State way in which chromosomal DNA fragment can be obtained.
Explanation:
Restriction Enzyme Digestion: DNA can be cut into fragments using restriction enzymes, which recognize specific sequences of nucleotides and cut the DNA at those sites.
2. PCR Amplification: DNA fragments can be amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This technique uses a DNA polymerase enzyme to make multiple copies of a specific DNA sequence.
3. Chromosome Walking: This technique involves using a primer to amplify a specific DNA sequence and then using the amplified product as a template for the next round of amplification. This process continues until the entire region of interest is amplified.
when has scienctist brought an invasive species to an ecosystem
The time in which scientist has brought an invasive species to an ecosystem is to use them as a means of recreational hunting and management of agricultural pest.
What is Invasive species?This is referred to as an organism that is not indigenous, or native, to a particular area and in most cases becomes overpopulated and harms its new environment.
This type of species however have their advantages and benefits in the ecosystem as they can be used for recreational hunting which involves killing an animal such as deer etc for fun and not for commercial purpose or survival in the community.
It can also be used as a method in the management of agricultural pest such as bees, locust etc in which they consume and use them as a source of food thereby making it the correct choice.
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birds are one of two groups of flying vertebrates (bats are the other). their adaptations for flight include: select all that apply.
Birds are one of two groups of flying vertebrates (bats are the other). their adaptations for flight include a method of breathing that extracts a majority of the oxygen from each breath of air and Hollow bones
What is the plain meaning of the word vertebrate?
A vertebrate is a living being with a spine. Vertebrates include fish, reptiles, mammals, and birds.
To reduce air resistance when flying, the birds have bodies that resemble spindles. This enables the birds to conserve energy and improve their flying prowess.
Birds lack hefty jaws and teeth in favor of light beaks. They have feathers instead of fur. The body is streamlined and friction is reduced during flight thanks to the feathers' smooth, backward-facing, and close-fitting characteristics. These have a sleek, light design that is elegantly adaptable for flight. In order to make them lighter for flight, their bones are also hollow (pneumatized).
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Directions: Four groups in Ms. Lee's science class each built a simple machine. The table shows the energy input and output
for each machine during a trial. Use the table to answer any questions that follow.
What happened to the energy not output by the machine?
It was absorbed by the machine.
It was destroyed by the machine.
It was transformed into heat and lost to the atmosphere.
It was transformed into light and lost to the atmosphere.
Answer:
It was transformed into heat and lost to the atmosphere.
Explanation:
Which of the following is true about the difference between oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation?
A.Photophosphorylation occurs only in photosynthetic organisms and oxidative phosphorylation occurs only in non-photosynthetic organisms.
B.In oxidative phosphorylation, NADH donates electrons; in photophosphorylation NADPH donates electrons.
C.Photophosphorylation occurs only in light; oxidative phosphorylation occurs only in darkness.
D.In oxidative phosphorylation, O2 is reduced to H2O; in photophosphorylation, H2O is oxidized to O2.
In oxidative phosphorylation, O2 is reduced to H2O; in photophosphorylation, H2O is oxidized to O2.
In plain English, what is phosphorylation?
Phosphorylation is a procedure where a phosphate group is added to a molecule, like a protein or sugar.
The process of creating ATP molecules from ADP during biological photosynthesis in the presence of light energy is known as photophosphorylation; for this reason, it is sometimes referred to as a light-dependent reaction.
The term "oxidative phosphorylation" (OXPHOS) refers to an electron transfer chain that is fueled by substrate oxidation and connected to ATP synthesis via an electrochemical transmembrane gradient.
The oxidative phosphorylation pathway's final product is water, which is produced when an electron is transferred to molecular oxygen and combined with H+. Of course, photosynthesis does not end with the production of O2, NADPH, and ATP from the photophosphorylation stage. As a plant grows, NADPH and ATP are utilized to absorb carbon dioxide from the air and eventually transform it into glucose and other significant carbon molecules.
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HELP ASAP!!! WORTH 25 POINTS!!!
Situation: CRISPR/Cas9 edits genes by precisely cutting DNA and then letting natural DNA repair processes to take over. The system consists of two parts: the Cas9 enzyme and a guide RNA. Rapidly translating a revolutionary technology into transformative therapies.
