In the aquatic system heterotrophic bacteria are most abundant in Upper ocean
Heterotrophic bacteria and the photosynthetic cyanobactin- terium Synchronous are found almost everywhere in the upper ocean. In temperate waters, the annual cycle of their abundance may be quite regular. Generally, both groups are most abundant in summer and least so in winter.
Heterotrophic bacteria derive energy from organic compounds. They are widely distributed and most abundant forms. They may be aerobic or anaerobic. They are omnipresent and found in the food, soil, water. They help in recycling of natural substances.
They are mostly responsible for the decomposition of organic matter. They also live as a parasite and cause various diseases in plants, animals and humans. They are also present as a symbiont in organisms, e.g. Rhizobium in the root nodules of legumes, etc.
Bacteria are used for making curd, antibiotics, nitrogen-fixation, etc. Heterotrophic bacteria can decompose organic matter such as cellulose, keratin, lignin, chitin, etc.
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What is Ozone Layer? When is World Ozone Day?
The phrase "ozone layer" refers to the thick layer of ozone that is present in the stratosphere, 15 to 30 kilometers above the surface of the earth. The UN General Assembly declared September 16 to be the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer on December 19, 1994.
Every year on September 16th, World Ozone Day is observed to remember the signing of the Montreal Protocol, which went into effect on this day in 1987. Every year, people around the world observe World Ozone Day to raise awareness of the ozone layer's deterioration and the steps being taken to protect it.
It has three oxygen atoms and is a light blue gas. It is toxic to life and is created in the stratospheric ozone layer. An oxygen allotrope is ozone, symbol O3. In both its solid and liquid forms, ozone is a blue-black substance with a strong odor. Life on Earth is protected by the ozone layer. A form of radiation known as ultraviolet radiation, or UV light, which can penetrate organisms' protective layers like the epidermis and harm DNA molecules in plants and animals, is well-trapped by ozone.
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(02.01 HC)
Fossil evidence has been used to understand the movement of continental plates. The figure below shows where fossils of several species have been
found. What can you predict about more modern organisms that lived 100 million years after these species? (3 points)
SOUTH AMERICA
remains of
ognathus
Trassic land reptile
approximately
I'm long
AFRICA
Lived approximately
250-240 million years ago
©2016, The Geological Society
Fouad remains of the
water reple
Masosaurus
Lived approximately
299-250 million years ago
Lived approdnately
286-258 million years ago
INDIA
ANTARCTICA
Fossl evidence
of the Triassic
land reple
Lystrosauna
AUSTRALIA
Fossh of the fern
Glossopteris found
in all of the southem
continents, show that
they were once joined.
Lived approximately
300-200 million years ago
O Most modern species would have ranges like Glossopteris because the continents are closer together today.
Most modern species would be in South America, because as the plates moved they would separate from other, uninhabited lands.
More modern species would have a smaller range because the plates are farther apart today.
O Modern species would be able to migrate in a pattern like Lystrosaurus because India and Antarctica are closer together today.
The range of modern organisms today compare to these species such that more modern species would have a smaller range because the plates are farther apart today which is therefore denoted as option C.
What is a Fossil?This is referred to as the remain of plants and animals which have been preserved in the earth crust as a result of various factors such as high temperature and pressure which results in an impression being created.
Fossils vary according to the area where they are found and it helps us to understand various processes on earth. With time, there has been an increase in the movement of the plates which has been further apart and is the reason why there is a difference such that more modern species would have a smaller range than previous ones.
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rna polymerase adds ribonucleotides onto the _____ end of a growing rna by forming _____ bonds.
RNA polymerase adds ribonucleotides onto the 3' end of a growing RNA by forming phosphodiester bonds.
In the field of biology, RNA polymerase can be described as an enzyme that adds ribonucleotides to the RNA in order for the synthesis of RNA to occur. The direction of working for the RNA polymerase is only from the 5' to the 3' direction. This means that the RNA polymerase can add ribonucleotides only to the 3' end and not the 5' end.
The ribonucleotides join together for RNA synthesis using the phosphodiester bonds. By phosphodiester bond, the RNA polymerase forms a bond between the 3' carbon of one sugar to the 5; atom of the other sugar.
