if the temperature of a fixed amount of an ideal gas is increased, it necessarily follows that:______.

half-cell A houses the anode. 0.038V is the voltage of the cell.

what is anode and cathode?

An electrochemical reaction occurs when the anode, which is the negative or reducing electrode, oxidises and releases electrons to the external circuit. The cathode, also known as the positive or oxidising electrode, is reduced during the electrochemical reaction after receiving electrons from the external circuit.

Half-cell A: 2H + 2e ⇒ H2(0.95atm, 0.10MHCl)

Half-cell B: 2H + 2e ⇒ H2(0.60atm, 2.0MHCl)

As the anode has a negative charge, oxidation occurs there. B is positive and electrode in A is consequently negative.

The solution that is more diluted in a concentration cell is found in half cell A, which serves as the anode.

The resulting cell reactions are as follows:

Anode: H2 ⇒ 2H +2e;(0.95atm,0.10MHCl)

Cathode:2H +2e ⇒ H2 ;(0.60atm,2.0MHCl)

Half-cell reaction H(aq.2.0M)[Half cell B]   ⇒  H(aq. 0.10M) [Half cell A]

Ecell= E°cell - 0.0592/n ㏒ Q

       =        0 - 0.0592/2 ㏒ [H dil /H conc]

       =   -0.0592/2 ㏒ 0.01M/2.0M

       =   -0.0592/2 × (-2.3)

       =    0.0385 V

Anode; Half-cell A

E cell = 0.038V

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2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O is a Neutralisation chemical reaction in which acid and base react to each other to form salt and water. Sodium hydroxide is an strong base which is also known as caustic soda. The chemical formula of sodium hydroxide is NaOH and Sulphuric acid is strong acid with chemical formula H2So4.

In chemistry, Neutralisation is a chemical reaction in which acid and a base react quantitatively with each other. In a reaction in water, neutralization results in there being no excess of hydrogen or hydroxide ions present in the solution.

When Both H2So4 and NaOH combine, the  acid-base reaction will occur. Sodium hydroxide is a base that reacts with an acid, i.e., sulfuric acid to give respective salt and water as the product where Sodium sulphate is salt as a product . The reaction is an example of a neutralisation reaction.

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Of the following atmospheric gases, only water vapor is an important greenhouse gas.

The greenhouse effect is an effect in which the heat that reaches the earth does not bounce back into space and by remaining allows an ideal temperature for life on earth. This effect is similar to that generated by plastic tents in greenhouses, hence its name.

This effect has become detrimental due to the effect of industries and human activity due to an increase in gases, increasing global temperature.

Within the greenhouse gases we find: water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxide, among others.

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The heat 428.7 kJ is required for the of warmth are absorbed while 25.00 g of NH4 (g) reacts withinside the presence of extra O2(g) to provide NO(g) and H2O(l) .

Let's recollect the subsequent thermochemical equation.

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Air is the most typical example of a gas (the air we breathe is a gas). It may also be thought of as a combination of other gases, including nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. The following is a list of several gases. Hydrogen.

What is the process of a gas sample?

A pressure reducing valve and flowmeter are attached between the vessel and the detector tube to allow pressurized air or gas inside the vessel to flow through the flowmeter into the detector tube at a fixed rate of flow for a predetermined amount of time. This allows the compressed air to be sampled.

What makes gas sampling crucial?

For the right determination of the product composition, proper sampling is essential. Most of the time, the sample serves as both the starting point and the source for calculating the gas' specific gravity. The flow formula, from which we calculate the product quantity, critically depends on this number.

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The gas is CHCl₃ (molar mass-119.4g/mol)

weighs 4.84 g

volume of 0.918 l

T=35+273.15K

T=308.15K

P=850 torr

P=850/760 atm

R=0.0821 L atm Mol⁻¹ k⁻¹

M=WRT/PV

M=(4.84 g*0.0821 L atm Mol⁻¹ k⁻¹*308.15K)/((850/760 atm)*0.918 l)

M=119.4g/mol

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The mixing of the two chemicals results in changes in the chemical properties and the arrangement of the atoms in the chemicals.