Part A: Imagine you have a pet who is experiencing a genetic disease. Would you use the CRISPR/Cas9 technology to help them battle and overcome the disease? Why or why not?
Part B: Explain the ethical issues related to using this technology on humans.
CRISPR/Cas9 is a gene-editing tool which is used in biomedical research and treatment of genetic disorders in living organisms. However, there are certain ethical issues with this technology.
What is CRISPR/Cas9?A gene-editing tool, CRISPR/Cas9 has revolutionized biomedical research and also enable medical breakthroughs in a way that few biological innovations have before. CRISPR/Cas9 edits genes by precisely cutting DNA strands and then letting natural DNA repair mechanisms to take over the process.
CRISPR/Cas9 can be used to treat genetic disorders in pets however there are few limitations in its use which include accessibility of the technique and its cost. It is a very costly procedure and it also has some drawbacks as it might cause the loss of entire chromosome.
The ethical issues which are related to CRISPR/Cas9 technology include first, the extent to which CRISPR use should be permitted in organisms as it can eliminate the entire chromosome, the access to CRISPR applications is very limited, whether a regulatory framework for clinical research involving human subjects might accommodate all the different types of human genome editing are available.
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Select the appropriate duration for the hypothesized causes of the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction: Bolide impact
Days to years is the appropriate duration for the hypothesized causes of the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction: Bolide impact.
What is the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction?
Three-quarters of all plant and animal species on Earth abruptly became extinct during the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction catastrophe about 66 million years ago. No tetrapods weighing more than 25 kilos survived, with the exception of a few ectothermic species like sea turtles and crocodilians.
According to study published in October 2019, the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period was largely caused by an event that rapidly acidified the oceans, resulting in ecological collapse and long-lasting consequences on the climate. The Deccan Traps and other volcanic eruptions, climate change, and sea level change may have also been cause or contributing contributors to the extinction.
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A person with damage to this part of the brain (indicated by the arrow) will have normal acoustic reflexes but will have difficulty performing which of the following functions?*interpreting sounds and recognizing a pattern in themdirecting a variety of motor reflexes to sounddirecting input from the thalamus to the brainstemsending auditory information to the midbrain
A person with damage to this part of the brain will have normal acoustic reflexes but will have difficulty interpreting sounds and recognizing a pattern in them.
What is an acoustic reflex?
The stapedius muscle contracts when an acoustically loud sound is presented, and this is known as the acoustic reflex. The stapedius muscles on both sides tighten in response to loud sounds in either ear. It is a middle ear muscle spasm that happens uncontrollably in reaction to loud sound stimuli or when someone begins to speak.
Hence, the answer is a person with damage to this part of the brain will have normal acoustic reflexes but will have difficulty interpreting sounds and recognizing a pattern in them.
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What do we call the genetic material (DNA) when it’s in a loose ?
Answer:
Chromatin
Explanation:
The genetic material (DNA) in a loose form is called chromatin. Chromatin is composed of DNA and proteins, and it is the form of DNA found in the nucleus of a cell. Chromatin is loosely packed and can be further condensed into chromosomes during cell division.
only a certain amount of glucose can be stored in the muscles as glycogen. any excess is converted and stored as fat in muscles and liver.
The glycogen is stored in muscle cells around 500 g. Any excess glucose is converted into fat in adipose tissue.
Glycogen and Glycogenesis
Glycogen is a form of glucose, the main source of energy that body stores in the liver and muscles, with small amounts in the brain. It means that when your body doesn’t require glucose, it will be stored as glycogen for later use.
Our body uses the store of glycogen to help regulate blood glucose levels.
Glycogen levels are quantities more present in skeletal muscle than the liver. In humans, 80% of the glycogen is stored in skeletal muscles, because skeletal muscles made up 40-50% of body weight and the glycogen concentration is around 500 g.
The process to convert glucose into glycogen is called glycogenesis.
