Specific functional compounds in polymers can be sensitively detected using infrared spectroscopy (IR). Functional groups like hydroxy, especially when working with hydrocarbon polymers like polystyrenes
Where does polystyrene come from?Appliances, medical equipment, and automotive components all use polystyrene. While its rigid form is employed for housings and casings, polystyrene foam is used as insulation in appliances. The stiff version of this material is also used for housings & casings in electronics.
What sort of material is polystyrene?Polystyrene is a material that comes in three main varieties: foam, normal plastic, and film. Expanded polystyrene (Ps) and extruded polystyrene are two of the various foam kinds (XPS). Styrofoam or packing peanuts are among the most popular and well-known varieties of polystyrene that are included in EPS.
To know more about polystyrene visit:
https://brainly.com/question/912173
#SPJ4
Reactive oxygen intermediates and reactive nitrogen intermediates produced by phagocytic cells are effective in killing invading microorganisms.
a. True
b. False
True Reactive oxygen intermediates and reactive nitrogen intermediates produced by phagocytic cells are effective in killing invading microorganisms.
Helps control microbes and tumors.M cells are specialized cells found in the intestineThey transport antigens across the epithelial barrier to immune cells and initiate immune responses. Known as MICROFOLD CELLS (M cells) Antigens are recognized by the presence of surface receptors.It takes up antigens by endocytosis or phagocytosis and delivers them to immune cells.(FA-goh-site) A type of immune cell that can surround and kill microorganisms, ingest foreign material, and remove dead cells. It can also boost immune responses. Monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils are phagocytes. A phagocyte is a type of white blood cell.
Learn more about phagocytic here : https://brainly.com/question/12977970
#SPJ4
ordan discovered an organism in the back yard that obtains energy by consuming other organisms.Which term best describes the organism?AproducerBautotrophCplantDheterotroph
Based on the information provided, the organism discovered by Jordan is a heterotroph.
Heterotrophs are organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms, either directly by eating them or indirectly by consuming the products of their metabolism. This is in contrast to autotrophs, which are able to produce their own food using sunlight or inorganic chemicals. Heterotrophs can be further divided into different categories based on their mode of nutrition, such as herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores.
Heterotrophs are essential components of many ecosystems, as they play a key role in the food chain by consuming other organisms and providing energy for higher levels of the food chain. Examples of heterotrophs include animals, fungi, and some bacteria.
Learn more about Organisms here:
https://brainly.com/question/17259533
#SPJ4
the number of genes estimated in the human haploid genome is about 21,000. how many genes are present in a zygote?
There are 42,000 genes present in a zygote if the number of genes estimated in the human haploid genome is about 21,000.
The 3 billion base pairs of DNA that make up the human genome are arranged into 23 different chromosomal pairs. There are 6 distinct gene types known to science: 1. 2. complementing genes 3. duplicate genes 4. polymeric genes Gene modification: 5. Lethal Genes: 2, 6, and 7. Transient Genes. Although the precise number of genes in the human genome is unknown, it is believed to be between 21,000 and 25,000.
The number of genes is doubled when two haploid genomes are combined (fertilization)
At all stages of development, the human population has an identical amount of genes. As you develop from a zygote to an embryo to a child to an adult, the number of genes doesn't vary.
For more information on human genes kindly visit to
https://brainly.com/question/18429988
#SPJ4
Which is the best description of a molecule?
A molecule of an element is composed of at least two types of atoms.
A molecule of a compound is composed of only one atom.
A molecule of a compound is composed of at least two atoms.
A molecule of an element is composed of exactly two types of atoms.
Answer:
A molecule of element is composed of at least two types of atoms.
Select the part whose main job is to store nutrients, water, and waste in a plant cell.a. endoplasmic reticulum b. vacuolesc. nucleus
Answer: Vacuoles
Explanation:
cell division that reduces chromosome number from diploid to haploid, reduction division
Cell division that reduces chromosome number from diploid to haploid, reduction division is Meiosis.
