If a cell increases the activity of its actin severing proteins, will it lead in the short term to more or less actin polymer mass. If the concentration of free actin monomers is above the Cc for both the plus and minus ends, then MORE polymers will result. If the concentration of free actin monomers is below the Cc for both the plus and minus ends, then LESS polymer will result.
Actin was first isolated from muscle cells, in which it constitutes approximately 20% of total cell protein, in 1942. Actin is now known to be a very abundant protein (usually 5 to 10% of total protein) in all types of eukaryotic cells, despite the fact that it was formerly believed to be specifically engaged in muscle contraction. While higher eukaryotes have multiple distinct kinds of actin that are encoded by various members of the actin gene family, yeasts only have one actin gene. For instance, mammals have at least six unique actin genes: Two are expressed in non-muscle cells, while four are expressed in various forms of muscle.In 1990, Kenneth Holmes, Wolfgang Kabsch, and their colleagues mapped the three-dimensional architectures of actin filaments and individual actin molecules. The globular proteins that make up individual actin molecules have 375 amino acids (43 kd). Actin monomers polymerize to form filaments because each actin monomer (globular [G] actin) includes tight binding sites that mediate head-to-tail contacts with two other actin monomers (filamentous [F] actin).
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What are the 4 products of photosynthesis?
When exposed to light, photosynthesis uses organic substances such as carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose. This occurs in the green leaves of developing plants. As a byproduct of photosynthesis, glucose, oxygen, and water are produced.
Sugar is the first product of photosynthesis, and all plants convert it to starch. The breakdown of water into oxygen, which is then released, and hydrogen is the initial stage of photosynthesis. The use of direct light is required for this procedure.
Light energy is utilized in photosynthesis to transform carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. One glucose molecule and six oxygen molecules are created for every six carbon dioxide and water molecules.
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which compound is not a protease that acts in the small intestine? a. chymotrypsin b. elastase c. enteropeptidase d. secretin e. trypsin
Option D, The protease that functions in the small intestine is not by secretin compound.
Secretin is a hormone that is produced into the circulation when hydrochloric acid leaves the small intestine and enters the duodenum. It controls the secretions of protease the liver, pancreas, and stomach by stimulating the acinar cells to release water and bicarbonate into the pancreatic ducts that drain into the duodenum. The small intestine of the duodenum, which are found in protease the digestive glands, generate this peptide hormone. The pancreas is secretin's primary target, and in response, it secretes a fluid that is high in bicarbonate and travels down the pancreatic duct into the first section of the small intestine.
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what is the poisonous gas found in cigarette smoke that reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells by binding with the receptor sites for oxygen?
Because the gas becomes carboxyhemoglobin when it interacts with red blood cells' hemoglobin, breathing carbon monoxide is harmful. Hemoglobin's capacity to carry oxygen to bodily tissues is decreased as a result of the displacement of oxygen.
The toxic gas known as carbon monoxide (CO) has no color or smell. The exhaust from moving vehicles, gas stoves, wood stoves, and heaters are all known sources of CO exposure in addition to tobacco smoke. As a whole, there are several carcinogens in cigarette smoke. The most significant carcinogens are probably PAH, N-nitrosamines, aromatic amines, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, aldehydes, and ethylene oxide due to their carcinogenic activity and quantities in cigarette smoke. Tobacco products include nicotine, a naturally occurring poison. The addictive nature of tobacco products is also caused by this molecule.
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sort the statements into the appropriate bins depending on whether or not each operon would be transcribed under the stated conditions.
Not transcribed is operon
- tryptophan present in trp operon
- lac operon: no lactose
Operon transcription is not accelerated under positive control:
- tryptophan absence in the trp operon
- Lac operon: present lactose, present glucose
Rapid transcription of an operon is achieved through positive control:
- Lac operon: Lactose present but no glucose
What are operons and how do they differ?
Operon: An operon is a collection of genes with similar functions that is regulated by a single promoter, operator, and repressor. There are two types of operons: When an inducer, such as the Lac operon, is present, this sort of operon turns on.
The operon is where?
Similar genes are frequently located together on the chromosome of bacteria, where they are produced as a single unit from a single promoter (RNA polymerase binding site). An operon is a collection of genes that is under the control of a single promoter.
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when muscle proteins are catabolized in skeletal muscle during a fast, what are the fates of the glucogenic amino acids and other amino acids?
Glucogenic amino acids are used to make glucose for the brain. Others are oxidized in mitochondria via the citric acid cycle.
