The flexor muscles are muscles that bend joints while extensor muscles are muscles that straighten these joints. These muscles are connected to the bone by tendons. Ligaments do not connect muscles to the bone, instead, it connects bones to another bone. Flexor and extensor are what you call antagonistic muscle pairs that oppose the function of each other.
Examples of flexor-extensor pairs in the body are the biceps and triceps, quadriceps and hamstrings, pectorals and trapezius, gluteus maximus and hip flexors, and tibialis anterior and extensor hallicus longus.
Movement of each pair:
• biceps and triceps ,(located in the arms) - Biceps are muscles that contract bends the elbow towards the body, while triceps will relax the muscles or straighten them.
,• quadriceps and hamstrings, (located in the knees area) - Quadriceps bends and hamstrings straightens. It helps you bend your knee.
,• pectorals and trapezius, (located in the chest to shoulders area) - The pair will move the arms towards the body and away from the body. It gives us the ability to swim. The pectorals are major muscles of the chest area that can both extend and bend since it is joined in with two different heads. The trapezius is located at the upper back area to the shoulders of the body and aids the pectorals in the extension and bending of the arms.
,• gluteus maximus and hip flexors, (located in the hip area) - It is important for standing, walking, and staying upright. Gluteus maximus is the major muscle in the thigh that straightens the lower limbs. Hip flexors are a collection of flexor muscles that bend the thigh forward.
,• Tibialis anterior and extensor hallicus longus ,(located in the foot) - The tibialis anterior flexes the ankle away from the foot while the extensor hallicus longus bends the foot upward towards the body.
What is most likely to be the first organism to grow in a rock outcrop that has never been home to living organisms?
The question is referring to primary succession, which begins with the colonization of living organisms in an area that hasn't had any living organisms before.
This kind of succession begins with microorganisms, and plants such as lichens and mosses.
Given that a rock outcrop is a terrestrial environment, lichens (C) are most likely to be the firsts organisms.
Compare the digestive systems of a flatworm and a human. Be sure to include examples of the various structures found in the digestive systems of both organisms. How are the digestive systems of humans and flatworms different? What are the major structures of the flatworm digestive system? What are the major structures of the human digestive system?
Flatworms belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes, which have bilateral symmetry, are not segmented, and don't have a body cavity (they are acoelomates).
They lack specialized circulatory and respiratory organs, so they have flattened shapes that allow the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients. Their digestive system has only one opening, the mouth, that is used for both ingestion and egestion (the release of undigested residues).
Flatworms' digestive system has the following structures:
• Mouth
,• Pharynx
,• Intestine
On the other hand, the human digestive system is composed of:
• Mouth
,• Pharynx
,• Esophagus
,• Stomach
,• Small intestine
,• Large intestine
,• Anus
We can see that compared to the human digestive system, flatworms' digestive systems are much simpler, as they lack many of the specialized structures that are present in humans.
if you find a new species of algae floating on the surface of a coastal zone, you would likely consider it a type of ____.
If you find a new species of algae floating on the surface of a coastal zone, you would likely consider it a type of phytoplankton.
Phytoplankton uses sunlight, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and water to manufacture oxygen and nutrients for other organisms. Earth is said to be covered by the ocean, and phytoplankton are the main source of producing up to 50% of oxygen that breathable.
Phytoplankton are microscopic organisms that live in watery environments, both salty and fresh. Many phytoplankton are bacteria, some are , protists and most are single-celled plants.
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In the figure, which areas are similar for all IgG antibodies?
A. a and b
B. a and c
C. b and c
D. c and d
E. b and d
In figure, c and d areas are similar for all IgG antibodies (Option d).
What are the antibodies of the immune system?The antibodies of the immune system can be defined as specific molecules that recognize antigens in order to destroy them during the immune response, which is composed of light chains and heavy chains that may be variable between distinct antibodies.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the antibodies of the immune system are composed of variable and common chains and they protect the body against antigens.
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Suppose a mutation occurs in soma portion of DNA and this alters the resulting mRNA that is transcribed. Examine the original and mutated mRNA sequences below and describe how the mutation impacts the resulting protein using either of the codon charts.mRNA from original DNA:ACGGCAUUCAAGGCUACGUACCCUUCUAUCmRNA from mutated DNA:ACGGCAUUCAAAGCUACGUACCCUUCUAUCWhich is correct ? 1)It will cause the resulting amino acid to change 2) no amino acid change (silent mutation) 3) it will cause the protein synthesis to stop early
The answer would be the number 2) no amino acid change (silent mutation)
*When we examine the original sequence, we can notice that the ACGGCAUUC-AAG-GCUACGUACCCUUCUAUC mutated into ACGGCAUUC-AAA-GCUACGUACCCUUCUAUC.