Meiosis is a special form of cell division that occurs only in the testes and ovaries. An organ that produces male and female reproductive cells. sperm and egg.A normal somatic cell has a complete set of chromosomes. When the cells of the mother's and father's bodies fuse to produce a baby, the fertilized egg will have double the original number of chromosomes.
Meiosis is sometimes called "meiosis" because it reduces the number of chromosomes by half. So when the sperm and egg fuse, the baby will have the correct number. Therefore, the purpose of meiosis is to produce gametes, sperm and eggs with half the genetic complement of the parent cell. In this example, the diploid somatic cell contains 2n = 4 chromosomes. , two from the mother and two from the father. In humans, 2n = 46 and n = 23.
Learn more about Meiosis here : https://brainly.com/question/25995456
#SPJ4
What is the expected functional consequence of movement of a transposable element within the genome?
All of the listed responses are correct regarding the functional consequence of the movement of a transposable element within the genome.
Increased production of a protein Decreased production of a proteinAbnormal transcription of a geneA gene is the fundamental physical and purposeful unit of heredity. Some genes act as instructions to make molecules referred to as proteins. but, many genes do now not code for proteins.
Our genes incorporate instructions that inform your cells to make molecules referred to as proteins. Every gene includes commands that determine your functions, together with eye color, hair shade and height.
Learn more about Gene here:-https://brainly.com/question/19947953
#SPJ4
Organization:
1. Is your organism unicellular or multicellular? Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Describe the cells.
2. What unique physical characteristics does it have? (Color, shape, size, body systems, etc.)
Response to Stimuli:
3. What type of environment does your organism live in? (Forest, trees, ocean, far away planet, etc.)
4. How does your organism respond to its environment? (In other words, does it have a strong reaction to
light, pain receptors, breathe oxygen, senses, etc.)
Eukaryotic cells are fungi and protists and plants and animals; prokaryotic cells include bacteria Paramecium, a unicellular organism, is prokaryotic Since it is made of many cells, a bacterial colony is a multicellular organism.
(PLEASE ANSWER ASAP!) Use the word bank to fill in the rock cycle steps in the diagram below. You many only use each word 1 time. 2 of the words will not be used at all.
Word Bank:
Erosion, Heat and Pressure, Metamorphic Rock, Magma, Sedimentary Rock, Igneous Rock, Compaction, Melting
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The rock cycle attached is labeled accordingly:
ErosionCompactionSedimentary rockHeat and PressureMetamorphic rockMeltingMagmaCooling.What is the rock cycle and why is it important?The rock cycle describes how the three types of rocks are connected to one another and how processes shift from one type to another through time. This cyclical component causes the rock to alter a geologic cycle as well as a biogeochemical cycle on planets with life.
The degradation of rocks eventually forms the soil in which we grow our plants, and scientists and engineers research the rock cycle in order to find the best energy sources and building materials.
Weathering and erosion, transport, and deposition would all come to a halt if the rock cycle did not exist. Scientists believe that if all of the active processes of the rock cycle stopped, our planet would be unable to support any life.
Learn more about rock cycles:
https://brainly.com/question/15619429
#SPJ1
In animals, what is the difference between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning?
Making genetic clones of complete organisms is known as reproductive cloning. Making genetic clones of tissues or organs in order to restore lost or damaged bodily components is therapeutic cloning.
The intentional creation of individuals who are genetically identical is known as reproductive cloning. Each freshly created person is a duplicate of the original. Twins that are monozygotic are biological clones. Every cell in clones' bodies has identical genetic material in the nucleus, which is where the chromosomes are located. Thus, the DNA and genes in the nuclei of cells from two clones are identical. The goal of therapeutic cloning is to create embryonic cell lines with the same genome as the nuclear donor by transferring separated nuclear material from a somatic cell into an enucleated egg.
Want to know more about cloning visit the link given below;
https://brainly.com/question/12483409
#SPJ4
the molecular mass of myosin light chain 1 is approximately 22 kd. the myosin heavy chain is 200 kd, and actin is 42 kd. which proteins will migrate fastest through the gel? why?
Because smaller proteins can travel through the gel matrix more quickly, the smaller protein (myosin light chain) will migrate the fastest.