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changes in gene expression in prokaryotes are tightly linked to changes in the environment. for that reason almost all of the changes are
Changes in gene expression in prokaryotes are tightly linked to changes in the environment. For that reason almost all of the changes are fully reversible, depending on environmental conditions.
Due to the lack of a defined nucleus, prokaryotic gene expression (both transcription and translation) occurs within the cytoplasm of a cell; thus, the DNA is freely located within the cytoplasm. Gene expression is a highly regulated process. It allows for cellular differentiation in multicellular organisms; in single-celled organisms such as prokaryotes, it primarily ensures that a cell's resources are not wasted making proteins that the cell does not require at the time.
Only by controlling the amount of transcription can prokaryotic cells regulate gene expression. The complexity of controlling gene expression increased as eukaryotic cells evolved. For example, the evolution of eukaryotic cells resulted in the compartmentalization of important cellular components and processes.
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how do goats reproduce?
Answer:
by reproduction process
because male has male garments and female goat has a female garments which when combaing with the male garment may lead to form a zygot
HELP FAST!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
RR (round peas) and rr (wrinkled peas), The heterozygous peas have genotype Rr which when crossed will have RR, Rr, Rr and rr. Therefore, 50% of the off springs will be heterozygous.
What is a punnett square?
The genotypes of a certain cross or breeding experiment are predicted using the Punnett square, a square diagram. It bears Reginald C. Punnett's name, who developed the method in 1905. Biologists use the figure to calculate the likelihood that a child will have a certain genotype.
When two heterozygotes are crossed, the anticipated genotype ratio is 1 (homozygous dominant): 2 (heterozygous): 1. (homozygous recessive) or 1:2:1.
R r
R RR Rr
r Rr rr
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Which mammals were found to have a vocal range of 7 octaves, nearly twice that of humans?
Bats were found to have a vocal range of 7 octaves.
Mammals are a set of vertebrate animals constituting the magnificence Mammalia, characterized by way of the presence of mammary glands which in females produce milk for feeding their young, a neocortex, fur or hair, and three center ear bones.
Mammals consist of humans and all other animals which can be heat-blooded vertebrates (vertebrates have backbones) with hair. They feed their young with milk and feature a greater properly-developed mind than different styles of animals.
Mammals are a set of vertebrate animals. Examples of mammals consist of rats, cats, dogs, deer, monkeys, apes, bats, whales, dolphins, and people.
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would a cross between a homozygous purple-smooth parent (ppss) and a parent that is heterozygous for both traits (ppss) result in offspring that produced either yellow or wrinkled seeds? explain your answer by listing the genotypes and phenotypes produced by the cross.
The given statement "A cross between a homozygous purple-smooth parent (PPSS) and heterozygous for both traits (PpSs) would produce offspring that is either yellow or wrinkled seeds." is true.
Crossing over is the exchange of DNA between homologous and non-homologous chromosome.
The homozygous purple-smooth parent will only produce gametes PP and SS, while the heterozygous parent (Pp,Ss) will produce gametes with P_S_, P_s_, p_S_, and p_s_ . Thus the offspring will have a [tex]\dfrac {1} {4}[/tex] chance of being homozygous recessive (ppss), that will have yellow and wrinkled seeds while the other [tex]\dfrac {3}{4}[/tex] of the offspring will be heterozygous (PpSs), that will have purple and smooth seeds.
Genotype:
1/4 ppss - Yellow and wrinkled
3/4 PpSs - Purple and smooth
Phenotype:
1/4 Yellow and wrinkled
3/4 Purple and smooth
Therefore, the given statement is true.
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Your question is incomplete but most probably your full question was,
Would a cross between a homozygous purple-smooth parent (PPSS) and a parent that is heterozygous for both traits (PpSs) result in offspring that produced either yellow or wrinkled seeds? explain your answer by listing the genotypes and phenotypes produced by the cross.
What is the general rule of who should yield at an uncontrolled intersection?
As a general rule, a Driver should yield at an uncontrollable intersection. The driver on the left has the right of way if you both arrive at the junction at the same moment.
Since the law never actually provides the right of way, it is crucial to the right of way idea. The law just specifies when it is necessary to give the right of way. When the law allows it, you can use the right of way by making sure that other people give you the right of way.
