Ligaments contain Dense connective tissue.
The fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones is known as a liggament. It is also referred to as articular larua, fibrous liggament, or true liggament.
Because they are made of connective tissue, ligaments are similar to tendons and fasciae. The distinction between them is in the connections they make: ligaments connect one bone to another, tendons connect muscle to bone, and fasciae connect muscles to other muscles. All of these are found in the human body's skeletal system. Liggaments cannot be naturally regenerated; however, there are periodontal liggament stem cells located near the periodontal liggament that are involved in adult regeneration of periodontist liggament.
Tendons are fibrous connective tissues that connect muscle to bone. Tendons can also connect muscles to structures like the eyeball. A tendon moves the bone or structure.
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where does much of the seafood we eat begin life? 2.what do our oceans control? 3.what is the name of the project designed to reveal the oceans to the world? 4.how much acropora palmate remains in the florida keys?
The ocean has a big impact on the climate and weather on Earth. 70% of the earth's surface is made up of water. Our weather patterns and the slow, subtle changes in our climate are driven by this enormous reservoir, which continuously exchanges heat, moisture, and carbon with the atmosphere.
Oceans provide us with food, control our climate, and produce the majority of the oxygen we breathe. Additionally, they support industries like tourism, fishing, and international shipping, serving as the cornerstone for a large portion of the global economy. Hydrogen ions are released by carbonic acid, and when they interact with the carbonate in seawater, they create bicarbonate, a form of carbon that is difficult for the ocean to lose. The ocean takes in more carbon dioxide as a result of fossil fuel combustion and rising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels in order to maintain equilibrium.
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Hemoglobin is the protein that transports o2 through the blood from the lungs to the rest of the body. in doing so, each molecule of hemoglobin combines with four molecules of o2. if 1.00 g of hemoglobin combines with 1.53 ml of o2 at 37°c and 743 torr, what is the molar mass of hemoglobin?
The Molar mass of hemoglobin will be 67992 g/mol.
According to the relation between Pressure, volume and temperature, the equation is given as:
PV = nRT ... (1)
Where "P" signifies pressure, "V" signifies volume, "R" signifies gas constant, "T" signifies temperature and "n" signifies number of moles.
P = 743/760 = 0.987 atm
T = 273 + 37 = 310 K
R = 0.08206 L⋅atm/mol⋅K
Substituting the values of pressure and temperature in equation (1), we get:
n = [0.987 * 1.99* 10^(-3)] / (0.08206 * 310)
n = [7.65 * 10^(-5)] moles of oxygen
Since, Number of moles of hemoglobin is one fourth of moles of oxygen. This implies that,
number of moles of hemoglobin = (1/4) * [7.65 * 10^(-5)]
number of moles of hemoglobin = 1.912 * 10^(-5) moles
Molar mass of hemoglobin is equal to weight of hemoglobin divided by number of moles of hemoglobin
Molar mass of hemoglobin = 1.30 / [1.912 * 10^(-5)] g/mol
Molar mass of hemoglobin = 67992 g/mol
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explain what happens in the skeletal muscle sarcomere to result in the changes in active, passive, and total force when the resting muscle length is changed.
Maximum overlap is reached along with an active force in the skeletal muscle sarcomere. Due of titin's elastic recoil, passive increases. Actin/myosin overlap causes a decrease in active.
The distinct predictions of the tetanic force-length relationship of skeletal muscle made by the sliding filament and cross-bridge theories of muscle contraction have been put to the test in experiments. When the filament overlap is optimum, the active force produced by a maximally activated single fibre (with sarcomere length control) is optimal, and it decreases correspondingly when overlap is reduced. Because skeletal muscle has a static force-length relationship, it cannot foresee the effects of dynamic contractions. The active force is modulated during muscular contraction as a result of changes in sarcomere length, which is a phenomenon that is not always predicted by the cross-bridge theory.