Two molecules with a molecular weight of 200,000 make up the myosin molecule, together with a number of smaller polypeptides with molecular weights between 15,000 and 25,000 daltons. The quality of the protein (a damaged result will produce a smear and diminish the intensity), the specificity of the antibody, and the performance quality (the use of blocking solution and several washes will reduce background noise) all affect the intensity of the protein band. Actin and myosin filaments are the two major elements of vertebrate striated muscle sarcomeres. The diameter of the myosin filament is around 300, and its axial repetition measures 1.6 m.
To learn more about myosin click here https://brainly.com/question/14988876
#SPJ4
a mutation that occurs in a somatic cell in an organism will most likely be transferred to?
Germ-line mutations occur in reproductive cells and are passed to an organism's offspring during sexual reproduction.
What is the result of a mutation that occurs in somatic cells?Somatic mutations can occur in any of the cells of the body except the germ cells and therefore are not passed on to children. These alterations can but do not always cause cancer or other diseases.The sperm and egg pass from parents to their children, so the mutation is inherited. You can't inherit somatic mutations because they occur randomly in cells that aren't the sperm or egg.Somatic cells are cells in the body that are not sperm or egg cells (germ cells). Somatic cells in humans are diploid, which means they have two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.Learn more about somatic cells here: brainly.com/question/11348645
#SPJ4
suppose one restriction enzyme (enzyme a) makes three cuts in a circular dna molecule, and another restriction enzyme (enzyme b) makes two cuts in that same dna. the cuts are not in the same place, and the cut fragments are not exactly the same size. the restriction digestion is set up on an electrophoresis gel. how many bands should you observe in the gel if both enzymes a and b are used in the restriction digestion?
Three bands are frequently visible on an agarose gel after uncut plasmid DNA has been extracted. This is because the circular DNA adopts a variety of conformations, the most prevalent of which are supercoiled, relaxed, and nicked.
In gel electrophoresis, how many bands should you expect to see?The answer's key is that a DNA sample will create two or three bands if the DNA has been cut.
How many bands generated from the digested DNA will be visible after gel electrophoresis?Normally, fully digested plasmid DNA only exhibits a single band, which is a linear representation of the plasmid with a lane that is the expected size. Two possible variants of an undigested plasmid may be visible in its lane: CCC dimer and CCC monomer forms.
To know more about agarose gel visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/29213773
#SPJ4
Which internal structures of animals are specifically adapted to use contraction to cause movement?
Answer:
MUSCLES
Explanation:
PLEASE MARK BRAINLEST IF THIS HELPS YOU
what will happen if the ecological relationships on ecosystem stop functioning
A mutualistic relationship between species in an ecosystem allows for ecosystem to thrive, but lack of this relationship could lead to collapse of the entire system
Ecological imbalance is when a natural- or human-caused disturbance disrupts natural balance of an ecosystem.
The balance of an ecosystem can be disrupted by the natural or human-caused disturbances.
If species disappears or new species is introduced it can shift an ecosystem to state of ecological imbalance.
If ecological balance is not maintained:
Disturbances of ecological balance include loss of primary producers, loss of habitat, introduction of invasive species, anthropogenic changes, natural disasters, loss of species diversity.
learn more about ecological relationship at
https://brainly.com/question/449778
#SPJ1
the cambrian explosion occurred 541 million years ago. this event resulted in an increase in _____.
The Cambrian explosion occurred 541 million years ago. this event resulted in an increase in diversity of multicellular organisms.
A multicellular organism, as opposed to a unicellular organism, is one that has more than one cell. All animals, land plants, and most fungi are multicellular, as are many algae, with the exception of slime moulds and social amoebae such as the genus Dictyostelium, which are partially unicellular and partially multicellular. Multicellular organisms form in a variety of ways, including cell division and the aggregation of several single cells.
Colonial organisms form when many identical individuals band together to form a colony. However, it can often be difficult to distinguish colonial protists from truthful multicellular organisms, because the two concepts really aren't distinct; colonial protists have indeed been dubbed "pluricellular" instead of "multicellular".