The glucose which has been taken into the cell will be converted into glucose 6-phosphate —> Enzyme phosphoglucomutase takes the phosphate from 6 positions into 1 position —> forming uridine diphosphate (UDP) —> Each glucose linking together forming the glycogen helped by glycogen synthase
When the muscle cells and liver cells are saturated with glycogen, excess glucose is converted to fat and is stored as adipose tissue.
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Activity of which of the following cells is inhibited by calcitonin release? A) alpha cellsB) osteoclastsC) osteoblastsD) C cellsE) all cells in the body
The osteoclasts, which are the cells in charge of destroying bone, are inhibited by it from acting. The calcium in bones is released into the bloodstream when they are broken down. As a result, calcitonin's suppression of osteoclasts directly lowers the quantity of calcium released into the blood.
Do osteoclasts get inhibited by calcitonin?
Osteoclast activity is severely inhibited by the hormone that controls calcium, calcitonin. The absence of osteoclast cellular polarity and disruption of cytoskeletal architecture are thought to be the causes of the calcitonin-induced suppression of osteoclast function.
Which cells does calcitonin stimulate?
The parafollicular cells, commonly referred to as C cells, of the thyroid (or endostyle) in humans and other chordates secrete calcitonin, a 32 amino acid peptide hormone.
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Which of the following statements about the human immune system is FALSE?
a. Allergies result from a hypersensitive immune response to a certain substance. They involve the release of histamine, an anti-inflammatory agent, which causes blood vessels to dilate.
b. Passive immunity is temporary and results when an individual begins to make their own antibodies after exposure to an illness, vaccine, and/or antigen.
c. The human body’s innate immune system is a nonspecific barrier that helps prevent pathogens from entering the body. Examples of such barriers include skin and mucous membranes.
d. The adaptive immune response stores information about past infections and mounts pathogen-specific defense. This line of defense relies on B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes.
Answer:
c
Explanation:
the answer is c if u need anymore help I'm here
drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. resethelp the bonds or interactions that hold together adjacent nucleotides in the sugar-phosphate backbone of dna are blank.target 1 of 3 the bonds or interactions that hold together complementary bases from opposite strands of dna are blank.target 2 of 3 the bonds or interactions between stacked nucleotide units that help hold the dna molecule together are blank.
The bonds or interactions that hold together adjacent nucleotides in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA are covalent bonds , the bonds or interactions that hold together complementary bases from opposite strands of DNA are hydrogen bonds and the bonds or interactions between stacked nucleotide units that help hold the DNA molecule together are van der Waals interactions.
What is DNA?
Two polynucleotide chains that are joined together to create a double helix make up the polymer DNA. All known living things, including many viruses, have genetic material in their polymers that direct how they should function, grow, and reproduce. Nucleic acids include ribonucleic acid (RNA) and DNA. The four main macromolecule categories that are necessary for all known forms of life are proteins, lipids, complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), and nucleic acids.
Two types of bonds, covalent and hydrogen, hold the DNA double helix together. The bases, sugars, and phosphate groups are firmly connected by covalent connections that exist within each linear thread (both within and between components). Between the two strands, hydrogen bonds are formed by the complementary pairing of bases from the first and second strands. Although each of these hydrogen connections is weak, as a whole, they are rather powerful.
Hence, the bonds or interactions that hold together adjacent nucleotides in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA are covalent bonds , the bonds or interactions that hold together complementary bases from opposite strands of DNA are hydrogen bonds and the bonds or interactions between stacked nucleotide units that help hold the DNA molecule together are van der Waals interactions.
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Look at the diagram below. It shows the common elements found in the
human body.
3
Other
Elements 1 and 3 are used to make the most common substance in the body.
What are these elements?