Glucogenic amino acids include glycine, serine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, valine, methionine, histidine, and arginine. Pyruvate, -ketoglutarate, succinyl CoA, fumarate, or oxaloacetate are the products of gluconogenic amino acid.Pyruvate and other intermediates of the citric acid cycle, which serve as precursors for gluconeogenesis, are produced during the metabolism of gluconogenic amino acids. Acetyl-CoA, which results from the conversion of ketogenic amino acids, produces ketone bodies. As the expression of BCAA aminotransferase (BCAT2), an enzyme that catabolizes the first step of BCAA degradation, is high in the skeletal muscle and low in, it is believed that the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs; valine, leucine, and isoleucine) are metabolized and used as energy sources in the skeletal muscle [13].
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Why are amino acids and polypeptide chains important?
The amino acids and polypeptide chains are important because of their role in the body for the synthesis of important molecules like proteins, neurotransmitters, enzymes, and hormones.
Amino acids are nitrogen-containing compound that helps to build protein. Hence, they are referred to as building units of proteins. These amino acids are not only required to synthesize protein but also required to synthesize other important nitrogen-containing compounds like peptide hormones, enzymes, neurotransmitters, and creatine.
A polypeptide is nothing but a chain made of amino acids. Two or more polypeptide chains help to form protein. This protein is used for the regular functioning of cells. It is also used to build up the structural components of the cell. They as enzymes help to speed up the biochemical reactions that occur in the body.
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What characteristic do protozoa and fungi share?
Answer:
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Explanation:
Fungi and protozoa both belong to domain Eukarya, which means that they are made of eukaryotic cells that have many organelles and a membrane-bound nucleus.
chronic, progressive autoimmune disease that affects the blood vessels and connective tissue of the skin and other organs
Scleroderma is a chronic, progressive autoimmune disease that affects the blood vessels and connective tissue of the skin and other organs.
Scleroderma, also known as systemic sclerosis, is a group of rare diseases characterized by skin hardening and tightening. It may also affect blood vessels, internal organs, and the digestive tract.
The immune system attacks blood vessels in this rare disorder. Vasculitis is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and blood vessel narrowing (arteries, veins and capillaries). These vessels transport blood to and from the heart and other organs.
Some types are mild and may resolve on their own, whereas others can cause serious and life-threatening complications. Scleroderma has no cure, but most people with the condition can live a full and productive life.
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biodiesel fuel is produced from oils synthesized by and harvested from living plants. how does the use of biodiesel fuel compare to the use of fossil fuels with respect to the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere
Biofuels are fuels made from plant-based raw materials or from living organisms (hence their prefix "bio"). They stand in contrast to "fossil" fuels, which are the product of a degrading process that takes thousands of years.
In addition to reducing GHG emissions by 41% when compared to diesel, several major air pollutants are reduced, and the release of N, P, and pesticides has a negligible effect on human and environmental health. Biodiesel offers 93% more usable energy than the fossil energy required for its production. The use of biofuels in place of fossil fuels has the potential to lessen some of the negative effects of fossil fuel production and use, including exhaustible resource depletion, conventional and greenhouse gas (GHG) pollutant emissions, and dependence on unreliable foreign suppliers. Biofuels are fuels made from renewable organic material.
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Where do the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division originate in the cns?
The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
They lie in the lateral horn of the spinal cord and send out their axons to the sympathetic ganglia of the sympathetic trunk located near the vertebral column. The axons of these preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic trunk ganglia. The postganglionic neurons then send their axons to the organs and glands of the body, where they release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. This norepinephrine activates the body’s fight-or-flight response, prompting the body to prepare for action. This includes increased heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure. It also causes the breakdown of glucose and the release of cortisol which can further increase energy levels in the body.
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what percent of the carbon that humans have emitted to the atmosphere is still in the atmosphere? i.e.: has not been taken up by photosynthesis on land or in the ocean?
About 55 percent of the extra carbon that humans have added to the atmosphere so far has been absorbed by land plants and the ocean, with the remaining 45 percent remaining in the atmosphere.
When carbon dioxide (CO2) from burning fossil fuels is released into the atmosphere, around 50% of it stays in the atmosphere, 25% is absorbed by land plants and trees, and the remaining 25% is absorbed into specific oceanic regions. Despite an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide entering the ocean, its ability to absorb emissions—about 31%—has remained mostly steady. In a cycle that affects almost all life on Earth and controls the climate, carbon moves between the atmosphere, land, and ocean.
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what hormones do the follicular cells produce and secrete, and what are the functions of these hormones?
They secrete T3 (tri-iodothyronine) and T4, two hormones that affect the pace of metabolism[23] (tetra-iodothyronine or thyroxine).