The atoms of the starting substances are turned into the atoms of the finishing substances as the initial substances combine and transform into new compounds. The atoms of the starting substance get mixed with the other substance resulting in changing the physical and chemical properties of the substance.

In chemistry, a mixture is a compound made up of two or more simpler substances. Chemical elements or compounds may qualify as such materials. A combination of liquids, solids, or gases can be created. When sugar is added to water, for instance, it first creates a mixture before dissolving to produce a solution.

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If the electronegativity difference between two atoms is smaller than 0.4, the bond formed between them is said to be Covalent Bond.

A covalent bond is formed when two atoms exchange one or more pairs of electrons. The two atomic nuclei are concurrently drawing these electrons to them. When the difference between the electronegativities of two atoms is too tiny for an electron transfer to take place to create ions, a covalent bond is formed. Bonding electrons are collectively referred to as the electrons that are present between the two nuclei. The "glue" that holds the atoms in molecular units together is the bound pair.

The simplest material with a covalent link is the hydrogen molecule. Two hydrogen atoms, each with one electron in a 1s orbital, combine to produce it. The two electrons in the covalent link are shared by both hydrogen atoms, and each one takes on an electron configuration like that of helium.

If the electronegativity difference between two atoms is smaller than 0.4, the bond formed between them is said to be Covalent Bond.

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Answer:

C is the answer

0.1907% error

During the spontaneous process of heat being transferred from colder to hotter bodies, the entropy of the system of bodies increases.

A lower value indicates higher quality, and entropy is a measure of energy quality. Energy with a lower entropy is neatly ordered energy. High entropy is the result of chaotic energy storage.

Entropy is always rising because every particle and atomic structure travels faster than light through space and time. Expressions with inequalities are produced by the second law of thermodynamics. Since entropy cannot be destroyed in any way or at any size, it cannot generally increase. Everywhere and always, entropy is produced, increasing total entropy at any scale, including entanglement, open systems, micro-fluctuations, gravitation, and life processes.

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Answer:

Explanation:  Answer and Explanation: In a battery operated flash light, the energy conversions which take place are: chemical energy is converted to electrical energy and then the chemical energy is converted to light energy.

The risk of chemical exposure are skin blistering and difficulties breathing.

There are certain methods in which a person might be exposed to a dangerous chemical while working in a chemical laboratory. It is quite likely that a person might inhale a chemical if it is present in the form of a gas.

Breathing may become difficult as a result of this.

It is a given that we occasionally need concentrated acid and base while doing chemical experiments.

Human skin is severely harmed by both acid and base. Therefore, a burn might result from an acid or base coming into touch with the skin directly.

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If the bond angle between two adjacent hybrid orbitals is 109.5°, the hybridization is sp³.

In sp³ hybridization the bond angle is 109.5° and the arrangement of the molecule is tetrahedral. in  sp³ hybridization then carbon atom is bonded with the four other atom. in the  sp³ hybridization one s orbital and the three p orbitals in the same shell of the atom will combine to form the four new equal hybrid orbitals . the example of the  sp³ hybridization is the methane , CH₄.

Thus, in the  sp³ hybridization the bond angle between two adjacent hybrid orbitals is 109.5° and the molecular geometry is the tetrahedral geometry.

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There is a golden role of solubility, polar solute dissolve in polar solvent and non polar solute dissolve in non polar solvent. Therefore, the solution to be saturated the mass of salt must be greater than 36.0 g.

Solutions are a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. A solution is a homogeneous mixture of solvent and solute molecules. Solvent is a substance that is in large amount in solution. solute is the substance which is in small amount in a solution.

The solubility of sodium chloride in water is 36.0 g per 100 g of water. which means that sodium chloride solution will contain 36.0 g of dissolved salt for every 100g of water. The solution will be unsaturated because of the less potassium nitrate. The solution to be saturated the mass of salt must be greater than  36.0 g.

Therefore, the solution to be saturated the mass of salt must be greater than  36.0 g.

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The expected product of the curved‑arrow mechanism the reaction mechanism is given below.

A curved arrow mechanism:

what is it?

