Depression in the freezing point which means deltaT decreases as the mass of the solvent increases while the solute remains constant.
Molality is defined as the ratio of the number of moles of solute to the mass of solvent in kg. The molality is inversely proportional to the mass of the solvent. From the depression in freezing point, molality is in direct relation with the depression in the freezing point.
Therefore, depression in the freezing point which means deltaT decreases as the mass of the solvent increases while the solute remains constant.
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What is conserved in the reaction shown? N_2(g)+3F_2(g)→2NF_3(g)?
The conserved in the reaction shown :
N₂(g) + 3F₂(g) ----> 2NF₃(g) is the mass is conserved.
According, to the law of conservation of mass : the mass neither be created nor be destroyed.
N₂(g) + 3F₂(g) ----> 2NF₃(g)
the mass of N₂ = 28g
the mass of 3F₂ = 114g
the mass of 2NF₃ = 142 g
N₂(g) + 3F₂(g) ----> 2NF₃(g)
28 g 114 g 142 g
28 g + 114 g = 142 g
142 g = 142 g
Thus, the mass of the reactant is equal to the mass of the product. the equation follow the law of conservation of mass as the mass of the reactant is equal to the mass of the product.
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in a mixture of 1.20 mol of gas, 0.50 mol are nitrogen (n2) molecules. what is the mole fraction of n2 in this mixture? report your answer using two significant figures.
The number of moles of a component divided by the sum of the moles of all the components in a mixture is known as the mole fraction mf = na/nm applies to a two-component mixture.
The difference between na and nm is the number of moles of each component in the combination.
Given a mixture of gases with moles equal to 1.20 mol and molecules of nitrogen (n2) at 0.5 mol,
This mixture's mole fraction of n2 is = 0.5/1.2 = 0.40.
As a result, mole fraction is 0.40.
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what causes the name for the molecular structure to be different from the name for the arrangement of electron pairs?
The name for the molecular structure is different from that of the electron pairs when there are lone pairs around the central atom. When there are no lone pairs on the central atom in the structure.
What is Lone Pair?
Atoms' outermost electron shell contains lone pairs.
Lone pair effect, to put it simply, is what happens when an atom, ion, or the area around an atom in the middle of a molecule totally shares an unshared pair of electrons.
A lone pair reduces the binding angle between atoms that are bonding in pairs. This is because the lone pair's highly charged electrons strongly repel one another due to its high electrical charge.
The development of coordination bonds is aided by this.
Contrast this with the inert pair effect if you must. We also need to understand about the Inert Pair Impact, which is a crucial effect in chemistry. In compounds that belong to post transition metals, the inert pair effect refers to the propensity of the s-electrons in the valence shell to stay unshared or not participate in reactions.
The electrons are not effectively protected by the d or f orbitals. As a result, the nucleus holds the s-orbital electrons more firmly. As a result, the inert pair effect grows across the group.
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what energy storage molecule is produced when food is broken down during the cellular respiration process?
The energy storage molecule that is produced when food is broken down during the cellular respiration process is ATP molecule.
The Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that generally breaks down glucose molecules and produces ATP. The stages of cellular respiration basically includes glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid or Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation etc.
Cell respiration usually consists of three steps that is glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the respiratory electron transport. The first step by which cells make the ATP from food is called glycolysis. For example Imagine eating a donut. The starches and sugars of the donut are generally converted to glucose that is blood sugar, in your mouth and stomach by digestive the enzymes.
During the cellular respiration, glucose is usually broken down in the presence of oxygen in order to produce carbon dioxide and water. Energy released during the reaction is usually captured by the energy-carrying molecule ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
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which contains more alcohol, 80 proof whiskey or the same volume of vodka that is 35 percent alcohol by volume?
Among the following, whiskey contains more alcohol.
What is alcohol?
Most beverages include alcohol, which is what makes you intoxicated. Alcohol found in beverages is known as ethanol (ethyl alcohol). It is created when the carbohydrates in grains, fruits, and vegetables are fermented by yeast.
Whisky and comparable spirits often have an alcohol by volume (ABV) of 35 to 40%, which is higher than most other alcoholic beverages. In contrast, the ABV of beer is typically approximately 5%.The alcohol content of whiskey can vary greatly between brands and varieties, like it does with many other spirits. Check the label of your drink for the ABV or ask your server before placing an order to see how much alcohol is in it. If your whisky has a 40% ABV, it signifies that 40% of the alcohol is in its purest form.Therefore, whiskey contains more alcohol.