To know more about the Organisms,here
https://brainly.com/question/12825206
#SPJ4
You decide to compare the genes and dna sequence of a specific chromosome to a homologous chromosome and a nonhomologous chromosome. which of the predictions would you make when comparing the two?
When comparing the genes and DNA sequence of a specific chromosome to a homologous and a non-homologous chromosome the prediction can be made that genes and DNA sequence of the chromosome are similar to that of homologous one.
Genes are the small sections of double stranded DNA that code for group of amino acids that form a particular protein. Each gene is composed of a pair of alleles that may be of same type or of different type.
DNA is the nucleic acid that forms the genetic material of various organisms. It is a double stranded structure in the form of helix. The DNA is composed of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group and the 4 nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine.
To know more about DNA, here
brainly.com/question/12537598
#SPJ4
Place the following events in order starting with the vibration of the oval window and ending with the depolarization of hair cells. Rank the options below. Basilar membrane moves up and down Potassium ions enter hair cell causing depolarization Inner hair cells are pushed against the tectorial membrane Oval window vibrates Pressure wave travels through the perilymph of the scala vestibuli Stereocilia bend and tip-link proteins open potassium channels
The events of hearing mechanisms follows the given order:
Oval window vibrates.Pressure waves travel through the perilymph of the scala vestibuli.Basilar membrane moves up and down.Inner hair cells are pushed against the tectorial membrane.Stereocilia bend and tip - link proteins open potassium channels.Potassium ions enter hair cell causing depolarization.What do you mean by depolarization?
Depolarization or Hypopolarization is a change inside a phone, during which the phone goes through a change in electric charge circulation, bringing about more positive charge inside the phone contrasted with the outside. Depolarization is crucial for the capability of numerous cells, correspondence among cells, and the general physiology of an organic entity.
Activity possible in a neuron, showing depolarization, in which the cell's inside charge turns out to be more positive (more certain), and repolarization, where the interior charge gets back to a more regrettable worth.
Most cells in higher organic entities keep an inner climate that is adversely charged comparative with the cell's outside. This distinction in control is known as the cell's layer potential. During the time spent depolarization, the negative interior charge of the phone briefly turns out to be more sure (more positive). This shift from a negative to a more certain film potential happens during a few cycles, including an activity potential. During an activity potential, the depolarization is enormous to such an extent that the possible distinction across the phone layer momentarily inverts extremity, with within the phone turning out to be decidedly charged.
The adjustment of charge normally happens because of a convergence of sodium particles into a cell, despite the fact that it tends to be interceded by a flood of any sort of cation or efflux of any sort of anion. Something contrary to a depolarization is known as a hyperpolarization.
Use of the expression "depolarization" in science contrasts from its utilization in physical science, where it alludes to circumstances in which any type of extremity ( for example the presence of any electrical charge, whether positive or negative) changes to a worth of nothing.
Depolarization is once in a while alluded to as "hypopolarization".
To know more about depolarization from the given link:
https://brainly.com/question/26502153
#SPJ4
The vibration of a oval window is followed, in chronological order, by the depolarization of hair cells.
1. Oval window vibrates
2. Pressure wave travels through the perilymph of the scala vestibuli
3. Basilar membrane moves up and down
4. Stereocilia bend and tip-link proteins open potassium channels
5. Inner hair cells are pushed against the tectorial membrane
6. Potassium ions enter hair cell causing depolarization
What is oval?
Oval is a shape that is elongated, having two ends that are somewhat pointed and two curved sides. It is similar to a circle, but its ends are more pointed, making it longer horizontally than vertically. It is an important shape in the fields of engineering, architecture, and design. In engineering, it is used to describe the cross-sectional shape of objects such as pipes and tubes. In architecture and design, it is often used as an aesthetic element, such as the curved lines of a chair or the curved edges of a window. It is also commonly used in logos and other graphics.
To learn more about oval
https://brainly.com/question/27913599
#SPJ4
if forward head posture is permitted during the drawing-in maneuver, what muscle may be preferentially activated, leading to poor muscle balance throughout the spine?
The “core” muscles: Multifidus; Transverse Abdominis; Pelvic Floor; Diaphragm. When they work in coordination with each other, they stabilize the spine & pelvis which can aid in the reduction of low back pain.