In all states, accidents result from failing to give the right of way. However, there are various ways for you to lessen this likelihood when driving.
The driver should be aware of the places in which he travels the most and should also have a basic understanding of other heavily used roads or streets. When driving, the driver should make his or her own judgments regarding routes, speed, etc. without allowing friends or peer groups to influence them.
The motorist should be aware of and steer clear of crossroads and thoroughfares that are more likely to be involved in collisions. The motorist must take caution while planning his or her route and considering the surroundings as well as how the right of way may impact it.
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Life is only possible on earth because carbon is always floating around in our atmosphere in the form of carbon ______
Answer: dioxide
Explanation: the answer is carbon dioxide.
specialized cells of the dermal system in plants that function in gas exchange are called
Specialized cells of the dermal system in plants that function in gas exchange are called stomata.
The little apertures known as stomata are found on the epidermis of leaves. Stomata are visible under a light microscope. Stomata can be found on the stems and other portions of various plants. In gaseous exchange and photosynthesis, stomata are crucial. Through opening and closing, they regulate the rate of transpiration.
The stomata are made up of tiny pores termed stoma that are encircled by two guard cells. The turgidity of guard cells determines how frequently stomata open and close. The pore's surrounding cell wall is resilient and adaptable. Both monocots and dicots typically have different guard cell shapes, but the mechanism is the same in both. Guard cells have chloroplasts and are shaped like beans. They absorb light and have chlorophyll in them.
Hence, stomata cell plays role in gaseous exchange.
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According to the audio, is an avocado a fruit or vegetable? es una fruta. Es una verdura.
According to the audio, an Avocado is a fruit.
Avocados are among the few fruits high in unsaturated fats. When ingested in place of saturated fat, such fats help decrease undesirable LDL cholesterol. In California, the popular Haas avocado, with its dark-green, nubby skin, grows all year. Avocados contain vitamins C, E, K, and B6, along with riboflavin, niacin, folate, pantothenic acid, magnesium, and potassium. In addition, they contain lutein, beta-carotene , and omega-3 fatty acids. Avocados are a good source of useful fats, which can help you feel heavier among meals.
Although avocado appears to be beneficial in all situations, pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid it. Avocado diminishes milk production and has been linked to mammary gland damage. Avocado or its charred remains are too acidic for babies' stomachs.
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water and dissolved minerals are conducted from the roots to the stems and leaves via ___________, whereas sugar is conducted through specialized cells known as _____________
Water and dissolved minerals are conducted from the roots to the stems and leaves via xylem, whereas sugar is conducted through specialized cells known as sieve tubes.
Water is drawn up from the roots to the top of the plant according to the cohesion-tension theory of sap ascent. Water and minerals travel upward from the roots through the xylem due to a negative water potential gradient created by the evaporation of mesophyll cells in the leaves.
Specialized cells known as sieve elements play a crucial role in the operation of phloem, a highly organized tissue that transfers organic chemicals produced during photosynthesis. In phloem, sieve elements are the main conducting cells. Conducting cells support molecular transport, particularly for long-distance signalling. There are two basic categories of sieve components in plant anatomy. Meristems, which are tissues that actively divide throughout a plant's lifecycle, are the source of companion cells and sieve cells. They resemble the growth of xylem, a plant tissue that conducts water and serves primarily as a means of transportation within the vascular system.
Hence, transport of water and food is transported in two different pathway.
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proteins that are fully translated in the cytosol and lack a sorting signal will end up in the proteins that are fully translated in the cytosol and lack a sorting signal will end up in the cytosol. mitochondria. interior of the nucleus. nuclear membrane.
For the remainder of translation, proteins lacking a signal peptide remain in the cytosol. They will remain in the cytosol for all time if no additional "address labels" are present. However, following translation, they can be sent to the mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxisomes, or nucleus provided they carry the appropriate labels.
Proteins are directed into the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts (in plants), peroxisomes, and ER by several sorting signals. Proteins devoid of these signals stay in the cytosol permanently. Proteins produced in the cytosol that lack a signal sequence stay there. A transmembrane signal peptidase always eliminates the signal sequence that instructs a developing polypeptide chain to reach the ER membrane. Signals found in the cytosolic domains of the proteins are what sort transmembrane proteins to endosomes and lysosomes. Short, linear sequences of amino acid residues make up the majority of signals.