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Consider a population of wildflowers in which the frequency of the red allele CR is p = 0.7.
What is the frequency of the white allele (CW ) in this population?
0
0.3
0.49
0.7
Part B
This Punnett square shows allele combinations for all possible genetic crosses in the wildflower population described in Part A.
CR
p = 0.7
CW
q = 0.3
CR
p = 0.7
CR CR
?
CR CW
?
CW
q = 0.3
CRCW
?
CWCW
?
What are the expected genotype frequencies in the offspring generation?
What are the expected genotype frequencies in the offspring generation?
0.49 CRCR (red flowers), 0.42 CRCW (pink flowers), 0.09 CWCW (white flowers)
0.49 CRCR (red flowers), 0.21 CRCW (pink flowers), 0.30 CWCW (white flowers)
0.09 CRCR (red flowers), 0.21 CRCW (pink flowers), 0.42 CWCW (white flowers)
0.09 CRCR (red flowers), 0.42 CRCW (pink flowers), 0.09 CWCW (white flowers)
An allele frequency is computed by dividing the total number of copies of all the alleles at that specific genetic locus in the population by the number of times the allele of interest is observed in a population. The decimal, percentage, or fractional forms of allele frequencies are all acceptable.
How are the frequencies of the p and q alleles determined?
A representative sample of people from a community can be used to determine the values of p and q by simply counting the alleles and dividing by the total number of alleles analyzed. Homozygotes will account for twice as many copies of an allele as heterozygotes.
How are population frequencies determined?
The frequency of an allele in a population is referred to as its allele frequency. It is calculated by dividing the number of gene copies by the number of times the allele occurs in the population.
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In horses, black coat (b) is dominant over brown coat (b), and trotter (t) is dominant over the recessive allele pacer (t). Fill in the missing genotypes in the punnett square of the offspring of this dihybrid cross in horses.
Punnett square is used to calculate the dihybrid cross between two different parents with two different phenotypes. Genotypes of one of them is a heterozygous dominant and the other is a heterozygous recessive. The visualization using a Punnett square below is for the second generation of the dihybrid cross.
Dihybrid Cross Example
Mendel was using peas and observe two traits of them, which is colors and shapes. Round-yellow peas are crossed with wrinkled-green peas. The result of the first generation was round-yellow peas. This means yellow and round are the dominant phenotypes.
In this case, trotter-black coat horses are a dominant phenotype with genotype BBTT.
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Malonyl-coa is an intermediate in fatty acid synthesis. it also regulates fatty acid metabolism.a. Trueb. False
Malonyl-coa is an intermediate in fatty acid synthesis. It also regulates fatty acid metabolism. The above statement is true.
When in a catabolic condition and not eating, the liver produces ketones by metabolizing fatty acids. This safeguards the brain during the nighttime fast or extended hunger periods because the brain cannot metabolize fatty acids. We published a report in the JCI in 1977 describing the startling discovery that malonyl-CoA, the building block of fatty acid synthesis, also inhibited fatty acid oxidation.
This discovery has been supported by further research, which has improved our knowledge of molecular metabolism. Only the liver engages in ketogenesis, which is the oxidation of long-chain fatty acids to produce acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. When there is not enough glucose produced, the body switches to a lipid-based economy. Ketone synthesis is protective since the brain cannot metabolize fatty acids for energy.
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When the sympathetic nervous system is triggered, glycogen is broken down to glucose to provide more energy.
a. true
b. false
When the sympathetic nervous system is triggered, glycogen is broken down to glucose to provide more energy. This statement is True.
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is one of the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the others being the parasympathetic nervous system and the enteric nervous system. The enteric nervous system is sometimes considered a component of the autonomic nervous system and other times as a separate system.
The autonomic nervous system regulates the unconscious actions of the body. The primary function of the sympathetic nervous system is to stimulate the body's fight or flight response. It is, however, constantly active at a fundamental level in order to maintain homeostasis. To the extent that they actually exist.