Nonlinear, curved arrows with barbs on one end are used to represent electron flow. A single-barbed arrow denotes the motion of a single electron, whereas a double-barbed arrow denotes the motion of an electron pair.

curved‑arrow mechanism

[tex]< smiles > CC1CCC(C#N)(C#N)C1 < /smiles > $\stackrel{\mathrm{SN} 2}{\longrightarrow}$ < smiles > CC1CCC(C#N)C1 < /smiles >[/tex]

[tex]OTs < smiles > CC1CCC(C)C1 < /smiles > $\mathrm{NACN} \longrightarrow$DMSO[/tex]

An electron source is where the arrow is drawn (a bond or a lone pair). In other words, the bent arrow's tail indicates the origin of the electrons. The direction of the electrons is indicated by the arrow. The motion of two electrons is depicted by a double-barbed arrow.

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A buffer solution contains 0.447 m nahso3 and 0.280 m k2so3. if 0.0367 moles of potassium hydroxide are added to 225 ml of this buffer, basic is the ph of the resulting solution i.e. 10 approx.

The buffer solution, a water-based solvent solution, is created by combining a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid. They can be diluted or have small amounts of acid or alkali added to them without the pH of the solution altering. The pH of buffer solutions scarcely changes when a modest amount of a strong acid or strong base is introduced. They are consequently used to keep the pH level constant. The concentration of hydrogen ions in the buffer solution only slightly changes when a little amount of acid or base is diluted or added (pH). Buffer solutions are used in the processes of fermentation, food preservation, medicine delivery, electroplating, and printing because particular hydrogen ion concentrations are necessary for enzyme activity and the blood's ability to carry oxygen (pH). Buffer solutions, which are combinations of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid, can be used to maintain pH.

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The five signs of chemical reaction is change in temperature, change in colour, effervescence, formation of precipitate and formation of gas.

A chemical reaction is a process in which the chemical properties of a substance changes.

5 signs that can be observed during the chemical reactions are,

1. Change and temperature.

2. Change in colour.

3. Effervescence.

4. Formation of precipitate.

5. Formation of a gas.

Mainly the chemical reaction occurs when the bonds of the reactant molecules are broken and the new bonds are found retain the reactant molecules of different species.

This process give price to the new properties of the substances.

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The energy storage molecule that is produced when food is broken down during the cellular respiration process is ATP molecule.

The Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that generally breaks down glucose molecules and produces ATP. The stages of cellular respiration basically includes glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid or Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation etc.

Cell respiration usually consists of three steps that is glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the respiratory electron transport. The first step by which cells make the ATP from food is called glycolysis. For example Imagine eating a donut. The starches and sugars of the donut are generally converted to glucose that is blood sugar, in your mouth and stomach by digestive the enzymes.

During the cellular respiration, glucose is usually broken down in the presence of oxygen in order to produce carbon dioxide and water. Energy released during the reaction is usually  captured by the energy-carrying molecule ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

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The predominant type of intermolecular force in each of the following compounds is as follows:

a. CHF₃CHF₃ - Dipole-dipole forces

b. OF₂OF₂ - Dipole-dipole forces

c. HFHF - Hydrogen bonding

d. CF₄CF₄ - Dipole-dipole forces

Intermolecular forces are forces that exist between the molecules of a substance.

The main intermolecular forces in compounds are as follows:

The predominant type of intermolecular forces in compounds depends on the nature of the molecules of the compound.

London dispersiosDipole-dipole forces and hydrogen bonding predominate in polar covalent molecules, whereas ion-dipole forces predominate in polar ionic compounds.

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Answer:

CHF3: Dipole-dipole

OF2: Dipole-dipole

HF: Hydrogen bonding

CF4: London

Explanation:

The order of strength for intermolecular forces from greatest to least is as follows: Hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, London dispersion

This means that if a compound has hydrogen bonding, that is the dominant intermolecular force. If a compound has no hydrogen bonding but has dipole-dipole force, then the dominant intermolecular force is dipole-dipole. London dispersion forces, although exist in all compounds, are the weakest of the above forces and are only the dominant intermolecular force when neither of the other forces exist.

To determine if hydrogen bonding exists, you must look at the structure and see if bonds between hydrogen and either nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine exist (H-N, H-O, or H-F). Out of the 4 compounds listed, the only one that has one of these bonds HF.