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archaeologists discovered a new set of mummies in egypt with what unique feature?
Archaeologists discovered a new set of mummies in Egypt with Golden tongue or amulet placed in the deceased's mouth.
What is archeologist?An archaeologist is a scientist who studies human history by digging up human remains and artifacts.Archaeologists determine where an ancient temple was built by finding ancient records related to the specific area or region.Lucy, the oldest human known to man — nearly 3.2 million years oldWhat have we learned from discovered?A mummy preserves information about lifestyle, diet, diseases, cause of death, and religious and funerary beliefs, giving us an insight into aspects of the civilisation that archaeology and ancient literature alone cannot provide.
What is so special about mummies?The Egyptians believed that the mummified body was the home for this soul or spirit.If the body was destroyed, the spirit might be lost.Learn more about Evolution from brainly.com/question/928273.
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The energy released from the anaerobic respiration of a glucose molecule is less than that released from the aerobic respiration of a glucose molecule because
A. Fewer bonds of the glucose molecule are broken in anaerobic respiration than in aerobic respiration
B. More enzymes are required for anaerobic respiration than for aerobic respiration
C. Anaerobic respiration occurs 24 hours a day while aerobic respiration can only occur at night
D. Anaerobic respiration requires oxygen but aerobic respiration does not require oxygen
The energy released from the anaerobic respiration of a glucose molecule is less than that released from the aerobic respiration of a glucose molecule because -- Fewer bonds of the glucose molecule are broken in anaerobic respiration than in aerobic respiration.
option(A) is the correct answer.
Aerobic respiration is the type of respiration in which energy is generated from cells by breaking down sugars in the presence of oxygen.
Anaerobic respiration is the type of respiration in which energy is generated from cells by breaking down sugars in the absence of oxygen.
In the process of aerobic respiration carbon dioxide and water are produced by the complete breakage of glucose but in anaerobic respiration, glucose is not broken down completely. Instead of carbon dioxide and water, lactic acid is produced in anaerobic respiration.
The process of anaerobic respiration takes place in a deficit of oxygen. So, the amount of oxygen is not present to oxidize lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water. Anaerobic respiration produces only 2 ATP molecules in contrast to the production of 38 ATP molecules in the process of aerobic respiration.
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if the hypothalamus was not stimulated by estrogen, which pathways would be interrupted?
The thyroid-stimulating hormone will be stimulated if estrogen does not activate the hypothalamus.
What is the hypothalamus?The hypothalamus is the part of the brain that secretes hormones to control the function of the body's organs and cells. The most important function of the hypothalamus is homeostasis, which ensures and maintains all body systems running stable.
The hypothalamus releases hormones to another part of the brain, namely the pituitary gland. This gland will then send these hormones to various other organs of the body.
Some of the hormones produced by the hypothalamus are:
Antidiuretic hormoneOxytocin hormoneSomatostatin hormoneGrowth hormone-releasing hormoneGonadotropin-releasing hormoneCorticotropin-releasing hormoneThyrotropin-releasing hormoneLearn more about the function of estrogen here :
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Deforestation - amazon rain forest, brazil. On average, based on your answer to problem 4, how much deforestation occurred in this area per year (km2/yr)?
Answer:An increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide since the trees were taking in carbon dioxide from the environment
Explanation:
In which situations should you yield right of way?
When making a left turn across oncoming lanes of traffic, you must stop and let incoming traffic pass.
While relocating from a driveway, parking lot, or exclusive road. From a private road, alley, parking garage, driveway, etc., you must stop and give way to all oncoming traffic before entering or crossing a public road.
A first-time offender faces a punishment ranging from $500 to $1,250 for failing to yield to a school bus. A Class A misdemeanor punishable by a fine of up to $4,000 and/or one year in prison is causing serious bodily harm by failing to cede right of way to school bus passengers.
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which type of ion channel opens and closes in response to changes in the membrane potential?
Voltage channels open and close in response to changes in membrane potential.