Many homeostatic mechanisms in living organisms are up- and down-regulated by the sympathetic nervous system. SYNS fibers innervate tissues in almost every organ system, regulating functions as diverse as pupil diameter, gut motility, and urinary system output and function.
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complete the following sentence correctly. the membrane of a neuron contains many more __________ leak channels than __________ leak channels, and this causes the resting membrane potential to be somewhat near to the equilibrium potential for __________.
The potassium and sodium cations can diffuse down their concentration gradients because the cell has leaky channels that allow them to do so. The number of potassium leakage channels in neurons is significantly higher than that of sodium leakage channels.
Which ion's cell membrane leak channels are the most numerous?Ion channels that mostly pass through K+ are perhaps the most prevalent. Almost all animal cells have these channels in their plasma membranes. Since a significant portion of K+ channels remain open even in an unstimulated cell, they are sometimes referred to as K+ leak channels.
Are neurons equipped with leak channels?A lot of potassium leaks out of the neuron through potassium leakage channels because the neuron cell membrane is extremely permeable to potassium ions (holes in the cell wall).
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Abnormal crackle-like lung sounds heard through a stethoscope during inspiration.
a. True
b. False
Abnormal crackle-like lung sounds heard through a stethoscope during inspiration: a. True
A crackle is an abnormal crackle-like lung sound heard through a stethoscope during inspiration (breathing in).
Inspirational humans are folks that can set a purpose and do everything in their energy to reap it. It takes a whole lot of willpower to at least one's passions to achieve your dreams. folks that adopt this trait can use it to empower the ones around them.
Derived from the Latin word “inspirare,” meaning to “breathe into,” proposal is the feeling of being mentally inspired to occur what we want to create. Being stimulated can give you the ideas and desire you want to: resolve complicated issues. increase something new and thrilling.
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at which stage of the general adaptation syndrome does the body attempts to repair any damage and return to a condition of stability and equilibrium?
According to the research, the correct answer is resistance. The stage of the general adaptation syndrome where the body attempts to repair any damage and return to a condition of stability and equilibrium is called resistance.
What is the general adaptation syndrome?According to Hans Selye, stress is a dependent variable that consists of a set of adaptive functional responses of the organism to any aggressive stimulus, its stages are:
AlarmResistanceExhaustionIn this sense, the resistance stage refers to adaptation, given the persistence of stimuli, the organism overcomes the initial balance, adapting and acquiring a state of resistance higher than that of the alarm phase.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, in the resistance stage of the stage of the general adaptation syndrome, processes are developed adapting to the stressor.
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To break a chemical bond, particles need to collide with a certain amount of
energy.
atoms.
molecules.
chemicals.
To break a chemical bond, particles need to collide with a certain amount of energy, which is present in the first option. the energy required to carry out a particular chemical reaction.
What is the activation energy?
The energy is required to break the chemical bond, and sometimes the energy is required to make the bond, such as in the endothermic reaction. The activation energy is the minimum amount of energy required to break the bond in a chemical reaction.
Hence, to break a chemical bond, particles need to collide with a certain amount of energy, which is present in the first option.
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Answer:
a. energy
Explanation:
To break a chemical bond, particles need to collide with a certain amount of
energy.
for what reason might the id50 for salmonella typhi decrease when a rat simultaneously ingests sulfa drugs with the pathogen?
The answer is b) The antimicrobial interferes with the microbiome enabling the pathogen to more easily establish infection.
Resistance against foreign microbial colonization is crucially provided by the gut microbiome. Antimicrobial resistance (AR) is provided by the gut microbiota through a variety of processes that include the release of antimicrobial compounds, food competition, support of the integrity of the gut barrier, and the use of bacteriophages. However, bacterial intestinal infections are a significant contributor to disease worldwide, suggesting that the microbiota's role in CR can be compromised and rendered ineffective. Drugs like antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, antidiabetics, and antipsychotics might alter the microbiota's makeup and perhaps disrupt the CR as a result, opening the door for exogenous pathogens to colonize the gut and eventually lead to infection.