To determine if dipole-dipole forces exist, you must determine if a molecule is polar first. A molecule is only polar when at least one bond that makes up the molecule is polar and polar bonds don't 'cancel each other' due to the molecular shape. Of the remaining compounds, OF2, HF, and CF4 all have polar bonds. However, the shape of CF4 is symmetrical and thus the bonds cancel each other. Therefore, only OF2 and HF have dipole-dipole forces as their predominant intermolecular force.

Since CF4 does not have hydrogen bonding or dipole-dipole forces, the predominant type of intermolecular force for CF4 is London dispersion force.

A student heats a mixture containing 2.55 g of copper and 6.99 g of a nonmetal to form 8.74 g of a compound, cux2. 0.80 g of copper was left over. the x is Iodine.

given that :

mass of copper = 2.55 g

mass of non metal = 6.99 g

the reaction is given as :

Cu  +   2X ----->   CuX₂

mass of the copper used = 2.55 - 0.80 =n 1.75 g

1 mole of Cu react with 2 mol of the X

moles of Cu = mass / molar mass

                     = 1.75 / 63

                     = 0.0277 mol

moles of X = 2 × 0.0277

                  = 0.055 mol

molar mass = mass / moles

                   = 6.99 / 0.055

                    = 127 g /mol

the element with molar mass 127 g/mol is Iodine. so, the X is Iodine with symbol I.

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The molarity of Bromides ions in the chemist solution is 4.05 x 10^-3 M.

Molarity (M) refers to the amount of a substance in a given volume of solution and is defined as the moles of a solute per liters of a solution.

The equation for calculating the molarity of solution is given by:

Molarity of the solution = Mass of solute/ (Molar mass of solute x Volume of solution in L)

According to the given information,

Given mass of Vanadium (III) bromide = 0.12 g

Molar mass of Vanadium (III) bromide = 295.65 g/mol

Volume of solution = 300 mL or 0.3 L

Hence,

Molarity of the solution = 0.12/ (295.65 x 0.3) = 0.001352 or 1.3 x 10^-3 M

As the formula for Vanadium (III) bromide is VBr3. Hence, 1 mole of Vanadium(III) bromide produces 1 mole of V 3+ ions and 3 moles of  Br -ions.

Molarity of bromide ions = 3 * 1.3 x 10^-3 M = 4.05 x 10^-3 M.

Note: The question is incomplete. The complete question probably is: A chemist prepares a solution of Vanadium (III) bromide (VBr) by measuring out 0.12 g of VBr into a 300 ml. volumetric flask and filling to the mark with distilled water. Calculate the molarity of Bromide ions in the chemist's solution. Be sure your answer is rounded to significant digits.

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Ideal gas law is valid only for ideal gas not for vanderwaal gas. Therefore, the most likely chemical formula of the compound is SO[tex]_3[/tex]. Ideal gas is a hypothetical gas.

Ideal gas equation is the mathematical expression that relates pressure volume and temperature. There is no force of attraction between the particles.

Mathematically the relation between Pressure, volume and temperature can be given as

PV=nRT

where,

P = pressure of gas sample = 1 atm

V= volume of gas sample = 0.5 L

n =number of moles of gas sample=?

T =temperature of gas =298K

R = Gas constant = 0.0821 L.atm/K.mol

Substituting all the given values, we get

1atm× 0.5 L =n× 0.0821×298

On calculation we get

0.5=n×24.4

0.020 = n

molar mass = mass /moles

molar mass = 1.636 /0.020

                   = 80g/mol

Therefore, the most likely chemical formula of the compound is SO[tex]_3[/tex].

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The extra R group will likewise dissociate after protonation of the group, followed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group.

Alpha-amino acid glutamic acid has the chemical formula C₅H₉O₄N

In biochemistry, it is frequently abbreviated as Glu or E. Its idealized chemical structure is HOOC-CH2COOH, which has two carboxyl groups (-COOH) and one amino group   When this acid is at its isoelectric point and in an acidic media, it has a protonated NH₃⁺  group.

The deprotonated COO⁻, a carboxylic acid group, is present in basic and at its isoelectric point.