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Need help with this salt chapter
For each of the given salt preparations, the method and additional reagent needed for the preparation as well as the complete equation of the reaction is given below:
(i) The soluble salt copper (II) sulfate, from the insoluble base, copper (II) oxide:
Method: add an excess of base or metal to dilute acid and remove the excess by filtration
Reagent: copper (ii) oxide and sulfuric acid
Word equation: copper (ii) oxide + sulfuric acid --> copper (ii) sulfate + water
(ii) The soluble salt, potassium chloride, from soluble base potassium hydroxide;
Method: use a burette and indicator;
Reagent: potassium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid
Symbol equation: KOH + HCl ---> HCl + H₂O
What are salts?Salts are compounds that are formed when all or some of the ionizable hydrogen of acids are replaced by metallic ions.
Depending on the nature and solubility of a salt, there are three methods of preparing salts.
Method A-- use a burette and indicator; for soluble salts
Method B----mix two solutions and obtain the salt by precipitation; for insoluble salts
Method C- add an excess of base or metal to dilute acid and remove the excess by filtration; for soluble salts.
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A pure substance which can only be separated into two or more simpler substances using chemical changes is called
Answer: Compound . Chemical reactions can divide elements into simpler substances, but they cannot separate elements into simpler substances. Physical or chemical characteristics of substances can be categorised.
Compounds and elements can be created from pure substances. A chemical reaction is required to break down pure substances (elements and compounds) into their component atoms or elements. This is known as the chemical separation process. Physical separation of pure substances is impossible.
Explanation:
What makes something pure substance?
One element or a small number of related compounds make up pure substances. Mixtures are assemblages of many components. Mixtures of two or more substances (or elements) that cannot be visually distinguished from one another are referred to as homogeneous mixtures.
What sort of compound would that be?
A substance made up of two or more components is called a compound. Table salt, water, and carbon dioxide are a few examples of compounds
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be sure to answer all parts. exactly 100 ml of 0.15 m nitrous acid (hno2) are titrated with a 0.15 m naoh solution. (a) calculate the ph for the initial solution. (b) calculate the ph for the point at which 80.0 ml of the base has been added. (c) calculate the ph for the equivalence point. (d) calculate the ph for the point at which 105 ml of the base has been added.
In 100 ml of 0.15 m nitrous acid (HNO₂) are titrated with a 0.15 m naoh solution. pH for the initial solution is 2.04, The pH for the point at which 80.0 ml of the base has been added is 3.85, pH for the equivalence point 8.06, and ph for the point at which 105 ml of the base has been added is 11.56.
The nitrous acid reacts with NaOH as follows because it is a weak acid (Ka = 5.6x10⁻⁴):
HNO₂ + NaOH (l) = NaNO₂(aq) + H₂O
a. At first, there is only a 0.12M HNO₂ solution. As Ka is:
Ka = [H⁺] [NO₂⁻] / [HNO₂]
In the case where [H⁺] and [NO₂⁻] ions originate from the same equilibrium ([H⁺] = [NO₂⁻] = x)
5.6x10⁻⁴ = X² / 0.15M
8.4x10⁻⁵ = X²
X = [H⁺] = 9.165x10⁻³M
As pH = -log [H⁺]
pH = 2.04
b. We currently have a buffer made up of HNO₂ and NaNO₂ (the weak acid and conjugate base). The H-H equation is used to determine a buffer's pH:
pH = pKa + log [NaNO₂] / [HNO₂]
Where pH is the pH of the buffer,
pKa is -log Ka = 3.25
And [NaNO₂] [HNO₂] could be taken as the moles of each compound.
HNO₂ initial moles are as follows:
0.100 l x 0.15 mol/l. =0.015 moles
The additional moles of base are:
0.0800L x 0.15 mol/L = 0.012 moles
The moles of base added = Moles of NaNO₂ produced = 0.012moles.