The complete question is:
For what reason might the ID50 for Salmonella Typhi decrease when a rat simultaneously ingests sulfa drugs with the pathogen?
a) It would not; the ID50 goes up.
b) The antimicrobial interferes with the microbiome enabling the pathogen to be a more easily established infection.
c) There would not be an effect on the ID50.
d) The antimicrobial inactivates stomach acid and allows the pathogen to more readily pass to the intestine.
e) Salmonella Typhi becomes stronger in the presence of sulfa drugs.
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What does socrates do in socrates, condemned to death, addresses his judges, also known as apologia (the apology)? socrates refuses to abandon his course of questioning and challenging answers. Socrates abandons his course of questioning and challenging answers. Socrates deserts his course of questioning and challenging answers. Socrates leaves his course of questioning and challenging answers.
In Socrates, Condemned to Death, Addresses His Judges, also known as Apologia (The Apology), according to my understanding of Socrates, Socrates continues to pose questions and offer challenging responses.
Because of his contributions to the development of ancient Greek philosophy, which paved the path for Western philosophy, Socrates of Athens is regarded as one of the most famous individuals in history. In Socrates, Condemned to Death, Addresses His Judges, commonly known as Apologia (The Apology), Socrates, who is condemned to death, maintains his line of inquiry and challenging responses.
Before the jury, Socrates questions why he should have been so eager to continue his line of philosophical investigation if the resentment it has garnered him has endangered his life. He responds to his own query by stating that the only pertinent consideration while acting is whether or not one is doing justly. In comparison to thoughts of justice, issues of life and death are self-serving and irrelevant.
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how many people in the class are expected to be heterozygous for this locus? round your answer properly to 4 decimal digits. do not round to a whole number.
the proportion of heterozygous people. The proportion of heterozygous people is equivalent to 2pq. In this instance, 2pq is 0.32, which indicates that 32% of people are heterozygous for this gene (2 (0.8)(0.2) = 0.32).
Heterozygous (Aa) carriers are not healthy individuals. They are affected by the illness in the same way as homozygous dominant (AA) people. being completely normal. Genetic counsellors frequently use Punnett squares. You have a heterozygous genotype for that gene if the two versions differ from one another. For instance, having one gene for red hair and one allele for brown hair could indicate that you are heterozygous for hair colour. Which qualities are expressed depends on how the two alleles are related. A diploid creature having two different types of alleles is said to be heterozygous. Homozygous individuals are those who have only one type of allele. An allele is a gene variation that alters the functionality of the protein that the gene codes for.
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what would you assume if you found rna transcripts of lactose-utilizing genes within e. coli? lactose has bound to the lac operon activator. lactose is present in the cell. the lac operon activator protein is present in the cell. the lac operon repressor protein is absent in the cell.
Rna transcripts of lactose-utilizing genes within e. coli indicates the presence of lactose. Thus correct answer (b).
What is operon?
An operon is a collection of genes that all share a single promoter during transcription, found in bateria.There are regulatory DNA sequences in every operon, and these sequences serve as binding sites for regulatory proteins that either encourage or hinder transcription.Regulatory proteins frequently attach to tiny molecules, which can alter the protein's capacity to bind DNA and turn it on or off.Some operons are inducible, which means that a specific tiny molecule can activate them. Others can be turned off by a single molecule and are repressible, which means they are switched on by default.one example of operon is Lac operon of E. coli contains genes involved in lactose metabolism. It's expressed only when lactose is present and glucose is absent.Learn more about the Lac operon with the help of the given link:
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What would you assume if you found RNA transcripts of lactose-utilizing genes within E. coli?
A) Lactose has bound to the lac operon activator.
B) Lactose is present in the cell.
C) The lac operon activator protein is present in the cell.
