Look at the drawing of a normal strand of mRNA and a mutation that takes place in the strand of mRNA.

What type of mutation has occurred?


A substitution of the cysteine polypeptide with the stop polypeptide has caused the mRNA strand to delete the code for alanine.

B
An insertion of an adenine base has caused changes in every amino acid on the mRNA strand following the point of insertion

C
An insertion of an adenine base has caused the mRNA strand to code for a stop codon.

D
A substitution of the uracil base with an adenine base has caused the codon for cysteine to be change to a stop codon.

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) concentration rises during the proper stage of PKA activation. CAMP then binds to two regulatory subunits, changing the enzyme's structure.

The autologous sequence departs from the catalytic subunits' active site, leaving the catalytic sites open to conduct the numerous PKA processes.

Two identical subunits (C) and two identical regulatory subunits make up Protein Kinase A's inactive form (R). The catalytic sites of the catalytic subunits are occupied by two auto-inhibitory sequences of the regulatory subunits. after the adenylyl cyclase process.

The catalytic subunits of PKA are activated by two molecules of cAMP, which bind to the regulatory subunits and cause conformational changes that cause the complex to separate. This causes the substrates to be phosphorylated in various subcellular compartments.

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Transfer of nuclear contents into oocytes or fusion with embryonic stem (ES) cells can reprogramme differentiated cells to an embryonic-like state.

A. Induced pluripotent stem cells can become any cell type in the body, but are from adults, avoiding the controversies associated with

embryonic stem cells

B. Induced pluripotent stem cells are the only type of stem cell that's truly pluripotent.

C. Induced pluripotent stem cells may become any cell type in the body, but are fraught with ethical questions over their use.

D. Induced pluripotent stem cells are derived from adult cells and therefore may have DNA abnormalities, allowing scientists to understand the effects of sun exposure or toxins on DNA.

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Cellular respiration continue in the cell at mitochondria. During cellular respiration, it process begins in the cytoplasm and completed in a mitochondria.

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Environmental factors can play an important role in the development of genetic mutations. Models have been developed to demonstrate how environmental factors interact with an organism's genetic code and can result in changes that can be passed on to the next generation.

The models support the idea that genetic mutations may arise from environmental factors by showing how environmental factors can interact with the genetic code of an organism. For example, environmental factors such as:

These can interact with DNA, leading to changes in the genetic code. These changes can then result in mutations that can be passed on to the next generation. The models also show how certain genetic changes can result in beneficial adaptations that help organisms survive in their environment.

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Answer: independent assortment and crossing over during meiosis, and random union of gametes during fertilization

Explanation:

If you mated a heterozygous male with a heterozygous female The phenotypes of the offspring would be 25% black feathers, 50% gray feathers, and 25% white feathers.

If we cross Bb with Bb (heterozygous male with a heterozygous female)

      B          b

B    BB       Bb

b    Bb       bb

We are aware that both males and females are heterozygous, which means that their alleles differ, so one would be dominant and the other would be recessive. Thus, Bb would be the same for both men and women, as in the punnet square. We get BB, Bb, Bb, and bb if we cross them. Therefore, black feathers, or BB, account for 25% of that. We have 25% white feathers (bb) and 50% gray feathers (Bb). Therefore,

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False . sequences that are conserved, that is, similar in many different organisms, are unlikely to be functionally important

In biology, an organism is any natural, living organism that functions as an individual entity. Organisms are composed of cells. Organisms are categorized by way of taxonomy into corporations which include multicellular animals, plants, and fungi; or unicellular microorganisms including protists, bacteria, and archaea.

Residing matters are divided into five kingdoms: animal, plant, fungi, protest, and monera.

An organism is defined as an entity with existence. Each living thing and non-living thing are basically made of molecules. But, a living issue can be identified from an inanimate item by way of its distinctive traits. as an example, an organism is made up of 1 or greater cells.

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Heartworm microfilariae are first-stage larvae.

A mosquito is required for microfilariae to develop into infectious larvae. The infectious larvae are transferred to the dog through the bite wound when the infected mosquito attacks another dog. It takes approximately 6 to 7 months in a freshly afflicted dog. Heartworm development goes through the first larval stage (L1) and second larval stage (L2) within a mosquito. The mosquito finds a host and bites it, depositing the larvae under the skin at the bite site once the larvae have reached the infectious third larval stage (L3). it takes this for the heartworm larvae to develop into adult heartworms.

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The size of the dna allows this process to occur DNA fragments can be separated out by size using gel electrophoesis.

Gel electrophoresis is an experimental method for separating mixtures of DNA, RNA, or proteins by molecular size. In gel electrophoresis, molecules to be separated are forced into a gel containing small pores by an electric field. DNA molecules have the same amount of charge per mass.

For this reason, DNA fragments are separated only by size in gel electrophoresis. DNA is negatively charged. So when an electric current is applied to the gel, the DNA migrates to the positively charged electrode. Fragments are ordered by size because short DNA strands migrate through the gel faster than long strands.

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Answer:

12 chromosomes

Explanation:

If a cell has 24 chromosomes before cell division then daughter cell resulting from mitotic division will have 24 chromosomes while daughter cell resulting from the meiotic division will contain 12 chromosomes each.