This is the acid's zwitterion. A zwitterion is a substance that lacks an overall electrical charge but has discrete positively and negatively charged components. Deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group occurs after protonation of the group.

Finding the isoelectric point using the pKas is as follows: pKa1+pKa2+pKa3 =2.19+9.67+4.253=5.37

This leads to the expectation that the solution will be positive at pH=1, negative at pH=7, and potentially chargeable at pH=13.

pH = 1

Knowing that the solution will be acidic at pH = 1,

Let's ascertain the response. also in this

2Azaniumylpentanedioate, often known as glutamate monoanion, is its IUPAC name.

Total charge=COO⁻+ NH₃⁺+ COO⁻

=−1+1−1

=−1

pH = 13

Because as soon as the  COOH dissociates to give H⁺ it immediately becomes H₂O because of  increased presence of OH⁻ in basic solutions. This is commonly known as glutamate(2‐) or glutamate dianion but the preferred IUPAC name is 2‐aminopentanedioate

Total charge=

COO⁻ +COO⁻

= -1−1

=−2

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If a compound is made from a metal and a non-metal, its bonding will be ionic. If a compound is made from two non-metals, its bonding will be covalent.

Ionic bonds, also known as electrovalent bonds, are a type of linkage created in a chemical molecule by the electrostatic attraction of ions with opposing charges. When the valence (outermost) electrons of one atom are permanently transferred to another atom, a bond of this kind is created. If an atom receives electrons, it becomes a negatively charged ion (cation), but if it loses them, it becomes a positively charged ion (cation) (anion). A basic study of ionic bonding follows. To learn more, go to chemical bonding: the ionic bonding process. Ionic or electrovalent compounds are produced via ionic bonding, and the compounds generated between nonmetals and alkali and alkaline-earth metals serve as the best examples of this type of compound.

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A trigonal structure with an ideal bond angle of 120° results from a structure with a central atom with three electron groups.

A triangular planar molecule is a molecule with three bonds and an O lone electron pair. A molecule is angular if it has three bonds and one lone pair of electrons. A tetrahedral molecule is a molecule that contains four bonds and no lone pairs. A molecule is a triangular pyramid if it contains four members and a pair of electrons.

If a structure has four atoms, none of which are lone pairs, and the core atom is surrounded by three other atoms, the structure has a trigonal molecular structure. Four atoms are arranged in one plane.

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The mass of the given gas sample at STP is 28 grams.

The relation between the mass and density of any substance is given by -M = ρV

Where -

M - mass of body

ρ - density of body

V - volume of body

Given is volume of a gas sample is 22 L at STP. The density of the gas is 1.35 g/L.

We can write -

Volume of gas = [V] = 22 L

density of gas = [D] = 1.3 g/L

Therefore, the mass of the gas will be -

M = ρV

M = 1.3 x 22

M =  28.6 g

Therefore, the mass of the given gas sample at STP is 28 grams.

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A sigma bond has a zero node, contributes to the bonding, and has a non-zero electron density directly along the internuclear axis.

A sigma () bond is a covalent bond formed by orbitals that overlap end to end, with the electron density concentrated between the internuclear of the bonding atoms (along the bond axis).

Based on the way the orbitals overlap of each bonding atom, covalent bonds are divided into two, namely, sigma bonds (σ) and phi bonds (π). A sigma (σ) bond results from overlapping of the orbitals of atoms along the bond axis, whereas a phi (π) bond occurs due to overlapping of the orbitals of atoms that are not on the bond axis.

Differences in the way the orbitals overlap in bond formation lead to differences in bond strengths. Sigma bonds are stronger or have a lower energy level than phi bonds.

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Nitrogen is the central atom in molecules of nitrous oxide (N2O)

Nitrogen (N) interacts with oxygen (O) and with another nitrogen to produce two resonance structures in nitrous oxide (N2O), as depicted below.

N-=N+=O N+-O- N

i. N N+-O-

In this structure, one of the two N atoms and O each have a single covalent bond, and the other two share a triple covalent link. Let's figure out the net formal charge as well as the formal charges of each individual atom.