D) The lac operon repressor protein is absent in the cell.
Why might a scientist choose mitochondrial DNA instead of ribosomal RNA as a molecular clock?
Answer:
How is mtDNA useful as a molecular clock? Scientists use the fact that mtDNA is passed down unshuffled to trace mutations back through many generations in a single species.
Explanation:
What is the relationship between amino acids genes and DNA?
Answer:
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, and proteins are responsible for carrying out functions within the body. Genes are sections of DNA that contain the code for building proteins. DNA is the molecule that contains the genetic information required to build proteins from amino acids.
Explanation:
At short focusing distances, ciliary muscles contract. What effect do these contractions have on the suspensory ligaments?
1) The suspensory ligaments tighten2) The suspensory ligaments relax3) Ciliary muscle contractions have no effect on the suspensory ligaments4) None of the above
The effect do these contractions have on the suspensory ligaments:1) The suspensory ligaments tighten 2).
Ligaments are bands of tough elastic tissue around your joints. They connect bone to bone, supply your joint's aid, and limit their motion. you've got ligaments around your knees, ankles, elbows, shoulders, and different joints. Stretching or tearing them could make your joints volatile.
There are three forms of articulation ligaments: capsular, extracapsular and intracapsular. They vary via their region within a joint.Ligaments and tendons are fibrous bands of connective tissue that connect to bone. Ligaments join extra bones together and help stabilize joints. Tendons connect muscle to bone. Tendons range in size and are rather elastic and attach bones to muscle groups.
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plants are considered primary producers because they convert light energy into chemical energy. animals are considered consumers because they must eat to receive sufficient energy from their environment. how does the big picture illustrate the different modes of obtaining energy?
The different modes of obtaining energy from light energy to chemical energy is shown by food webs.
Food webs demonstrate the flow of energy within a system. Organic matter is produced by plants using energy from the sun. Following that, main consumers eat plants, which are then consumed by secondary consumers, and so forth.
The energy that the Sun first released is absorbed with each step, but it also diminishes with each step. 90% of the energy in the meals that animals eat is used up by them for daily activity. Only 10% of the original energy is now available for the following consumer. As you move up the food chain, its effectiveness declines.
This highlights a crucial element in the allocation of energy in diets for humans as well. consuming food produced by animals and plants at the base of the food chain.
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The area between the presynaptic nerve cell and the postsynaptic muscle cell is termed the synaptic cleft.
a. True
b. False
TRUE, The presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are firstly clearly separated from one another. The synaptic cleft is the term for the space separating the two.
The statement is true
Where can you find the postsynaptic membrane?The postsynaptic dense (PSD), which is often found near the apex of the dendritic spine, is a structural and physiological specialization of postsynaptic membrane that characterizes excitatory synapses.
What is Neurotransmitters ?Neurotransmitters that have been released into the synaptic cleft interact to receptor proteins on the postsynaptic cell's membrane, causing the membrane's ionic channels to either open or close. Another action potential starts whenever these channels open, which causes depolarization.
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In which region did biomass production increase by the highest percentage between 2005 and 2015?
Midwest region did biomass production increase by the highest percentage between 2005 and 2015.
Our ability to produce and process biomass could provide us with a remarkably sustainable source of organic chemicals, organic materials (like biopolymers), and liquid transportation fuels. Despite the fact that there are many alternative sustainable sources of electricity, biomass can aid in the production of electricity sustainably. Biomass is a particularly useful source of both animal and human nourishment.
Bio based industrial products have the ability to serve as the foundation for local and global economic systems that are considerably more just and fair because biomass production is geographically broadly distributed. Additionally, because biomass production occurs all over the world, conflicts over resources like oil may be reduced or perhaps eliminated.
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If a single marble is pulled out of the bag, how many outcomes are in the sample space?.
If a single marble is pulled out of the bag, there will be 6 outcomes are in the sample space.