OA. Oxygen and sulfur
Carbon Calcium
B. Oxygen and hydrogen
C. Hydrogen and phosphorus
D.nitrogen and phosphorus
Answer:
B
Explanation:
because oxygen is needed for the body so we can stay alive (sorry if this wasn't the explanation u were looking for)
suppose a researcher performed an experiment to determine the number of genes affecting fruit size in tomatoes. she crossed the domestic tomato, lycopersicon esculentum, and the wild species, lycopersicon cheesmanii, for two generations to obtain f2 individuals. consider the table, which reports the fruit diameter and number of offspring obtained by the researcher in the f2 generation. in the parental lines, l. cheesmanii had a fruit diameter of 8 cm and l. esculentum had a fruit diameter of 16 cm . fruit diameter number of offspring 8 cm 9 cm 10 cm 11 cm 12 cm 13 cm 14 cm 15 cm 16 cm 1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
From the table it appears that there ara at least two genes affecting fruit size in tomatoes
Explanation
The fruit gene appears to affect the fruit size in F2 genration as the offspring with a fruit diameter of 6cm are likely the result of one gene present in L. esculentum and gene present in L. cheesmani
The second gene appear to affect the fruit size in F2 generation as the offspring with a fruit diameter of 8 cm are likely the result of two genes present in L. Cheesmani further more the data suggest that the may be more gene affecting fruit size in tomatoes as the
researcher observed offspring with fruit diameter other than 6 cm and 8 cm in the F2 genration
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From the table, it appears that there are at least two genes affecting fruit size in tomatoes.
What are genes?
Chromosomes are little, spaghetti-like structures on which genes are located (say: KRO-moh-somes). Additionally, chromosomes are located inside of cells. There are countless billions of cells in your body. All living things are made up of extremely tiny components called cells.
The fruit gene appears to affect the fruit size in F2 generation as the offspring with a fruit diameter of 6cm are likely the result of one gene present in L. esculentum and a gene present in L. Cheesman
The second gene appears to affect the fruit size in F2 generation as the offspring with a fruit diameter of 8 cm are likely the result of two genes present in L. Cheesman furthermore the data suggest that they may be more genes affecting fruit size in tomatoes as the
the researcher observed offspring with fruit diameters other than 6 cm and 8 cm in the F2 generation.
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the formulae available for estimating body weight from a skeleton are very general with large error ranges, and are not very useful. true or false?
True- the formulae available for estimating body weight from a skeleton are very general with large error ranges, and are not very useful.
What is skeleton?The structural framework that holds an animal's body upright is its skeleton. There are other kinds of skeletons, such as the exoskeleton, which is an organism's sturdy exterior shell, the endoskeleton, which serves as the body's support system, and the hydroskeleton, which is an adaptable internal skeleton supported by fluid pressure. Animals having a vertebral column are called vertebrates, and their skeletons are typically made of bone and cartilage. Animals without a vertebral column are known as invertebrates. Invertebrates have a variety of skeletons, including as spicules, plated endoskeletons, or hard exoskeleton shells. The skeletal systems of both vertebrates and invertebrates contain cartilage, a stiff connective tissue.
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Considering the stomach’s role in the digestive system, is it possible for a person to digest food without a stomach? Explain your answer
Answer:
Yes, it might be shocking to learn but a person can digest and consume food without a stomach. The reason for this is that the body is Able to skip this step as long is the food is taken in Small portions. It can more directly from the esophagus to the Small intestine.
Explanation:
I Hope this helps! I tried my best Im sorry, please pet me know if its good or not
Above the stomach is the ____, which plays many important roles in digestion, and is nested below the stomach is the ______, which secretes many of the digestive enzymes
The pancreas, which is nestled beneath the stomach and secretes many digestive enzymes, is located above the stomach and performs numerous significant roles in digestion.
Which aspect of digestion is crucial?Liver. Although the liver performs a variety of tasks in the digestive system, processing the nutrients taken up from the small intestine is its primary duty. Digesting fat and several vitamins requires the help of bile, which the liver secretes into the small intestine. Your body's chemical "factory" is the liver.
What is the stomach's most significant role in digestion?Storing food and releasing it to the intestines at a pace that allows the intestines to process it is the stomach's primary job. In order to expand the food's surface area in preparation for digestion, the stomach mixes and grinds the food into a finely split chyme.
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Please!!! Need help with this ASAP! Picture is attached. Will mark brainliest!
Answer:
1) Myocyte (this one my be incorrect)
2) gametes
3) Homologous
4) diploid
In some regions of the world, forests are cut down and then burned to create room for farmland. How might this local environmental change affect people living on the East Coast of the United States?
A.
It could help farms to produce more crops by enriching their soil.