One nitrogen

V = 5, N = 2, B = 6

Therefore,

qf = 5 – 2 – 6/2 = 0

2 Nitrogen

V = 5, N = 0, B = 8

Therefore,

qf = 5 – 0 – 8/2 = 1

Oxygen

V = 6, N = 6, B = 2

Therefore,

qf = 6 – 6 – 2/2 = -1

Since 0 + 1 - 1 = 0, the net formal charge is 0.

ii. N-=N+=O

Here, a double covalent connection is shared by two nitrogen atoms and one nitrogen atom also has a double covalent link with oxygen. Let's figure out the net formal charge as well as the formal charges of each individual atom.

One nitrogen

V = 5, N = 4, B = 4

Therefore,

qf = 5 – 4 – 4/2 = -1

2 Nitrogen

V = 5, N = 0, B = 8

Therefore,

qf = 5 – 0 – 8/2 = 1

Oxygen

V = 6, N = 4, B = 4

Therefore,

qf = 6 – 4 – 4/2 = 0

It is calculated as follows: -1 + 1 + 0 = 0

Therefore, for both the resonance structure, the formal charge of nitrous oxide is zero. This indicates the stability of both of these structures.

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Answer:

jellyfish

Explanation:

Answer: i would say jellyfish

Explanation:

just because this guy said so

0.1M NaCl is breaking down at cathode and bubbles at anode, 0.1M NaBr is bubbling at cathode and turns yellow at anode, 0.1M NaI is make bubbles at cathode and turns yellow at anode, 0.1M of AgNO₃ is forming silver at cathode and make bubbles at anode, 0.1M of CuSO₄ is turned red or orange at cathode and make bubbles at anode, 0.1M CuSO₄ is gained copper at cathode and no reaction occurs at anode.

(1) When 0.1M NaCl is present in between two graphite electrode, cation Na⁺ and H⁺ comes to negative electrode cathode for reduction.

Thus as reduction potential of H⁺ is greater than Na⁺, thus H₂O is easily reduce to cathode and forming huge bubbles of H₂ gas as large amount of water is present near cathode.

Cathode reaction : 2H₂O + 2e⁻ → H₂ + 2OH⁻          

The positive anode attracts the negative H⁺ and Cl⁻. Only the chloride ion is discharge in appreciable amount i.e. Cl⁻ is oxidize to Cl₂ at anode. Thus a little bubbles comes out.

Anode reaction : 2Cl⁻ → Cl₂ + 2e⁻

(2) When 0.1M NaBr is present in between two graphite electrode, cathode reaction is reduction of H₂O producing H₂ gas bubbles.

Anode reaction is oxidation of Br⁻ to Br₂ pale yellow color.

Cathode : 2H₂O + 2e⁻ → H₂ + 2OH⁻

Anode : 2Br⁻ → Br₂ + 2e⁻

(3) When 0.1M of NaI is placed in between two graphite electrode, at cathode reduction of H₂O takes place forming bubbles of H₂ gas.

And at anode oxidation of I⁻ to I₂ takes place as oxidation potential of E°(I⁻/ I₂) is greater than E°(OH⁻/O₂,HO₂).

Cathode : 2H₂O + 2e⁻ → H₂ + 2OH⁻

Anode : 2I⁻ → I₂ + 2e⁻

(4) When 0.1M of AgNO₃ is added in between two graphite electrode, silver is deposited at the cathode, as E°(Ag⁺/Ag) = +0.80 v is greater than E°(H⁺/H₂) = 0.0 v. Thus Ag⁺ is easily reduces to cathode and silver is formed at cathode.

And at the anode H₂O molecules discharged and oxidized to form oxygen. Thus bubbles come from anode.

Cathode : Ag⁺ + e⁻ → Ag

Anode : 2H₂O + 4e⁻ → 4H⁺ + O₂

(5) When 0.1M of CuSO₄ is placed in between two graphite electrode, negative cathode attracts Cu²⁺ ions from CuSO₄ and H⁺ ions(H₂O). As the reduction potential of Cu²⁺ is greater than H⁺, thus Cu²⁺ is reduced to copper metal on the cathode surface. Thus cathode turned red or orange.