*These codons AAG and AAA refer to LYSINE. Therefore, even if there is a change when the guanine (G) becomes adenine (A) in the mutated version, there is no change in the amino acid.
NaOH to pure water. It releases OH: NaOH is a_____ and the pH will_____.
NaOH to pure water. It releases OH: NaOH is a base and the pH will increase.
select all the true statements :a) Mitochondria are outside the nucleus of an animal cell.b) An animal cell can have a Golgi but does not have endoplasmic reticulumc) The cell membrane breaks down sugar to release energy than an animal cell can use.
Cell Biology: Parts of the cell.
Animal cells are different from plant cells and fungal cells because they don't have a cell wall or chloroplasts. However, they have all of the other organelles and parts present in other eukaryotic cells.
As we can see in this diagram of an animal cell, they have a nucleus (where the genetic material is), mitochondria (which breaks down the sugar into energy), endoplasmic reticulum (which folds proteins), Golgi apparatus (which modifies and distributes proteins) and, of course, a cell membrane that contains the cytoplasm and all the organelles.
Now, let's compare this information with the statements:
• Statement a, is true, we can see in the diagram that the mitochondria is found in the cytoplasm.
,• Statement b is false because animal cells have both the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum.
,• Statement c is false because the mitochondria is the organelle that breaks down sugars.
Based on your knowledge of scientific laws and theories, which statement is true?A. They both represent definite facts that are not subject to change.B. They are hypotheses.C. They are ordered-one becomes the other.D. They are based on evidence and observations.
Both scientific laws and theories talk about phenomena and events that happen in nature, but laws are used to describe them, while theories explain why those phenomena happen. However, despite the differences between the concepts, they are both based on evidence and observations.
Answer: D
explain how mutations to genes can effect traits in organisms
Explanation:
mutation produce sudden difference between individuals because only the mutation which occurs during formation of gametes are inherited
Which term describes an excessive amount of cerebrospinal fluid on the brain?
O encephalitis
Ohydrocephalus
O epilepsy
O concussion
Its hydrocephalus.
Cited from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hydrocephalus/symptoms-causes/syc-20373604 "Hydrocephalus is the buildup of fluid in the cavities (ventricles) deep within the brain. The excess fluid increases the size of the ventricles and puts pressure on the brain. Cerebrospinal fluid normally flows through the ventricles and bathes the brain and spinal column. But the pressure of too much cerebrospinal fluid associated with hydrocephalus can damage brain tissues and cause a range of brain function problems."
I need help with this practice problem solving Select all that apply It can be more than one *
An invasive species characterized by certain aspects that confer them high competitivity, many of them are generalists for habitat and food, possess a quick reproduction, and grow fast. Therefore we can say that the correct answer are the two first options.
helpppp please ecosystem between 1975 and 1976 after which time rapiddeforestation and logging took place. Starting in 1979 the localpeople became concerned that the native finch population haddeclined drastically and began replanting mature trees in the area atwhich point the finch population then grew to levels seen in1975-1976. Which of the following explanations is the most crediblegiven the changes in the finch population?
Since the population of finches had decreased when deforestation and logging started, and it returned to its original values prior to deforestation when locals started to replating trees, it follows from these facts that trees are being a limiting factor in finches' populations, either because they're acting as niches, food, both or anything else that these populations needed to survive.
Therefore, the correct answer to this question is option D.
There are many different breeds of dogs. The table below gives the average adult size of several of these breeds when individualsare raised in similar environments.Breed Average Height (inches) Average Weight (pounds)toy fox terrier8.5 -11.53.5-9.0Pomeranian7.0 - 12.04.2 -7.7Portuguese water dog 17.0-22.033.0-60.0Irish wolfhound32.0 - 35.0115.0 - 180.0Great Dane28.0 - 34.099.0 - 200.0Scientists identified a single gene that controls growth in dogs. They found that the Pomeranians and toy fox terriers have similarversions of this gene, but Portuguese water dogs, Irish wolfhounds, and Great Danes have different versions.Which best explains the findings and the data in the table?OA. The environment in which the dogs grow changes their genetic material, and these changes affect the dogs' growth.OB. The versions of the gene in Irish wolfhounds and Great Danes decrease the rate at which these breeds grow.C. The version of the gene in Pomeranians and toy fox terriers limits growth, so these breeds can only grow to small sizes.D. The difference in size between Portuguese water dogs, Irish wolfhounds, and Great Danes produces different changes inthe dogs' genes.ResetSubmit
The correct option is "C. The version of the gene in Pomeranians and toy fox terriers limits growth, so these breeds can only grow to small sizes." Since, the findings highlight how different variations of the same gene, produce different results in the dogs phenotype, that is, its size.
