS's internal cavities are lined with ependymal cells. Neurons predominate over neuroglia in the brain.
In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which is generated from the neural crest, Schwann cells are the oligodendrocyte counterpart. Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells both play a key role in protecting and supporting axons.
The location is the main distinction. The peripheral nervous system is myelinated by Schwann cells, whereas the central nervous system is myelinated by oligodendrocytes. Additionally, oligodendrocytes have the ability to myelinate many axons, whereas Schwann cells can only do so for one axon per cell.
We can therefore conclude that the assertion is untrue. Similar to how satellite cells function in the PNS, oligodendrocytes have a function in the CNS. The interior cavities of the CNS are lined with ependymal cells. In the brain, neurons outnumber neuroglia in terms of density.
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The mohorovicic discontinuity is the _______.
a. division between the lithosphere and asthenosphere
b. boundary between solid and molten rock
c. transition from granitic to basaltic crust
d. boundary where crust gives way to mantle
The transition between the Earth's crust and mantle is known as the Mohorovicic discontinuity, often known as the Moho discontinuity or the Moho.
What components make up the Mohorovicic discontinuity?As you are surely aware, the earth's crust and mantle are separated by the Mohorovicic Discontinuity. It would be constructed of many elements, including oxygen, iron, sodium, silicon, and aluminum. Rocks that make up the Earth's crust and mantle would contain these elements.
Is the Mohorovicic Discontinuity the name of the crust-mantle boundary?The line between the crust and mantle is known as the Mohorovicic Discontinuity or Moho. This barrier is situated at a depth of the Earth's surface of about 2891 kilometers. The discontinuity in seismic wave velocities at that depth allows for the observation of the boundary.
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Answer:
The answer is d.
Explanation:
correct on edge
which components do not aid to separate the csf and brain ecf from chemicals and disease-causing organisms of the blood?
Components that do not aid to separate the CSF and brain ECF from chemicals and disease-causing organisms of the blood include the blood-brain barrier, the choroid plexus, and the ependyma.
Components that do not aid to separate the CSF and brain ECF from chemicals and disease-causing organisms of the blood are the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB). The BBB is a specialized structure formed by tightly packed endothelial cells that form a continuous layer between the capillaries of the circulatory system and the brain parenchyma. Its primary function is to protect the brain from potentially harmful substances that circulate in the blood. The BCSFB is a specialized barrier formed by the choroid plexus, a specialized capillary network that is located between the ventricles of the brain and the CSF. Its primary function is to filter and protect the CSF from potentially harmful substances in the blood. Both of these barriers serve to protect the brain and CSF from potentially harmful substances in the blood, but they do not aid in separating the CSF and brain ECF from chemicals and disease-causing organisms of the blood.
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