The remaining moles of HNO2 are as follows:
0.015moles - 0.012moles = 0.003moles
Replacing in H-H equation:
pH = 3.25 + log [0.012moles] / [0.003moles]
pH = 3.85
0.15M / 2 = 0.075M
The NaNO₂ is in equilibrium with water as follows:
NaNO₂(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇄ HNO₂(aq) + OH⁻(aq) + Na⁺
c. All of the HNO₂ interacts at the equivalence point to produceNaNO₂. NaOH must be added in 100mL increments. Therefore, the NaNO₂ concentration is:
The equilibrium constant, kb, is:
Kb = Kw/Ka = 1x10⁻¹⁴ / 5.6x10⁻⁴ = 1.79x10⁻¹¹ = [OH⁻] [HNO₂] / [NaNO₂]
Where [OH⁻] = [HNO₂] = x
[NaNO₂] = 0.075M
1.79x10⁻¹¹ = [X] [X] / [0.075M]
1.34x10⁻¹² = X²
X = 1.16x10⁻⁶M = [OH⁻]
pOH = -log [OH-] = 5.94
pH = 14-pOH
pH = 8.06
d. The moles are now added an excess of 5 mL of NaOH, and they are:
5mL = 5x10⁻³L * (0.15mol / L) =7.5x10⁻⁴moles NaOH
In 100mL + 105mL = 205mL = 0.205L. [NaOH] = 7.5x10⁻⁴moles NaOH / 0.205L =
3.66x10⁻³M = [OH⁻]
pOH = 2.44
pH = 14 - pOH
pH = 11.56
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Which of the following represents a physical change?
• A. Bonds forming
B. Atoms rearranging
. c.
Phase changing
O D. Bonds breaking
Why does atomic radius increase across period 2?
For all elements in period 2, as the atomic number increases, the atomic radius of the elements decreases.
The contraction of atomic radii across the period. While as we add to Z (the number of protons in the nucleus), we also add another electron (and the charge is therefore kept neutral), the increased nuclear charge acts disproportionately on the valence electrons, and contracts this shell.
Atomic radius is defined as the distance from the centre of the nucleus of the atom to its outermost shell.
Atomic radius decreases across a period because valance electrons are being added to the same energy level at the same time the nucleus is increasing in protons. The increase in nuclear charge attracts the electrons more strongly, pulling them closer to the nucleus.
As we move across a period from left to right, the atomic radii decreases gradually. In a period, there is gradual increases in the nuclear charge from left to right. As the atomic number increases in a period, the electron enters in the same shell. Thus, they are more and more strongly attracted towards the nucleus. As a result of this force of attraction from the nucleus, the atomic radii gradually decreases.
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Given that S is the central atom, write a Lewis structure of OSF4 in which the formal charges of all atoms are zero.
A Lewis structure is a schematic illustration of a compound that shows the atoms and their associated electrons.
What does OSF4's Lewis structure look like?
14 lone pairs in total make up the OSF4 Lewis structure.
Since every electron in S participates in bonding,
there are no lone pairs in the molecule. Since the oxygen atom shares two electrons with the sulphur atom, there are only two lone pairs left in oxygen. Each F holds three lone pairs and contributes one electron to sulphur.
What atom in osf4 is the main one?
S will be our main atom as a result.
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rank from highest to lowest boiling point. to rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
The rank from highest to lowest boiling point is given below
Greatest -> Least
1) paraffin, C25H52
2) hexadecane, C16H34
3) octane, C8H18
4) 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, C8H18
5) propane, C2H8
What is the boiling point about?The boiling points point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equivalent to the average atmospheric pressure at sea level. A liquid's boiling point changes depending on the pressure that is applied (760 mm [29.92 inches] of mercury). Water boils at 100° C (212° F) at sea level.
Therefore, based on the above, from highest to lowest point, the hydrocarbons are: paraffin, nonadecane, pentane, 2, 2-dimethylpropane, and propane.
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See full question below
Place these hydrocarbons in order of decreasing boiling point. Rank from highest to lowest boiling point. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
hexadecane, C16H34
paraffin, C25H52
octane, C8H18
2,2,4-trimethylpentane, C8H18
propane, C2H8
For each of the following properties whether f and br
A,electronegavity
B,atomic radius
C,ionization energy
What type of reaction is 2NaOH H2SO4 → Na2SO4 2H2O?
2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O is a Neutralisation chemical reaction in which acid and base react to each other to form salt and water. Sodium hydroxide is an strong base which is also known as caustic soda. The chemical formula of sodium hydroxide is NaOH and Sulphuric acid is strong acid with chemical formula H2So4.
In chemistry, Neutralisation is a chemical reaction in which acid and a base react quantitatively with each other. In a reaction in water, neutralization results in there being no excess of hydrogen or hydroxide ions present in the solution.