Answer: C. The version of the gene in Pomeranians and toy fox terriers limits growth, so these breeds can only grow to small sizes.
Explanation: Source: Trust me bro,
Can you please answer
Answer:
0. provides a type of adaptive immunity
,1. is 100 percent effective in disease prevention
,2. must be given on a regular basis from birth to 18 years of age
I need help with this practice problem I am having a hard time,
A soil horizon is a layer of soil with characteristic propierties. This physical, chemical and biological characteristics are common of that layer and differ from the layers above and beneath.
How are plants influenced by human societies?
Answer:
Explanation:
Plants are affected both positively and negatively by human societies. We either help their growth, or stunt their growth. For instance, we may add fertilizers to the soil. This helps plants, or we may cause oil spillag on soil, which in turn kills plants.
Any pros to Kudzu in the environment? (Think of every possibility of it’s positive impact)
The pros of Kudzu in the environment are that it does an excellent job of preventing soil erosion.
The fact that kudzu grows rapidly is a benefit. It does an excellent job of preventing soil erosion thanks to its large leaves and robust root structure.
Additionally, kudzu has been utilized to feed animals and stop erosion. Particularly in the 1930s, Kudzu was a desirable option for erosion management because of its robust root system and quick development.
Kudzu is tasty and has generated excellent results when used as a pasture for dairy and beef cattle; tests revealed no differences in the milk's color or flavor. Kudzu can be used to generate high-quality silage by mixing it with grass or by being cut for cut-and-carry feeding systems.
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Which type of species below would best describe the population discussed on the paragraph to the left
The species that are heavily represent one extreme. "R" stands for reproduction. The progeny of this species receives only a modest expenditure of resources, but they are produced in large numbers.
So, the answer is R Selected.
What about species?A group of things that share the same kind and name: kind. A class of living creatures with a two-part scientific name that comes after a genus and is made up of related individuals capable of having fruitful children. A species is a group of plants or animals that may reproduce with one another and share common traits. Examples include the notion of a genetic species, which assumes that all organisms are capable of passing traits from one another within a common gene pool, and the ecological species concept, which defines a species as a group of organisms framed by the resources they depend on (otherwise known as their ecological niche). A group of creatures that can naturally reproduce with one another and generate viable progeny is sometimes referred to as a species. The billions of people on the planet now are all members of the same species, Homo sapiens. Human beings differ among themselves, just like other species do, in terms of everything from size and shape to skin tone and eye color.Names of species include, for instance: Homo sapiens (humans) feline cat (domestic cats) Venomous vultures (red fox).Learn more about species here:
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What effect what effects do eating disorders have on the body?
Answer:
Eating disorders are very common but can be very dangerous. They can affect people of all ages and can come in many forms. The type of eating disorder a person has can determine the way they act about food and how much they eat. Some eating disorders involve eating too much food, some involve eating too much food and others involve eating too little.
Which sentence best explains the relationship between a community and an ecosystem?
OA. A community includes both an ecosystem and the surrounding biotic factors.
OB. An ecosystem includes both a community and the surrounding abiotic factors.
OC. A community can contain multiple ecosystems.
D. An ecosystem can include communities from different regions.
Answer: B. An ecosystem includes both a community and the surrounding abiotic factors.
Explanation: An ecosystem includes both a community and the surrounding abiotic factors. An ecosystem comprises living organisms that reside in a particular habitat alongside non-living components of that environment, such as air, water, and soil. A community is the population of diverse species that live in the same area and interact with one another. The relationship between an ecosystem and a community is that an ecosystem includes both a community and the surrounding abiotic factors. The abiotic components of the ecosystem influence the survival and interactions of the biotic components, including species interactions and nutrient cycling. Therefore, an ecosystem's biotic components interact with the abiotic environment, and an ecosystem cannot be complete without the interaction of living and non-living things.
Which of the following can be determined from hair without the follicular tag? Mark all that apply!