Nonstructural scoliosis, also known as functional scoliosis, is the form of scoliosis caused by an imbalance in the muscles. Muscles shorten during a concentric contraction, producing force. Muscles extend as a result of eccentric contractions in reaction to a stronger opposing force. The traditional exercise to target the transversus abdominis is the plank, but according to a study by Australian researchers, "the inward movement of the abdominal wall while supine" (also known as doing a hollow hold) may result in even more muscle activation. According to Cesar et al.13), FHP often shortens the SCM muscle in addition to the neck extensor muscles, such as the splenii and upper trapezius. FHP also weakens scapular retractors like the middle trapezius as well as the cervical flexor muscles.
To learn more about Transverse Abdominis click the link below:
brainly.com/question/13021548
#SPJ4
select all that apply. which parts of the ear play a role in balance? group of answer choices tympanic cavity semicircular canals cochlea utricle saccule
semicircular saccule utricle canals
The semicircular canals, which respond to rotating movements (angular acceleration), and the utricle and saccule within the vestibule, which respond to changes in the position of the head with regard to gravity, are the two sets of end organs in the inner ear, or labyrinth (linear acceleration).
The two otolith organs in the vertebrate inner ear are the utricle and saccule. They are a component of the vestibule's membranous labyrinth, which serves as a balancing system for the bony labyrinth (small oval chamber). For the purpose of stimulating hair cells to sense motion and direction, they utilize small stones and a viscous fluid.
When the head is inclined, the utricle detects head motions. The otoliths in the utricle want to slide downward when the head is inclined. This causes the gel to move, stimulating the sensory hairs to alert the brain to the movement's intensity.
Together with the utricle, the saccule is a tiny membrane sac found in the vestibule of the inner ear. It is a component of the membranous labyrinth and plays a significant role in balance and orientation, especially in vertical tilt 1.
Learn more about " semicircular canals " to visit here;
https://brainly.com/question/15873430
#SPJ4
hemophilia a is an x-linked recessive disorder characterized by lack of a functional factor viii, a protein involved in blood clotting. in one population, the frequency of the normal allele, x 1, is 0.98 and the frequency of the mutant allele that causes hemophilia a, x 2, is 0.02.
In this population, hemophilia A affects 2% of the males.
Why is hemophilia A a condition that is X-linked recessive?Due to the fact that males only have one X chromosome, hemophilia is a hereditary condition that is X-linked and recessive in nature. Females are typically carriers since they have an extra X chromosome, however heterozygous carriers frequently exhibit hemophilia symptoms.
Is factor 8 a problem with blood clotting?The Hemophilia is an additional genetic clotting condition that involves factor VIII. Von Willebrand disease, however, affects both sexes equally and is typically more mild than hemophilia, which primarily affects men.
To know more about hemophilia A visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/18916729
#SPJ4
Organisms share many conserved core processes and features, including transcription and translation, using a uniform genetic code. Scientists have used these shared processes and features in biotechnology. For example, for the process of some transformations, a plasmid is constructed when a eukaryotic gene of interest is added with an antibiotic resistant gene such as beta- lactamase, which is used for ampicillin resistance. This plasmid is then inserted into a prokaryotic bacterial cell, such as E. coli, through a transformation process that leads to the production of the product protein from the eukaryotic organism. To culture the bacteria and obtain the protein product, the bacteria must grow. Select the appropriate condition to determine if the plasmid has entered the E. coli bacterial cell.
Using an ampicillin-infused nutrient broth is the proper method for determining whether plasmid has entered the E. coli bacterial cell.
What exactly is antibiotic resistance?Antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics are just a few examples of the medications and other substances referred to as "antimicrobials" that are used to treat and prevent infections.
Antimicrobial Resistance, or AMR, is a defense mechanism created by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites when they alter their structure or function and make antimicrobials useless to them.
This enhances the transmission of infectious diseases and makes it harder to treat the infections they produce. The correct option is C.
To know more about antibiotic visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/10868637
#SPJ4
Question:-
Use the following information to answer the question.