What do voltage-gated channels do?Voltage-gated ion channels are membrane-integral proteins that allow certain inorganic ions to flow through cell membranes. They play a crucial part in the electrical signaling process used by excitable cells like neurons, opening and closing in response to variations in transmembrane voltage.Ion channels that are triggered by changes in the electrical membrane potential close to the channel are known as voltage-gated ion channels. The membrane potential modifies the channel proteins' shape, controlling how they open and close.When a chemical ligand, such as a neurotransmitter, attaches to the protein, ligand-gated ion channels open. Changes in membrane potential cause voltage channels to open and shut.To learn more about Voltage-gated ion channels refer to:
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what membranes of the maculae sacculi and utriculi are important in sensing gravity and motion?
[100 PTS] List three kinds of information that can be learned by sequencing DNA. Also list three specific things that have been learned from the sequence of the human genome.
Answer:
There are several kinds of information that can be learned by sequencing DNA. Some examples include:
1. The genetic makeup of an organism, including the specific sequence of nucleotides (A, C, G, and T) that make up its DNA.
2. The presence of mutations or other variations in an organism's DNA, which can be associated with genetic disorders or other traits.
3. The presence of genes and other functional elements in an organism's DNA, such as genes that code for specific proteins or regulatory sequences that control gene expression.
Some specific things that have been learned from the sequence of the human genome include:
1. The identification of many of the genes that are present in the human genome, including the genes that are associated with various diseases and traits.
2. The discovery of many genetic variations that can affect an individual's risk of developing certain diseases, such as cancer or heart disease.
3. The identification of many regulatory elements in the human genome, such as enhancers and promoters, that control gene expression.
Explanation:
how does the models support the idea that genetic mutations may arise from environmental factors?
The models support the idea that genetic mutations may arise from environmental factors by demonstrating that environmental exposure to certain agents, such as radiation and chemicals, can lead to the occurrence of mutations.
These mutations can lead to changes in gene sequences, which can then be passed down to future generations. Additionally, the models can also show how environmental changes, such as food availability or temperature, can lead to changes in the genetic makeup of a population over time. Some environmental elements can alter a gene's nucleotide sequence. UV radiation, for instance, can break apart DNA strands. Additionally, certain chemicals such as those found in plastic or cigarette smoke can change the chemical behavior of DNA bases, leading one base to take the place of another. These environmental factors can also adjust the epigenome - the chemical markers attached to DNA - which can then cause genes to become more or less activated and determine the amount of protein that's created from them.
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The male grouse makes a drumming noise by using its wings to beat the air. What is the behavior communicating?
Answer:echolocation i think
Explanation:
The ans stimulates smooth muscles, skeletal muscles and glands, whereas the somatic nervous system innervates skeletal muscles only.
t/f
It is true that the ANS stimulates smooth muscles, skeletal muscles and glands, whereas the somatic nervous system innervates skeletal muscles only.
The brain and spinal cord ar to blame for process and group action the assorted sources of data to permit us to develop a response. So the most perform of the somatic nervous system is to attach the central nervous system with organs and skeletal muscle to perform our daily functions.
The (ANS) automatic nervous system is an element of the peripheral systema nervosum that regulates involuntary physiological processes as well as vital sign, vital sign, respiration, digestion, and arousal. It contains 3 anatomically distinct divisions: sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric.
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What is the difference between reproductive and therapeutic cloning?
Therapeutic cloning refers to the development of tissues or organs for medical treatment, whereas reproductive cloning refers to the creation of a whole organism for reproduction.
The deliberate generation of genetically identical people is known as reproductive cloning. The prior invention is a perfect clone of every new one. Identical twins are monozygotic clones, often known as natural clones. In reproductive cloning, somatic cell nuclear transfer is utilized to produce an animal that is genetically identical to a donor animal. During reproductive cloning, the freshly generated embryo is returned to the uterus so that it can implant and develop. Probably the most well-known example is Dolly the sheep.
Therapeutic cloning seeks to create embryonic cell lines with the same genome as the nuclear donor by introducing nuclear material from a somatic cell into an enucleated egg. The process of creating a cloned embryo only for the goal of creating embryonic stem cells with the same DNA as the donor cell is referred to as "therapeutic cloning." These stem cells can be used in research to better understand sickness and develop new treatments.