Group of answer choices
what part of the body
species
race
age
sex
Mitochondrial DNA analysis is feasible if no follicular tag is visible. A person's mother's genetic material is the only genetic material that can be identified by mitochondrial DNA analysis. Therefore, species and race are the proper answers. A microscopic study of hair lacking a follicular tag cannot detect age and sex reliably.
The follicular tag, which is a rich source of mitochondrial DNA and can be used to identify a person, may remain present if the hair has been forcibly removed. If mtDNA can be retrieved from a hair with a follicular tag, it can be used as individual proof. The tissue from a hair follicle that is still affixed to the root end of a hair is called a follicular tag. In a medullary appearance known as a fragmented medulla, the proportion of the medulla that is visible is lower than the part of the medulla that is not.
Thus, we can state that mitochondrial D.N.A. analysis is possible in the absence of a follicular tag.
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What process occurs whena virus transfers DNA fromone bacteria to another?A. transductionB. transformationC. conjugation
Transduction: It is a process when a virus transfers genetic material from 1 bacteria to another. ex- bacteriophages.
So option A is the correct answer.
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Assuming these genes are independent from each other and express complete dominance, 1) Ggbb: Gray hair and red eyes. ggbb: White hair and red eyes. ggBB: White hair and black eyes. GgBb: Gray hair and black eyes. 2) a- 8/16, b- 8/16, c- 0/16, d- 0/16. 3) a- 9/16, b- 3/16, c- 3/16, d- 1/16.
What are complete dominance and independent genes?Complete dominance is an inheritance pattern expressed by a gene in which one of the alleles dominates over the other allele, and hides its expression in the heterozygous state.
This means heterozygous individuals express dominant phenotypes.
Independent genes are those that code for different features and do not affect not depend on other genes.
During segregation, these genes assort independently, and the presence of one of them does not affect the expression of the other gene. There is no interaction between them.
In the exposed example, there are two genes coding for different traits. We will assume these genes are independent from each other and they express complete dominance.
Gene G codes for hair color- G is the dominant allele and codes for gray hair
- g is the recessive allele and codes for white hair
Gene B codes for eye color- B is the dominant allele and codes for black eyes
- b is the recessive allele and codes for red eyes
Dominant phenotypes
- Gray hair
- Black eyes
The presence of at least one dominant allele is enough to express the dominant phenotype.
1) the phenotypes of the rabbits with the following genotypes are,
Ggbb ⇒ Gray hair and red eyesggbb ⇒ White hair and red eyesggBB ⇒ White hair and black eyesGgBb ⇒ Gray hair and black eyes2) Cross 1:
Parentals) GGbb x ggBb
Gametes) Gb, Gb, Gb, Gb gB, gB, gb, gb
Punnett square) Gb Gb Gb Gb
gB GgBb GgBb GgBb GgBb
gB GgBb GgBb GgBb GgBb
gb Ggbb Ggbb Ggbb Ggbb
gb Ggbb Ggbb Ggbb Ggbb
F1)
8/16 = 1/2 = 50% of the progeny is expected to be dihybrid GgBb and express gray hair and black eyes.
8/16 = 1/2 = 50% of the progeny is expected to be heterozygous for hair color, Gg, and homozygous recessive for eye color, bb. These individuals (Ggbb) are expected to express gray hair and red eyes.
a- Gray fur and black eyes: 8/16
b- Gray fur and red eyes: 8/16
c- White fur and black eyes : 0/16
d- White fur and red eyes: 0/16
3) Cross 2:
Parentals) GgBb x GgBb
Gametes) GB, Gb, gB, gb GB, Gb, gB, gb
Punnett square) GB Gb gB gb
GB GGBB GGBb GgBB GgBb
Gb GGBb Ggbb GgBb Ggbb
gB GgBB GgBb ggBB ggBb
gb GgBb Ggbb ggBb ggbb
F1)
Genotype- 1/16 individuals are expected to be GGBB
- 2/16 individuals are expected to be GGBb
- 1/16 individuals are expected to be Ggbb
- 2/16 individuals are expected to be GgBB
- 4/16 individuals are expected to be GgBb
- 2/16 individuals are expected to be Ggbb
- 1/16 individuals are expected to be GgBB
- 2/16 individuals are expected to be ggBb
- 1/16 individuals are expected to be ggbb
Phenotype9/16 individuals are expected to express gray hair and black eyes, G-B-
3/16 individuals are expected to express gray hair and red eyes, G-bb
3/16 individuals are expected to express white hair and black eyes, ggB-
1/16 individuals are expected to express white hair and red eyes, ggbb
a- Gray fur and black eyes: 9/16
b- Gray fur and red eyes: 3/16
c- White fur and black eyes : 3/16
d- White fur and red eyes: 1/16
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What is meant by the term facultative anaerobe?