Organisms share many conserved core processes and features, including transcription and translation, using a uniform genetic code. Scientists have used these shared processes and features in biotechnology. For example, for the process of some transformations, a plasmid is constructed when a eukaryotic gene of interest is added with an antibiotic resistant gene such as beta-lactamase, which is used for ampicillin resistance. This plasmid is then inserted into a prokaryotic bacterial cell, such as E . coli, through a transformation process that leads to the production of the product protein from the eukaryotic organism. To culture the bacteria and obtain the protein product, the bacteria must grow.
Select the appropriate condition to determine if the plasmid has entered the E coli bacterial cell. a. nutrient broth to which no antibiotic has been added b. water to which ampicillin has been added c. nutrient broth to which ampicillin has been added d. nutrient broth to which other resistant bacteria have been added
which outcome could be expected in a family that carries an x-linked recessive trait?
Woman that carries an altered gene for X-linked recessive trait have 50 percent chance of having sons affected and a 50 percent chance that daughters will carry one copy of the altered gene.
In general, in X-linked recessive inheritance, daughter carry forward single mutated gene on the X chromosome . The other X chromosome she inherits from the other parent will nullify effect of the mutation, and she will not have the genetic condition.
Hence, X-linked recessive inheritance refers to genetic conditions that associated with mutations in genes on the X chromosome. So ,if the male carrying such a mutation he will be affected because of only one X chromosome.
To learn more about X chromosome , here
brainly.com/question/13251114
#SPJ4
which phenomenon that goes unexplained by lewis structures is solved by applying molecular orbital theory?
The phenomenon that goes unexplained by lewis structures is solved by applying molecular orbital theory is option C which is the paramagnetism of oxygen molecule.
A Lewis Structure is an exceptionally worked-on portrayal of the valence shell electrons in a particle. It is utilized to show how the electrons are organized around individual particles in an atom. Electrons are displayed as "dabs" or holding electrons as a line between the two particles. Lewis figured out the "octet rule" in his cubical particle hypothesis. The octet rule alludes to the propensity of iotas to like to have eight electrons in the valence shell. At the point when molecules have less than eight electrons, they will quite often respond and shape more steady mixtures. Molecules will respond to get in the absolute most stable state.
To learn more about molecular orbital theory,
https://brainly.com/question/3522408
#SPJ4
The reduced coenzymes generated by the citric acid cycle donate electrons in a series of reactions called the electron transport chain. The energy from the electron transport chain is used for oxidative phosphorylation. For each part, select all that apply.
(a) Which compounds donate electrons to the electron transport chain?
1. H2O
2. NADH
3. NAD+
4. ATP
5. ADP
6. O2
7. FADH2
8. FAD
(b) Which of the following is the final electron acceptor?
1. H2O
2. NADH
3. NAD+
4. ATP
5. ADP
6. O2
7. FADH2
8. FAD
(c) Which of the following are the final products of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation?
1. H2O
2. NADH
3. NAD+
4. ATP
5. ADP
6. O2
7. FADH2
8. FAD
The reduced coenzymes generated by the citric acid cycle donate electrons in a series of reactions called the electron transport chain. The answers are as;
a) 1. NADH and 7. FADH2
b) 6. O2
c) 3. NAD+, 1. H2O, 4. ATP and 8. FAD
Oxygen is the ultimate electron acceptor, and it combines with hydrogen ions to produce H2O. This process occurs at the conclusion of the electron transport process.
ATP molecules, which are carriers of energy, would be the final outcome of the oxidative phosphorylation process.
(a) NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the electron transport chain.
(b) O2 is the final electron acceptor.
(c) NAD+, H2O, ATP, and FAD are the final products of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation.
You can also learn about oxidative phosphorylation from the following question:
https://brainly.com/question/29104155
#SPJ4
an young kid develops a regular fever and sudden weight loss. upon extensive lab tests, the primary physician identifies an increased number of lymphocytes. upon further testing, it is revealed that the b lymphocyte count is higher than normal. the diagnosis reached is multiple myeloma. please answer the following questions: 1. which stem cells have the potency to generate lymphocytes? 2. what is potency
Common lymphoid progenitor cells, also known as lymphoid stem cells, are the source of the different T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, which are all immune system-related leukocytes.