Where are follicular cells found?The thyroid gland's follicular cell is one example of a follicular cell. The follicles that surround the oocytes include granulosa cells. Follicular dendritic cells are lymphoid tissue cells that are present in the follicles.
Cancer-causing follicular cells exist?After papillary carcinoma, follicular laryngeal carcinoma (FTC) is just the second most frequent thyroid malignancy. Differentiated thyroid tumors, which account for 95% of instances of thyroid cancer, are flat and papillary thyroid cancers. The enzymes required for both the synthesis of thyroglobulin and the release of hormone insulin from thyroglobulin are found in the follicular cells.
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label the reproductive structures of the female pelvis using the hints provided.
Reproductive structures of the female pelvis
The top left is the Crus of CTthe 2nd left is the Labium minusthe bottom is the Labium majusthe bottom right is CTthe top right is the Mons pubisWhere is the female pelvis located?The pelvis is located at the bottom of the torso. It can be found between the abdomen and the legs. This region houses the bladder and reproductive organs as well as the intestines.
The endometrium, uterus, ovaries, cervix, vagina, and vulva are all organs and structures found in the female pelvic area. The reproductive parts include mons pubis, labium majus and labium minus.
The full question is:
label the reproductive structures of the female pelvis using the hints provided.
CT
Labium minus
Crus of CT
Labium majus
Mons pubis
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All of the following are examples of prezygotic genetic isolating mechanisms except:.
many neurons of joints help to inform the brain about the activity of the joint, including pain or position of the joint. these types of neurons are classified as _____________________ neurons.
Afferent somatic neurons are the answer. Numerous neurons in joints assist in communicating to the brain information regarding joint activity, such as pain or position. These neurons fall under the category of afferent somatic neurons.
The nerve fibers that carry sensory data from the outside environment into the brain are known as afferent neurons, also called sensory neurons. Skin, skeletal muscle, tendon, and joint receptors initiate impulses carried out by sensory neurons known as somatic afferent neurons. The receptors in the skin that sense touch, pressure, temperature, and pain are known as exteroceptors. Specific somatic afferent fibers in cranial nerves II and VIII carry sensory impulses from the special senses.
So, we can say Afferent somatic neurons, which are present in many joints and assist in informing the brain about joint activity, such as pain or position, are the solution.
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you are measuring recombination between three genes: dbt, mfn2 and aspm. the recombination fraction between the dbt and mfn2 is 15% and between mfn2 and aspm is 18%. however, the recombination fraction between dbt and aspm is slightly smaller than, but close to, 33%. what is the best explanation for this?
The best explanation for this is 2.When looking atypBT and ASPM, some individuals counted as parental are actually double recombinant
The sum of the two intervening distances is larger than the distance between the outside genes DBT and ASPM (less than 33 map units). Why? because not all of the recombination events (double crossovers) are taken into account by the calculated distance between DBT and ASPM.
Thus, the map distance would have been greater if there were more double recombinants. Again, the map distance would decrease if the number of parents was higher. The map distance is lower here than anticipated. This indicates that the number of parents is higher than it ought to be.
Therefore, the best choice is 2.
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(complete question)
You are measuring recombination between three genes: DBT, MEN2 and ASPM. The recombination fraction between the DBT and MFN2 is 15% and between MFN2 and ASPM is 18%: However, the recombination fraction between DBT and ASPM is slightly smaller than, but close to, 33%. What is the best explanation for this?
One of these genes may be on different chromosomes than the other two but this fact is masked because of double recombinants When looking atypBT and ASPM, some individuals counted as parental are actually double recombinantWhen looking at DBT and ASPM, some individuals counted as double recombinants are actually parentalDBT and ASPM actually assort independentlyribosomes cannot directly process dna to synthesize polypeptides; they can only translate a specific type of rna transcript, the rna. t r f
It is true that ribosomes cannot directly process DNA to synthesize polypeptides; they can only translate a specific type of RNA transcript called messenger RNA.
What is translation?Translation is the process whereby a strand of mRNA directs assembly of amino acids into proteins within a ribosome.
The ribosome is a small organelle found in all cells and it is involved in the production of proteins by translating messenger RNA.
The ribosome is regarded as the site of protein synthesis in the cell. The ribosome reads the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and translates that genetic code into a specified string of amino acids, which grow into long chains that fold to form proteins.
Therefore, the above statement in the main answer part is true.
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Which of these mutations will have an effect on the protein produced by the gene in which the mutation occurs? Select all that apply !
Missense, nonsense and frameshift mutations will have an effect on the protein produced by the gene in which the mutation occurs.