Answer:
-The term facultative anaerobe describe those organisms that can grow in both the presence or absence of oxygen.
-Facultative organisms are the most adaptable organisms that can survive in the presence, as well in the absence, of molecular oxygen.
Jane sees the following table in her science textbook:What is one conclusion that Jane can make from the information in the table?A. Since starfish cannot grow and develop, they cannot be considered living things.B. Since automobiles can respond to stimuli, they cannot be considered living thingsC. Since starfish cannot use resources for energy, they can be considered living thingsD. Since automobiles cannot reproduce, they cannot be considered living things.
Jane can conclude from the data in the table that since automobiles cannot reproduce, they cannot be considered living being. The biology definition of living being state that they have to be able to grow, reproduce, and respond to stimuli, having a proper metabolism.
Why does DMD affect mostly boys? Use CER.Group of answer choicesA. DMD must be a sex-linked disorder. For example hemophilia is a sex-linked disorder that affected mostly males due to being located on the X chromosome. For females to be affected, they would have to have both X-chromosomes affected, since they have 2.B. DMD does not affect mostly boys. There is not way to determine is males are affected more the females.C. DMD must be a autosomal-linked disorder. For example Huntington's is a autosomal-linked disorder that affected mostly males. For females to be affected, they would have to have both X-chromosomes affected, since they have 2.
Duchenne MD is caused by a dystrophin gene in the X chromosome. Boys only have one X chromosome making the DMD more present in the boys, as the girls can almost always balance the chromosomic anomaly with the second X chromosome. That's the case with hemophilia that is also a sex-linked disorder. Being the answer to the question the letter A.
What new species have been discovered recently and how have they been classified
So far eighteen species have been discrebed in 2021. These are:
1. Leaf-litter ant (Strumigenys collinsae) - USA
This is one of the six ants from Strumigenys genus discrebed in a recent paper. The holotype as found in Colorado.
2. Churah Valley kukri snake (Oligodon churahensis) - India
This snake specie as found in the bachyard of a graduate student in India during lockdown.
3. Star octopus (Octopus djinda) - Australia
New specie of octopus from the larger global O. vulgaris group. These specie name was chosen to constrast with that of it's east coast relative (gloomy octopus).
4. Hoserhair worm (Acutogordius olivetti) - Peru
Found in a scientific expedition to document fauna in Madre de Dios, southern Peru.
5. Ramari's beaked whale (Masoplodon eueu) - Southern Hemisphere
A distinct spedie from True's beaked whale found in North Atlantic.
6. Weevil (Trigonopterus ewok) - Sulawesi
Found in the Indo-Antralian-Melanesian archipelago, the nunber of Trigonopterus increse with 28 newly discrebed species.
7. Tiger beetle (Eunota mecocheila) - Mexico
Found in the saline and muddy ditches.
8. Nujian pit viper (Gloyrius lipipengi) - China
One of the two venomous snakes discrebed by researchers studying the molecular phylogeny of pit viper in Asia.
9. Feiruz wood lizard (Enyaliodies feiruzae)
When the brain is completely cut off from blood, what happens then?
The lack of blood in the brain is called brain ischemia, it can cause brain injuries and severe and permenent brain damage after around 10 minutes due to the lack of oxygen necessary for the brain cells to function. Moreover it can lead to death for anoxia.
What type of feedback system controls child birth?
The release of oxytocin during labor stimulates muscle contractions that push the baby through the canal. It is a feedback loop that results in a change in the body's status, instead of resulting in a return to homeostasis. When there is a change in body status, the feedback is a positive feedback loop.
Nadia made a table that describes the function of the three main types of RNA. She labeled the RNA types with 1, 2, and 3. She also labeled the RNA types in an image that shows the structure of each type of RNA and models the process of protein synthesis. She used the labels X, Y, and Z in the image.Which combination correctly identifies a type of RNA from the table and the image? A. X and 1 represent rRNA B. Y and 2 represent mRNA C. Y and 3 represent tRNA D. Z and 2 represent mRNA
r(ibosomal)RNA is represented by 1 and Z
m(essenger)RNA is represented by 2 and X
t(ransfer)RNA is represented by 3 and Y
Then, the answer is C