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Which of the following occurs in meiosis but not
in mitosis?
A. Chromosomes coil and condense.
B. Spindle
fi
bers form across the cell.
C. The nuclear membrane breaks down.
D. Pairs of homologous chromosomes are
separated.
The circumstance that occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis is the coining and condensation of Chromosomes. Thus, the correct option for this question is A.
What is Meiosis?Meiosis may be characterized as a type of cell division in which each parent cell is divided into four daughter cells. These daughter cells are genetically unique to their parental cell and are haploid in nature. Gamete cells (germ cells) are usually divided by this method of cell division.
The events that happen in the process of meiosis may include the pairing of homologous chromosomes, crossing over, and lining up along the metaphase plate in tetrads.
Therefore, the condensation and coiling of chromosomes is the circumstance that occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis. Thus, the correct option for this question is A.
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Which of these organisms convert atmospheric nitrogen gas to a form that can be utilized by plants? A) bacteria B) animals C) fungi D) protists
A Nitrogen fixing bacteria organism convert atmospheric nitrogen gas to a form that can be utilized by plants.
What is a Nitrogen fixing bacteria?Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are microorganisms capable of transforming atmospheric nitrogen into fixed nitrogen (inorganic compounds usable by plants).
The symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria invade the root hairs of host plants, where they multiply and stimulate formation of root nodules, enlargements of plant cells and bacteria in intimate association. Within the nodules, the nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert free nitrogen to ammonia, which the host plant uses for its development.
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if a developing insect embryo was mechanically agitated in order to evenly redistribute cytoplasmic determinants throughout the embryo, then the ________.
If a developing insect embryo was mechanically agitated in order to evenly redistribute cytoplasmic determinants throughout the embryo, then the resulting organism would have a symmetrical body plan.
Cytoplasmic determinants are molecules that play a key role in the development of an organism, as they help to determine the fate of cells and the overall body plan of the organism. In many cases, these determinants are not evenly distributed throughout the embryo, resulting in an asymmetrical body plan.
However, if the embryo is mechanically agitated, this can help to redistribute the determinants more evenly, resulting in a symmetrical body plan. This process, known as cytoplasmic redistribution, is important for the proper development of the organism.
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in cattle short horn is dominant to long horn and red and white produce roan. Show the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring that could be produced from a cross between an individual heterozygous for both characters and an individual that is long horned and roan
Assuming the gene for horn length expresses complete dominance and the gene for color expresses co-dominance, the expected genotypes and phenotypes are 2/16 SsRR - Short and Red. 4/16 SsRW - Short and Roan. 2/16 ssRR - Long and Red. 4/16 ssRW - Long and Roan. 2/16 SsWW - Short and white. 2/16 ssWW - Long and White.
What are complete and co-dominance?
Complete dominance refers to the inheritance pattern in which the dominant allele can completly hide the expression of the recessive allele in heterozygous individuals. Two phenotypes are possible -the dominant and the recessive ones-.
Co-dominance refers to the inheritance pattern in which neither of the alleles completely blocks the expression of the other allele, so both of them are simultaneously expressed and create a third phentoype.
In the exposed example,
Horn length expresses complete dominance- SS and Ss expresses short
- ss expresses long
Coat color expresses co-dominance- RR expresses red
- WW expresses white
- RW expresses roan
Cross:
Parentals) Ss RW x ss RW
Gametes) SR, SW, sR, sW
sR, sR, sW, sW
Punnett square) SR SW sR sW
sR SsRR SsRW ssRR ssRW
sR SsRR SsRW ssRR ssRW
sW SsRW SsWW ssRW ssWW
sW SsRW SsWW ssRW ssWW
F1) Proportion of individuals Genotype Phenotype
2/16 individuals ⇒ SsRR ⇒ Short and Red4/16 individuals ⇒ SsRW ⇒ Short and Roan2/16 individuals ⇒ ssRR ⇒ Long and Red4/16 individuals ⇒ ssRW ⇒ Long and Roan2/16 individuals ⇒ SsWW ⇒ Short and white2/16 individuals ⇒ ssWW ⇒ Long and White
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