Though scientists previously believed that domestic dogs evolved from Canis Lupus, the gray wolf, genetic analysis indicates that they evolved from a now-extinct species.

The Canis lupus, the gray wolf, and Canis familiaris, the domestic dog have so many common characteristics. However, after research, the origin seems to be slightly different according to scientists.

The dog was domesticated about 23,000 years ago by the people of Northern Eurasia at that time. This was far much later after its complete evolution. The evolution of the dog can be traced back to a common ancestor as the wolf but they belong to different classes according to the new discovery.

Since the newly discovered species of the ancestors of the dog is extinct, not much is known about them except a reconstruction of how they might have looked like.

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In the Breakthrough Energy Catalyst video case, investments are being made to develop technologies to convert biological inputs, including municipal waste, into sustainable aviation fuel which is therefore denoted as option A.

This is referred to as any material such as coal, gas etc that can be made to react with other substances so that it releases energy as thermal energy and used for various types of work.

Investments are being made to develop technologies to convert biological inputs, including municipal waste, into sustainable aviation fuel which would have different forms of advantages.

It will ensure that aviation fuel is cheap due to the high volume which would be made available to the users and helps to prevent wastage thereby making it the correct choice.

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Genetics is the study of heredity, so the correct answer is that the study of heredity is called genetics. The correct answer is option A, which is true in relation to the fact that genetics is the study of heredity.

Genetics is a branch of biology that studies the pattern of heredity and how traits are passed down from generation to generation. The dominant and recessive characteristics, as well as genetic diseases, are inherited from parents to offspring due to heredity, and the gametes are formed due to the meiosis process.

Hence, genetics is the study of heredity. The correct answer is option A.

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The byproducts of burning hydrocarbons include water and carbon dioxide. Numerous hydrocarbons are used as fuel because they burn with a lot of heat energy emitted.

Gas grills frequently use gaseous hydrocarbon propane (C3H8) as their fuel source. Through the burning of the fuel, fossil fuels may be converted into energy. Even though fossil fuels include impurities, the main method of burning them is hydrocarbon combustion.

Less negative effects on the environment and financial rewards are the two key benefits of hydrocarbon refrigerants. In the end, hydrocarbon delivers more effective cooling than substitute HFC refrigerants, and Minus40 is pushing the industry into a new era of sufficiency.

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Project Management Closure are final stage of this life cycle .This vital step in the project management life cycle allows the team to evaluate and document the project and move on to the next one, using previous project mistakes and successes to build stronger processes and more successful teams.

What is data project life cycle?

In simple terms, a data science life cycle is nothing but a repetitive set of steps that you need to take to complete and deliver a project/product to your client

By working through each of these phases in turn, project managers can successfully progress their project from start to finish. The five stages of the project life cycle are:

Thus final stage of life cycle is Closing (project closure phase).

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Parasympathetic division and Sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system innervate the alimentary tract of the digestive system.

The autonomic nervous system is a peripheral nervous system component that controls involuntary physiologic processes such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal. It is divided into three anatomical divisions: sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric.

All "automatic" body functions, such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, sweating, mouth-watering (salivating), and food movement through the intestines, are controlled by the autonomic nervous system (peristalsis). The hypothalamus is the primary brain site for autonomic nervous system central control, and the paraventricular nucleus is the primary hypothalamic site for this control. The dorsal longitudinal fasciculus is the main autonomic control pathway from the hypothalamus.

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If both parents are heterozygous for height (Tt), then the ratio of the genotype is 1TT : 2Tt : 2TT and the phenotype of the offspring is 3 tall : 1 short.

A cross between parents is heterozygous for height (Tt), where T is the dominant gene and t is the recessive dominant. The gametes formed from the two parents are T and t.

Offspring produced by crossing heterozygous parents with height (Tt), allows them to have three types of genotypes namely TT, Tt, and tt with a ratio of 1:2:1.

The phenotypes of these offspring were 3 tall of 4 offspring and 1 short of 4 offspring. The ratio can be written 3: 1

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Molecules in the glycolysis pathway based on whether they are intermediates or products in the first half of the pathway that requires energy.

Intermediates in the first half of the pathway - Glucose - 6-Phosphate, Fructose- 6- Phosphate, Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate, dihydroxy acetone phosphate

Intermediates in the second half of the pathway - 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate,3-Phosphoglycerate, 2-Phosphoglycerate, Phosphoenolpyruvate

there are 2 Phages in Glycolysis 1) Preparatory phase where ATP is consumed 2) Payoff phase where ATP is released

Reactions in Preparatory Phase -

1) Glucose converted into Glucose - 6-Phosphate by hexokinase

2) Glucose-6-Phosphate converts into Fructose- 6- Phosphate by Phosphohexose isomerase

3) Fructose-6-Phosphate converts into Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate by Phosphofructokinase

4) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate converts into Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate and dihydroxy acetone phosphate by Aldolase.

then dihydroxy acetone phosphate converts into Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate . Preparatory phase endsup with 2molecules of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate.