A sample space is a assortment or a group of potential outcomes of a random experiment. The sample house is painted victimization the image, “S”. The set of potential outcomes of an experiment is named events. A sample house might contain variety of outcomes that depends on the experiment.
In probability, an outcome is a potential results of an experiment or trial. every potential outcome of a selected experiment is exclusive, and completely different outcomes are reciprocally exclusive (only one outcome can occur on every trial of the experiment).
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what membranes of the maculae sacculi and utriculi are important in sensing gravity and motion?
The otolithic membrane the maculae sacculi and utriculi are important in sensing gravity and motion
what is otolith membrane?
The otolithic membrane is a fibrous structure located in the vestibular system of inner ear.
It plays a critical role in brain's interpretation of equilibrium.
The membrane serves to determine if body or the head is tilted, in addition to linear acceleration of the body.
The otoliths are small structures in inner ear used to register gravity and linear acceleration
The semicircular canals allow us to the sense direction and speed of angular acceleration.
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thermogenesis has been studied the plants in the genus arum, including skunk cabbage and the corpse flower. in these plants, what hypotheses have been provided to explain the reason behind thermogenesis? select all that apply
The hypotheses that have been given to explain the reasons behind thermogenesis in the genus Arum are:
protection from frost damageheat source for pollinatorsThermogenesis plants are found in various families, but Araceae contains many of these species. Skunk cabbage, dead horse arum, elephant yam, and Philodendron selloum, are some examples of thermogenic plants belonging to the Araceae family. These plants can generate large amounts of heat that even mammals cannot, and their rate of heat production will increase if they are in a cooler environment.
Thermogenesis plants produce heat to aid in pollination. Heat makes the scent of these flowers more volatile which helps the scent spread more widely so pollinating insects can smell them from afar.
This question has several options
a) protection from frost damage
b) leaf production and photosynthesis.
c) seed germination.
d) heat source for pollinators
c) pollinator attraction.
True choice is A and D
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What are the characteristics of a hormone?
The functions of certain cells or organs are regulated by hormones, which circulate in the circulation.
Some basic characteristics of a hormone are:
They are substances generated chemically by certain endocrine gland cells.Circulation carries them to the desired cells, tissue, or organ.They act according to their kind.They are present in incredibly small numbers. Most of them are soluble in water.They have a light molecular structure.After acting, they are destroyed.They are heterogeneous substances in terms of composition.They can't be kept for a very long period; typically, they are synthesized and secured as needed.Typically, they create hormone receptor complexes in target cells to activate them.Learn more about the characteristics of hormones here:
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Describe how the defect in the Single-Mutant (Sev R7 precursor cell causes the cell to become cone cell instead of a photoreceptor cell. No response entered (c) The scientists predict that the presence of activated Ras in the Double-Mutant (Sev RasD) R7 precursor cell will enable the cell to differentiate into an R7 photoreceptor cell Based on Figure evaluate the likely accuracy of their prediction_ No response entered (d) The Sev RTK is expressed In more cell types than just R7 precursor cells, and It appears to be important in determining the phenotypes of these Other cells. Explain how one receptor can Induce different phenotypes In different cell types: No response entered
The Ras protein cannot bind to Sev RTK, so there is no signaling pathway causing the cell to become a cone cell.
RAS proteins play an important role in normal development. Active RAS promotes cell growth, proliferation, and migration. RAS in normal cells receives and obeys signals to rapidly switch between active (GTP form) and inactive (GDP form) states.
Ras proteins are proto-oncogenes that are frequently mutated in cancers in humans. They are encoded by three genes that are widely expressed: HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS. These proteins are GTPases, which act as molecular switches, regulating pathways involved in cell proliferation and survival. KRAS is the most frequently mutated of the three Ras isoforms, accounting for 75% of Ras-mutant cancers in 19 of the 29 cancer types listed in Table 1.