B.
It could reduce the amount of carbon dioxide that is released into the air.
C.
It could contribute to rising temperatures and rising sea levels.
D.
It could raise oxygen levels in the ocean, allowing for larger populations of fish.
Answer:
Option B is correct.
Hope it's help uhh =^._.^= ∫
Answer:
B. It could reduce the amount of carbon dioxide that is released into the air.
Explanation:
Simplest from most to complex
Goggling body, cell, tissue, organ, organism
The major organs that make up the human body, or the entire living thing, work at the organismal level, which is the most intricate level of organization.
What simplest to complex organization in an organism?The cellular level is the first and most fundamental level of organization. The fundamental building block of life and the smallest unit capable of reproduction is the cell.
Atoms and molecules make up the simplest level of organization within an organism, which is found at the chemical level. The building blocks of life are made up of molecules that are arranged into cells and subcellular components at the cellular level of structure.
Therefore, Although the form and function of cells vary widely depending on the type of organism, all cells share a few characteristics.
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Use the scenario to answer the following question.
A farmer is trying to increase the diversity of corn kernel color and size in his crops. The trait for corn color is controlled by two alleles. Yellow corn (B ) is completely dominant over white corn (b ). The trait for corn kernel size is controlled by two alleles. Big kernel (K ) is completely dominant over small kernel (k ).
Which combination of corn should he cross to get the highest variety and percent of genotypes in the next generation?
A) Bbkk x bbkk
B) BBKK x bbkk
C) BbKk x BbKk
D) BBKK x BBKK
The combination of corn that would give the highest variety will be BbKk x BbKk. Option C.
The genotypes of the next generation would be:
BBKK = 1
BBKk = 2
BbKK = 2
BBkk = 1
BbKk = 4
bbKK = 1
Bbkk = 2
bbKk = 2
bbkk = 1
Dihybrid crossingThe genotype combination of the corn that will give the highest variety of corn would be the genotype that produces the highest diversity of gametes.
Bbkk and bbkk will produce Bk and bk gametes only.BBKK and bbkk will produce BK and bk gametes only.BbKk and BbKk will produce BK, Bk, bK, and bk gametes.BBKK and BBKK will produce BK gametes onlyIn other words, the combination that will produce the highest diversity of corn is BbKk and BbKk.
Crossing the two parents:
BbKk x BbKk
Genotypes of the Offspring:
BBKK = 1
BBKk = 2
BbKK = 2
BBkk = 1
BbKk = 4
bbKK = 1
Bbkk = 2
bbKk = 2
bbkk = 1
Thus, the combination offers the highest diversity or variety and the next generation's genotypes, as shown above.
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he reviewer is referring to serviceability when mentioning: being able to fix the issue with the light button the time it took for the microscope to completely break the time between the light button getting stuck
When the reviewer mentions the interval between the light button becoming stuck, she is referring about dependability.
An analysis of the limit state method
Instructional Goals:
Clearly express the four fundamental elements of any design process, define limit states, recognise and classify various limit states, and decide whether or not structures should be designed in accordance with all limit states.
elucidate the idea of distinct partial safety factors for loads and material strengths based on the limit condition being taken into consideration,
Explain the "size effect" of concrete on its strength, identify the theory that allows limit states to be used in the study and design of structures
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What is TRUE about birth rate trends in the United States?
A.
The birth rate has had a steady increase since 2007.
The birth rate has been on a steady decline since 2007.
The birth rate has not changed since 2007.
OD. The birth rate has not been calculated since 2007.
B.
C.
Answer:
The birth rate has been on a steady decline since 2007
Explanation:
the posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the the posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the basal ganglion. adenohypophysis. neurohypophysis. mesencephalon. infundibulum.
The neurohypophysis is the name for the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. It is a hypothalamic projection.
The hypothalamus is where?On the underside of the brain is where you'll find the hypothalamus. It is linked by a stalk to the pituitary gland, which it sits above and immediately below the thalamus. It is a very intricate portion of the brain that is made up of numerous areas with incredibly specialized functions.