Payoff phase

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate converts into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate by triose phosphate dehydrogenase

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate converts into 3-Phosphoglycerate

3-Phosphoglycerate converts into 2-Phosphoglycerate by Phosphoglyceromutase

2-Phosphoglycerate converts into Phosphoenol Pyruvate by Enolase

Phosphonyl Pyruvate converts into Pyruvate-by-Pyruvate Kinase.

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The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla.

The hepatopancreatic ampulla is also known as the ampulla of Vater. It is a duct that forms where the pancreatic duct and common bile duct unite. The hepatopancreatic ampulla is found in the inner wall of the duodenum. This duct is made up of hepatopancreatic sphincter. The hepatopancreatic sphincter is helpful in regulating the flow of bile and pancreatic juice through the ampulla and major duodenum papilla.

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A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of nerve impulses is b. The ratio between Intracellular and extracellular K+.

This ratio is important for nerve impulse transmission and conduction, maintaining normal cardiac rhythms, and skeletal and smooth muscle contraction.

According to the Nernst relationship, the membrane potential required to maintain electrochemical equilibrium (EK) would be less negative if the outside K+ concentration were increased from 4 to 40 mM. This is because there would be less of a chemical gradient driving K+ out of the cell.

Due to the presence of more potassium (K+) ions than sodium (Na+) ions, the cell membrane of a neuron is said to be polarized with a net negative charge within at resting potential (absence of stimulus).

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(complete question)

A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of nerve impulses is the ratio between:

a.

Intracellular and extracellular Na+

b.

Intracellular and extracellular K+

c.

Intracellular Na+ and extracellular K+

d.

Intracellular K+ and extracellular Na+

Muscles is the internal structures of animals are specifically adapted to use contraction to cause movement.

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The testosterone that Katie's testes produced when she was born did not affect her cells in any way.  To generate progeny, earthworms can fertilize one another.

Doctors simply needed to implant the replacement gene into bone marrow cells because there was only one gene to replace. Despite having XY chromosomes, children with AIS lack the ability to respond to testosterone due to an inherited genetic disorder (the sex hormone). The formation of the male sex is therefore not occurring normally. The genitalia seems female or undersized. Also not internally developed are an ovary or a womb. In general, females have two X chromosomes (XX), whereas males typically have an X and a Y chromosome (XY). Although AIS patients inherit a genetic change that inhibits their bodies from responding to testosterone, they have XY chromosomes (the sex hormone). This indicates that male sex development does not proceed normally.

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Enzymes stabilize the transition state and decrease its free energy is correct statement.

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The neurons in these sensory pathways are called the first-order, second-order, and third-order neurons, respectively. First-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion.

Numerous nerve fibers in the central nervous system (CNS) band together to build pathways between its various components. The CNS's communication highways are represented by these neural pathways. They can be found only in the brain and connect various parts of it, or they can connect the brain and the spinal cord. The ascending and descending tracts are the names of the neural networks that connect the brain and spinal cord. Afferent neurons make up first-order neurons. The spinal/dorsal root ganglion receives sensory information from the receptors via the peripheral nerve. First-order neuron bodies in the ganglia send their axons to the spinal cord's posterior grey horn. Here, it connects with third-order neurons, which are located in the subcortical regions of the brain, including the thalamus, and second-order neurons that rise via the spinal cord. The neuronal impulse is picked up by these third-order neurons, who then send it to the cerebral cortex.

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The denature protein widely known that alcohols may have sturdy results on protein structures.

For example, monohydric methanol and ethanol generally denature, while polyhydric glycol and glycerol protect, protein structures.

Alcohol denatures a protein specifically through disrupting the intramolecular hydrogen bonding among the facet chains, that's crucial to hold the tertiary protein shape.

The retailers maximum regularly used for this reason are urea and guanidinium chloride. These molecules, due to their excessive affinity for peptide bonds, destroy the hydrogen bonds and the salt bridges among fantastic and terrible facet chains, thereby abolishing the tertiary shape of the peptide chain.

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Cardiac muscle and visceral smooth muscle are two forms of muscle that require extracellular fluid to contract.

In biology, extracellular fluid is bodily fluid that is not confined within cells. It is found in blood, lymph, body cavities bordered with serous (moisture-exuding) membrane, brain and spinal cord cavities and channels, and muscular and other body tissues.

Extracellular fluid is made up of blood plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph, and transcellular fluid (e.g. cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, aqueous humour, serous fluid, gut fluid, etc.). The principal components of extracellular fluid are interstitial fluid and blood plasma.

Extracellular fluids are classified into three types: interstitial compartments, intravascular compartments, and transcellular compartments.

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An increase in a protein's synthesis. Due to their repetitious and mobile character, transposable rudiments( TEs) can affect genome malleability both passively and laboriously.

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The immune system is capable of mounting specific responses to particular microorganisms because the body contains an enormous diversity of lymphocytes, each with the ability to respond to a different antigen (Option C).

The diversity of lymphocytes refers to the different types of antibodies that these immune cells may hold, which are required to produce an effective immune response.

Therefore, with this data, we can see that the diversity of lymphocytes is a key issue in fighting against diverse antigenic agents such as bacteria and viruses.

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