A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases in DNA or RNA. Mutations are required for evolution to take place. They are the ultimate source of a species' new genetic material - new alleles. Although the vast majority of mutations have no effect on the organisms in which they occur, some mutations are advantageous. Even dangerous mutations rarely result in drastic changes in organisms.
A point mutation is a single nucleotide change in DNA. This type of mutation is typically less severe than a chromosomal change. A point mutation would be one that changes the codon UUU to the codon UCU.
A frameshift mutation is a nucleotide deletion or insertion that alters the reading frame of the base sequence. Insertions replace nucleotides and deletions remove them.
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Which of these animal taxa has the highest population of species threatened with extinction?
a) Birds
b) Mammals
c) Amphibians
Amphibians are the animal taxa has the highest population of species threatened with extinction.
What is animal taxa?
Taxon, multiple Any metric unit used in the field of biological taxonomy is referred to as a taxon. From kingdom to subspecies, taxa are grouped in a hierarchy, with a particular taxon typically containing numerous taxa of lower rank.
What is the extinction of species?
Extinction is the complete extinction of a plant, animal, or other species. The passenger pigeon is one of the most spectacular examples of a modern extinction.
Causes of many species' extinctions include overfishing and hunting, the conversion of wetlands and forests into farmland and cities, pollution, invasive species introduction, and other human-caused changes to their natural habitats.
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PLEASE HELP ILL GIVE YOU BRAINLIEST
Answer: B.
Explanation: It can't be A because the arrow with heat pressure should be going from igneous to metamorphic.
It can't be C because it would go from sediment to sedminentary. It can't be D because it would go from magma to igneous.
most communication between the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system takes place via __________ that enter and exit the spinal cord.
Most communication between the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system takes place via spinal nerves that enter and exit the spinal cord.
The spinal cord extends from the base of your brain. It's made from nerve cells and corporations of nerves that deliver messages to your mind and the relaxation of your body.
The three primary roles of the spinal cord are to send motor instructions from the mind to the body, ship sensory facts from the body to the brain, and coordinate reflexes.
Overall, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves grouped locally through the spinal area. more, in particular, there are eight cervical nerve pairs (C1-C8), twelve thoracic nerve pairs (T1-T12), 5 lumbar nerve pairs (L1-L5), five sacral (S1-S5), and an unmarried coccygeal nerve pair.
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What type of energy is heat from a fire?
The form of energy that is heat and is fire is called as thermal energy and sun energy's or solar energy.
Energy withinside the flame is withinside the shape of heat, i.e. kinetic energy of the molecules,plus withinside the shape of electromagnetic radiation, photons, each infrared and visibleThermal energy. Thermal electricity radiates from a hearthplace and warms a folks hands.
Thermal radiation is one in all 3 approaches that thermal electricity may be transferred.Thermal energyThermal electricity radiates from a hearthplace and warms a folks hands. Thermal radiation is one in all 3 approaches that thermal electricity may be transferred.
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cell division that reduces chromosome number from diploid to haploid, reduction division
Meiosis is also known as reductional division. It is the type of cell division where the parent cell's half of its chromosomes are reduced. Meiosis is a division that converts a diploid cell (two sets of chromosomes) to a haploid cell (one set of chromosomes). As a result, the parent cell's chromosomal count is reduced by half during meiosis.
What stage of meiosis reduces chromosome number?
The first round of nuclear division that occurs during the formation of gametes is called meiosis I. It is also known as the reduction division because it results in cells that have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
What stage of meiosis do cells become haploid?
The haploid transition of the daughter cells occurs during telophase II of meiosis. DNA is copied during S phase just before meiosis. The parent cell has 92 chromosomes following S phase since human cells typically have 46 chromosomes.
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The¬___division of the autonomic nervous system that is anatomically known as the thoracolumbar division is the division.
The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system that is anatomically known as the thoracolumbar division is the division.
In general , sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system includes various organ systems of the body having connection emerging from the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord. Which is also known as the thoracolumbar system .
Hence, sympathetic division or thoracolumbar outflow also consists of cell bodies in lateral region of the spinal cord from T1 to L2. Cells bodies are GVE (general visceral efferent) neurons and are the preganglionic neurons.
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the site of translation in all living cells is the ribosome, which is a. made of large and small subunits in prokaryotes but is a single unit in eukaryotes. b. larger in prokaryotes than eukaryotes. c. a single unit in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. d. made of large and small subunits in eukaryotes, but is a single unit in prokaryotes. e. made of large and small subunits in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The site of translation in all living cells is the ribosomes, which is made of large and small subunits in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Therefore, the correct answer is option E.
Ribosomes are macromolecular machines that perform biological protein synthesis. It's found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Ribosomes consist of two subunits: one large subunit and one small subunit.