What do hormones from the hypothalamus do?It takes in a variety of signals from different parts of the brain and responds by releasing and inhibiting hormones. These hormones then act on the pituitary gland to control the functions of the thyroid, adrenal, and reproductive organs as well as growth, fluid balance, and milk production.
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5.
a. Rearrange the following terms so that they reflect the proper order of a spinal reflex: pain receptor, effector muscle, motor neuron, sensory neuron, spinal cord.
Pain receptor, sensory neuron, Spinal cord, motor neuron & effector muscle.
b. Which of the above terms would be different if the reflex in question were a balance reflex?
What term would you substitute?
super confusing help
The steps of the process of mitosis include successive prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
What is the process of mitosis?The process of mitosis is a cellular process in which a cell divides to generate two daughter cells, which is initiated by prophase where genetic material is condensed. Subsequently, the chromosomes that are presented by this condensed genetic material are aligned at the equatorial plate of the cell in a process called metaphase.
Next, during anaphase, the chromosomes travel to opposite poles of the cell, and finally during telophase daughter cell forms by division of the parental cell containing the genetic material of these cells.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the process of mitosis is divided into several sequential stages which include prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase and as result, this process generates two genetically identical daughter cells.
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Saved Place the following events in order starting with the vibration of the oval window and ending with the depolarization of hair cells. Rank the options below. Basilar membrane moves up and down Potassium ions enter hair cell causing depolarization Inner hair cells are pushed against the tectorial membrane Oval window vibrates Pressure wave travels through the perilymph of the scala vestibuli Stereocilia bend and tip-link proteins open potassium channels
This causes the hair cell to become hyperpolarized and reduces calcium entry as well as neurotransmitter release. Furthermore, this causes the corresponding axon of the vestibulocochlear nerve to produce fewer action potentials.
How are depolarized hair cells formed?
The release of a neurotransmitter that can start nerve impulses in the sensory neurons that synapse on the base of the hair cell is brought on by a depolarization of the cell brought on by an inflow of potassium ions.
Where exactly are the inner and outer hair cells for hearing located?
The Organ of Corti, which rests on the basilar membrane and has three rows of outer and one row of inner hair cells, is home to these auditory neurons. The tectorial membrane covers the top of the Organ of Corti.
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sympathetic nerves sympathetic nerves stimulate gastric secretion. allow us to relax, rest, and recover. control swallowing. contains short preganglionic fibers and longer postganglionic fibers. provoke feelings of sympathy.
The sympathetic nerves contain short preganglionic fibers and longer postganglionic fibers.
What is the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?
Your sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is a component of your autonomic nervous system (ANS). It may be referred to as your "automatic" nervous system because it is in charge of a number of processes that you can manage without thinking. In addition to other bodily processes, this may involve managing the heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, urine, and perspiration.
The ability of your sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to react to risky or stressful circumstances is its most well-known function. When this happens, your sympathetic nervous system (SNS) kicks in to help you escape danger by increasing your heart rate, pumping more blood to areas of your body that need it, and other responses.
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When isolated chloroplasts are placed in buffer solution with a blue dye such as DCPIP or methylene blue and illuminated, the blue colour disappears. Explain this observation.
In this chloroplast expression the bule colour is changed.
What is chloroplast?the part of a green plant cell of that is contains by the chlorophyll and in whichever photosynthesis it takes place.
The chloroplast is isolated to from the leaves of the plants by the are used for the detecting the rate of the photosynthesis. For those purpose, use a dye such as a solutions of the dichlorophenolindophe old usually known as DCPIP, or any solution of methylene blue. These dyes do not damage the chloroplasts. Both of them these dyes are blue, but they are become colourless when tl they are undergo.
Hence, these dyes are not responding called redox indicators.
The light-dependent to the reactions of the photosynthesis involve the release of the high-energy electrons from
'a' molecules. In to the chloroplasts, these are electron's are picked up by and electronic acceptor and then passes by along the electron transportation chain. But when to the chloroplasts are illuminates, the electrons, released are the taken up by the reason indicator and get reduces to the hence, the colour change. The rate at which BH they are indicates changes colourful from blue (oxidised state) to the colourless (reduced state) is a measure of the rate of photosynthesis.
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