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The following figure shows the general steps that occur when a researcher uses the CRISPR-Cas9 system to modify a protein-encoding gene in a eukaryotic cell with the goal of modifying the protein product. Drag the descriptions of the steps to their appropriate locations on the figure.
1. Create plasmid expression vectors with genes encoding Cas9 and sgRNA.
2. Introduce the vectors into a eukaryotic cell.
3. The gene expression machinery of the cell produces the Cas9 protein and the sgRNA.
4. The Cas9 protien, guided by sgRNA, binds to its target sequence in the cell's DNA.
5. The Cas9 protien cleaves the target sequence.
6. During the process of DNA break repair, the target sequence may be modified.
7. The modified DNA sequence is transcribed into RNA.
8. the RNA is translated into a modified protien.
1. Create plasmid expression vectors with genes encoding Cas9 and sgRNA.
2. Introduce the vectors right into a eukaryotic cell.
3. The gene expression machinery of the mobile produces the Cas9 protein and the sgRNA.
4. The Cas9 protein, guided with the aid of sgRNA, binds to its goal collection within the cell's DNA.
5. Cas9 cleaves the target sequence.
6. For the duration of the system of DNA ruin restoration, the goal series may be changed.
7. The modified DNA sequence is then transcribed into RNA.
8. The RNA is translated into a modified protein.
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a polymer of polynucleotide chains that coil spherically each one-of-a-kind to form a double helix. The polymer includes genetic instructions for the development, functioning, boom, and replica of all seemed organisms and lots of viruses.
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a polymer of polynucleotide chains that coil spherically each one-of-a-kind to form a double helix. The polymer includes genetic instructions for the development, functioning, boom, and replica of all seemed organisms and lots of viruses.
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what bacterial structure is responsible for allowing improperly processed food to cause botulis
If food is incorrectly handled, Clostridium botulinum produces endospore and under low oxygen levels, they generate botulinum toxin that can be passed to humans (resulting in botulism).
Botulism can manifest as foodborne, neonatal, or wound-related diseases. A bacterium known as Clostridium botulinum typically causes botulism. Paralysis and muscular wasting are symptoms.
Antitoxin is frequently used as part of treatment to stop the toxin from doing further harm.
The extremely hazardous pathogen Clostridium botulinum produces endospores that are extremely resilient and pervasive in the environment. Under the right circumstances, these endospores germinate to become vegetative cells, which multiply and produce the incredibly strong botulinum neurotoxin.
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which method could be used to delete a mutant exon of the dystrophin gene in muscle cells as was demonstrated by genetic therapy for mice with duchenne muscular dystrophy?
Exon skipping therapy generally aims to convert out-of-frame mutations in DMD patients to in-frame variants. A single CRISPR/Cas9 system can fix the exon 2 duplication in DMD myoblasts.
In a different study, defective exon 23 was removed using the CRISPR-Cas9 system in dystrophic animals. The results showed that genome editing restored the expression of dystrophin. Gene transfer to restore dystrophin expression utilising the secure, non-pathogenic adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector is a potential method for curing this fatal condition. CRISPR gene editing techniques for treating DMD can be developed to reduce the loss of genomic DNA. One can create a single sgRNA to abolish either the splice or the mutation rather than employing two sgRNAs flanking a mutant exon.
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Describe the relative numbers of producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers,
and tertiary consumers expected in an ecosystem based on the food chain depicted
below. Use a diagram, if possible, to assist your explanation of the reasons you might
expect the population differences you described.
grass → grasshoppers → mice → snakes
the relative numbers of producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers.
What is energy?energy is ability to do the work.scientist defines energy as the ability to do the work. energy is so necssary for human being. all things need energy to do something.
Here the grass is primary producer as it utilise the sun energy which is the source of energy in the ecosystem
Then the grasshopper is primary consumer as it consume the grass and gets energy from it
Then the mice is secondary consumers as it eats the grasshopper for food and gets energy
And at last the snake is the tertiary consumer as it consume the mice and gets the energy from it
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