In prokaryotes, the large subunit is the 50S which contains 5S RNA, 23S RNA, and 34 different proteins. The small subunit is the 30S which contains 16S RNA and 21 different proteins.
In eukaryotes, the large subunit is the 60S with contains 5S RNA, 5.8S RNA, 28S RNA, and 48 different proteins. The small subunit is the 40S which contains 18S RNA and 33 different proteins.
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you have been chosen as the lead student gardener for the csumb future farmers of america club (ffac). your club is looking to you and your bio211 plant experience to guide them. you arrive at the new ffac garden plots where your club mates are trying to grow chard and kale. however, the leaves are tough and bitter and they keep sending up flower stalks. which hormone do the chard and kale plants likel
The plants likely need gibberellic acid, a hormone that helps prevent premature flowering and encourages leaf and stem growth.
Gibberellic acid is a naturally occurring plant hormone that plays a key role in the growth and development of plants. It is a gibberellin, a type of plant hormone, and is used to promote growth and development in plants by stimulating cell division, germination, and flowering. Gibberellic acid is also used to promote fruit set and increase the size of fruits. It is also used to induce flowering in some plants. Gibberellic acid is produced naturally in plants and is involved in a variety of growth and developmental processes. Its use in agriculture has been of great benefit to farmers and growers, as it has allowed them to increase crop yields and improve crop quality. Gibberellic acid is also used in horticulture to increase flower size and promote flowering in plants that do not typically flower.
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for example, g. magnirostris eat large seeds, and g. magnirostris can outcompete all other finches. the big birds and g. fortis fight over smaller seeds and water holes, but the big birds are dominant to g. fortis because they are almost twice the size of g. fortis. given what you know about g. fortis, g. magnirostris, and the big bird lineage, what do you predict will happen as the drought continues?
All crops, minerals, and nutrients will be diminished as long as the drought persists. If it persists, there will be a major food shortage for both people and animals, which could possibly be fatal. There is a heated debate about the scarcity of food and water.
G. Magnirostris and larger G. Fortis will compete for the finest food source, which is the huge seeds. Many G. Magnirostris and G. Fortis, which have enormous beaks and are the ancestors of big birds, can perish in severe drought. Food supplies will be reduced. Animals will plan how to obtain nourishment. The key element in the formation of the birds' beaks is seed.
As a result, G. Fortis's beak would eventually get smaller as a result of this. In terms of presentation, it would be in terms of size so people could get the stuff that is already available.
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Help fast!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
The best explanation for why cells in adult tissues are constantly being replaced and the tissues remain the same is: the rate of cell death and cell division are equal.
The correct answer choice is option b.
What is meant by cell division?Cell division can simply be defined as the process which involves the division of cell's nucleus and cytoplasm leading to the multiplication of cells and to ensure the continuity of life. However, the cells of living organisms are usually dividing and being replaced by new ones to ensure growth and development by the process of cell division. The tissues remains the same time size simply because the division which occurs with the cell of an organism and the rate of replacement of these cells happens simultaneously.
The importance of cell division cannot be overemphasized as it help in tissue repair, growth and development.
In conclusion, we can now confirm from the explanation given above that cell division enhances cell multiplication.
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a scientist is studying the human population of country x. to predict the future growth rate of the population, which three statistics about the population of country x would be most useful for the scientist to analyze? select three answer choices.
Birth rate, death rate and age structure
how are growth rate can be helpful to us?
Growth rates can help you evaluate a company's performance and forecast its future performance. By dividing the difference between the starting and ending values for the time under study and then multiplying that result by the starting value, growth rates are calculated.
Growth rates describe the percentage change of a particular variable over a given period of time. Depending on whether the magnitude of the variable is rising or decreasing over time, growth rates can be either positive or negative.
According to the question:
three statistics to predict the future growth rate of the population which would be the most helpful for the scientists are Birth rate, death rate and age structure.
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which of the following is a basic step in the scientific method? question 13 options: a) perform an experiment and collect data b) analyze experimental data and propose a hypothesis c) none of the above d) all of the above e) test a hypothesis and state a theory or law
Answer is Option D) All of the above. The essential stages in the scientific method are to conduct an experiment, gather data, evaluate the data, propose a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, and then express a theory or law.
A well-written hypothesis is a prediction of the solution to a specific problem. Based on study and past understanding, scientific method it is completed. To obtain information, pose hypothesis data-related questions. Study and visualize the scientific method outcomes. Experimental data are statistically analyzed to find mistakes and eliminate them. The scientific method mistakes are brought about by human error, such as a poor experimental design, or by measuring equipment flaws. Repeat after hone.
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