When Both H2So4 and NaOH combine, the acid-base reaction will occur. Sodium hydroxide is a base that reacts with an acid, i.e., sulfuric acid to give respective salt and water as the product where Sodium sulphate is salt as a product . The reaction is an example of a neutralisation reaction.
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The density of solid cu is 8. 96 g/cm3. How many atoms are present per cubic centimeter (cm3) of cu?.
The number of atoms of Cu is 8.49 × 10²² atoms/cm³.
In one cubic centimeter, there are 8.96 grams of Cu. (given data)
The number of atoms of Cu is, therefore:
Density = Number of atoms (N) per unit cell Atomic weight / Avogadro number x (Lattice constant)³
N = 8.96g/cm³ × (1mol / 63.546 g) × (6.02 × 10²³ atoms/ 1 mol)____eq.1
[Molar mass of copper = 63.546g]
[Avogadro Number = 6.02 × 10²³]
On solving the above equation 1, we get:
N = 8.49 × 10²² atoms/cm³
Hence, the number of atoms of Cu is 8.49 × 10²² atoms/cm³.
What is a unit cell in a solid state?
A unit cell is the most basic and least volume-consuming repetitive form of any material. It is used to visually deconstruct the solids where crystalline patterns self-organize. Because the unit cell repeats, the network is referred to as a lattice.
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A chemist mixed two substances together: a blue powder with no smell and a colorless liquid with a strong smell. Their repeating groups of atoms are shown above on the left. After they were mixed, the chemist analyzed the results and found two substances. One ending substance had the repeating group of atoms shown above on the right.
Is the ending substance the same substance as the blue powder? What happened to the atoms of the starting substances when the ending substances formed?
The mixing of the two chemicals results in changes in the chemical properties and the arrangement of the atoms in the chemicals.
The atoms of the starting substances are turned into the atoms of the finishing substances as the initial substances combine and transform into new compounds. The atoms of the starting substance get mixed with the other substance resulting in changing the physical and chemical properties of the substance.
What are mixture of substances?In chemistry, a mixture is a compound made up of two or more simpler substances. Chemical elements or compounds may qualify as such materials. A combination of liquids, solids, or gases can be created. When sugar is added to water, for instance, it first creates a mixture before dissolving to produce a solution.
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A student dissolves 15 grams NaCl in 100 grams water at 20 oC. How much more salt must be added to make the solution saturated?
There is a golden role of solubility, polar solute dissolve in polar solvent and non polar solute dissolve in non polar solvent. Therefore, the solution to be saturated the mass of salt must be greater than 36.0 g.
What is solution?Solutions are a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. A solution is a homogeneous mixture of solvent and solute molecules. Solvent is a substance that is in large amount in solution. solute is the substance which is in small amount in a solution.
The solubility of sodium chloride in water is 36.0 g per 100 g of water. which means that sodium chloride solution will contain 36.0 g of dissolved salt for every 100g of water. The solution will be unsaturated because of the less potassium nitrate. The solution to be saturated the mass of salt must be greater than 36.0 g.
Therefore, the solution to be saturated the mass of salt must be greater than 36.0 g.
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A solute is dissolved in a liquid. how does the osmotic pressure of the solution compare to the osmotic pressure of the pure liquid?
The concentration of the solution rises as more and more solute is dissolved in the solvent. The osmotic pressure of the solution rises with the increase in solution concentration. As a result, solution has a higher osmotic pressure than pure solvent.
What connection exists between solute concentration and osmotic pressure?The quantity of solute particles in a solution affects the osmotic pressure of that solution. The amount of solute particles in a liquid is directly proportional to the osmotic pressure, hence the higher the osmotic pressure, the more solute particles there are in the liquid.
Temperature and concentration both have an impact on osmotic pressure. Temperature and solute concentration both have an impact on how much pressure is produced.
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when a lead storage battery is discharged, metallic lead and lead(iv) oxide are involved. based on oxidation numbers, which of these is the cathode, and which is the anode?
When a lead storage battery is discharged, metallic lead and lead(iv) oxide are involved then anode is Pb and cathode is PbO (lead Oxide).