What does a drug's potency mean?A drug's potency is an expression of its activity in terms of the concentration or quantity needed to cause a certain effect, whereas clinical efficacy assesses a drug's therapeutic efficacy in humans.
What kind of stem cells can develop into lymphocytes?Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can be used to create a variety of adult hematopoietic lineages, including lymphocytes.
To know more about lymphocytes visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/25397351
#SPJ4
URGENT!!!!
1. Briefly discuss how Glycocalyx acts as an important virulent factor of a pathogneic bacteria.
2. Explain the causes and consequences of Antibiotic resistance in Bacterial pathogens.
glycocalyx an important virulence factor as it impairs phagocytosis of Bacteroides spp. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in response to the use of these medicines. Bacteria, not humans or animals.
what are the function of glycocalyx ?glycocalyces are seen in prokaryotic cells while eukaryotic cells can also have glycocalyces particularly observed in single celled eukaryotic organisms.
The glycocalyx in eukaryotic cells do same functions as that of the prokaryotic cells' glycocalyx. It functions for cell to cell interaction, for adhesion to surfaces, and involve in protection.
For more details regarding glycocalyx, visit
https://brainly.com/question/24623301
#SPJ1
in response to falling blood glucose levels, which pancreatic islet cell releases glucagon?
islets of Langerhans is the pancreatic islet cell releases glucagon.
Pancreatic islets, also called islets of Langerhans, are a group of cells in the pancreas. The pancreas is an organ that makes hormones that help the body break down and utilize food.The pancreatic islets contain several types of cells, including beta cells that produce the hormone insulin.
Pancreas. Pancreatic islet cells are the main source of insulin and glucagon, produced by β- and α-cells, respectively. Hormone secretion from pancreatic islets is primarily regulated by glucose concentration.
's islets have a complex structure, consisting of her four cell types: A (alpha), B (beta), D, and F cells. The four cell types are not evenly distributed within the islets or throughout the pancreas.
Learn more about pancreatic islet here : https://brainly.com/question/29523101
#SPJ4
how did seeds and other adaptations in seed plants contribute to the rise of seed plants and their dominant role in plant communities today?
Answer:
Seeds and other adaptations in seed plants allowed for the success and dominant role of seed plants in plant communities today. Seeds provided an efficient way to disperse and store nutrients, allowing plants to colonize new areas and spread their gene pool farther. Additionally, seed plants evolved specialized structures such as leaves and stems that enabled them to compete more effectively with other species for light and resources. This allowed them to become dominant in many different habitats. Through the process of natural selection, the most successful adaptations were passed down to future generations, allowing seed plants to survive and thrive in a variety of environments. This ultimately led to their current status as one of the most common and widespread types of plants in the world.
Explanation:
after the passage of the action potential, the sodium-potassium pump re-establishes the resting membrane potential. t or f
After the passage of the action potential, the sodium-potassium pump re-establishes the resting membrane potential. This statement is True.
The Na+ K+ pump is an electrogenic transmembrane ATPase that was initially identified in the cytosolic side of the outer plasma membrane of cells in 1957. [1] [2] For every ATP that is used, the Na+ K+ ATPase pumps 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2K+ back in. Asymmetrically ordered lipid bilayers, including proteins, phospholipids, glycolipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol, make up the plasma membrane. [3] [4] Osmotic balance and membrane potential in cells are kept in check by the Na+K+-ATPase pump.The gradients of concentration are resisted by the sodium and potassium. The gradient between a higher quantity of sodium extracellularly and a higher level of potassium intracellularly is maintained by the Na+ K+-ATPase pump. The sustained concentration gradient plays an ongoing role in stabilizing the cell's resting membrane potential, controlling the cell volume, and regulating cell signal transduction. It is essential for physiological processes in many organs. [2] Other physiological activities that depend on it include the formation of the neuronal action potential, sperm motility, and preservation of the nephrons' ability to filter waste materials.
To know more about membrane visit:
https://brainly.com/question/26872631
#SPJ4