And at the anode H₂O is oxidize to bubble of O₂ gas.

Cathode : Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cu

Anode : 2H₂O + 4e⁻ → 4H⁺ + O₂

(6) When 0.1M CuSO₄ is placed in between two copper electrode, the negative cathode electrode attracts Cu²⁺ and H⁺ ions, The only copper ion is discharged. Thus copper is gained at the cathode.

Cathode : Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cu

The negative sulphate ions SO₄²⁻ or the traces of OH⁻ ions are attracted to the positive electrode. Both the OH⁻ and SO₄²⁻ ions are too stable and nothing happens to them because the copper anode is preferentially oxidize to discharge Cu²⁺ ions.

Anode : Cu → 2e⁻ + Cu²⁺

So, 0.1M NaCl is base, 0.1M NaBr is base, 0.1M NaI is base, 0.1M of AgNO₃ is acid, 0.1M of CuSO₄ is acid, 0.1M CuSO₄ isacid.

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In 100 ml of 0.15 m nitrous acid (HNO₂) are titrated with a 0.15 m naoh solution. pH for the initial solution is 2.04,  The pH for the point at which 80.0 ml of the base has been added is 3.85, pH for the equivalence point 8.06, and  ph for the point at which 105 ml of the base has been added is 11.56.

The nitrous acid reacts with NaOH as follows because it is a weak acid (Ka = 5.6x10⁻⁴):

HNO₂ + NaOH (l) = NaNO₂(aq) + H₂O

a. At first, there is only a 0.12M HNO₂ solution. As Ka is:

Ka = [H⁺] [NO₂⁻] / [HNO₂]

In the case where [H⁺] and [NO₂⁻] ions  originate from the same equilibrium ([H⁺] = [NO₂⁻] = x)

5.6x10⁻⁴ = X² / 0.15M

8.4x10⁻⁵ = X²

X = [H⁺] = 9.165x10⁻³M

As pH = -log [H⁺]

pH = 2.04

b. We currently have a buffer made up of HNO₂ and  NaNO₂ (the weak acid and conjugate base). The H-H equation is used to determine a buffer's pH:

pH = pKa + log [NaNO₂] / [HNO₂]

Where pH is the pH of the buffer,

pKa is -log Ka = 3.25

And [NaNO₂] [HNO₂] could be taken as the moles of each compound.

HNO₂  initial moles are as follows:

0.100 l x 0.15 mol/l. =0.015 moles

The additional moles of base are:

0.0800L x 0.15 mol/L = 0.012 moles

The moles of base added = Moles of NaNO₂ produced = 0.012moles.

The remaining moles of HNO2 are as follows:

0.015moles - 0.012moles = 0.003moles

Replacing in H-H equation:

pH = 3.25 + log [0.012moles] / [0.003moles]

pH = 3.85

0.15M / 2 = 0.075M

The NaNO₂ is in equilibrium with water as follows:

NaNO₂(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇄ HNO₂(aq) + OH⁻(aq) + Na⁺

c. All of the HNO₂ interacts at the equivalence point to produceNaNO₂. NaOH must be added in 100mL increments. Therefore, the NaNO₂ concentration is:

The equilibrium constant, kb, is:

Kb = Kw/Ka = 1x10⁻¹⁴ / 5.6x10⁻⁴ = 1.79x10⁻¹¹ = [OH⁻] [HNO₂] / [NaNO₂]

Where [OH⁻] = [HNO₂] = x

[NaNO₂] = 0.075M

1.79x10⁻¹¹ = [X] [X] / [0.075M]

1.34x10⁻¹² = X²

X = 1.16x10⁻⁶M = [OH⁻]

pOH = -log [OH-] = 5.94

pH = 14-pOH

pH = 8.06

d. The moles are now added an excess of 5 mL of NaOH, and they are:

5mL = 5x10⁻³L * (0.15mol / L) =7.5x10⁻⁴moles NaOH

In 100mL + 105mL = 205mL = 0.205L. [NaOH] = 7.5x10⁻⁴moles NaOH / 0.205L =

3.66x10⁻³M = [OH⁻]

pOH = 2.44

pH = 14 - pOH

pH = 11.56

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