A metal is any of a group of substances with high thermal and electrical conductivity, malleability and ductility, and high light reflectivity. Metals make up roughly 75% of all chemical elements that are currently understood. In the Earth's crust, aluminium, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium are the most prevalent elements. Some metals, such as copper, gold, platinum, and silver, are frequently found in the free state, though, as a result of the fact that they do not easily react with other elements. Ores contain the majority of metals (materials that contain minerals). Typically, metals are crystalline solids. They typically have a highly symmetric crystal structure with a compact atom packing that is simple to understand.
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Experiment Solution Electrodes - 0.1 M Naci 0.1 M NaBr 0.1 M Nal 0.1 M AgNO3 0.1 M CuSO4 0.1 M CuSO4 Graphite Graphite Graphite Graphite Graphite Copper two CS Scanned with CamScanner Solution pH* NaCl Observation at Cathode# breaking down bubbling NaBr Observation at Anode# bubbles turns yellow turns yellow (stronger) bubbles Nal bubbles silver forming AgNO3 CuSO4 (C electrode) CuSO4 (Cu electrode) turned red/orage bubbles gained copper no reaction
0.1M NaCl is breaking down at cathode and bubbles at anode, 0.1M NaBr is bubbling at cathode and turns yellow at anode, 0.1M NaI is make bubbles at cathode and turns yellow at anode, 0.1M of AgNO₃ is forming silver at cathode and make bubbles at anode, 0.1M of CuSO₄ is turned red or orange at cathode and make bubbles at anode, 0.1M CuSO₄ is gained copper at cathode and no reaction occurs at anode.
(1) When 0.1M NaCl is present in between two graphite electrode, cation Na⁺ and H⁺ comes to negative electrode cathode for reduction.
Thus as reduction potential of H⁺ is greater than Na⁺, thus H₂O is easily reduce to cathode and forming huge bubbles of H₂ gas as large amount of water is present near cathode.
Cathode reaction : 2H₂O + 2e⁻ → H₂ + 2OH⁻
The positive anode attracts the negative H⁺ and Cl⁻. Only the chloride ion is discharge in appreciable amount i.e. Cl⁻ is oxidize to Cl₂ at anode. Thus a little bubbles comes out.
Anode reaction : 2Cl⁻ → Cl₂ + 2e⁻
(2) When 0.1M NaBr is present in between two graphite electrode, cathode reaction is reduction of H₂O producing H₂ gas bubbles.
Anode reaction is oxidation of Br⁻ to Br₂ pale yellow color.
Cathode : 2H₂O + 2e⁻ → H₂ + 2OH⁻
Anode : 2Br⁻ → Br₂ + 2e⁻
(3) When 0.1M of NaI is placed in between two graphite electrode, at cathode reduction of H₂O takes place forming bubbles of H₂ gas.
And at anode oxidation of I⁻ to I₂ takes place as oxidation potential of E°(I⁻/ I₂) is greater than E°(OH⁻/O₂,HO₂).
Cathode : 2H₂O + 2e⁻ → H₂ + 2OH⁻
Anode : 2I⁻ → I₂ + 2e⁻
(4) When 0.1M of AgNO₃ is added in between two graphite electrode, silver is deposited at the cathode, as E°(Ag⁺/Ag) = +0.80 v is greater than E°(H⁺/H₂) = 0.0 v. Thus Ag⁺ is easily reduces to cathode and silver is formed at cathode.
And at the anode H₂O molecules discharged and oxidized to form oxygen. Thus bubbles come from anode.
Cathode : Ag⁺ + e⁻ → Ag
Anode : 2H₂O + 4e⁻ → 4H⁺ + O₂
(5) When 0.1M of CuSO₄ is placed in between two graphite electrode, negative cathode attracts Cu²⁺ ions from CuSO₄ and H⁺ ions(H₂O). As the reduction potential of Cu²⁺ is greater than H⁺, thus Cu²⁺ is reduced to copper metal on the cathode surface. Thus cathode turned red or orange.
And at the anode H₂O is oxidize to bubble of O₂ gas.
Cathode : Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cu
Anode : 2H₂O + 4e⁻ → 4H⁺ + O₂
(6) When 0.1M CuSO₄ is placed in between two copper electrode, the negative cathode electrode attracts Cu²⁺ and H⁺ ions, The only copper ion is discharged. Thus copper is gained at the cathode.
Cathode : Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cu
The negative sulphate ions SO₄²⁻ or the traces of OH⁻ ions are attracted to the positive electrode. Both the OH⁻ and SO₄²⁻ ions are too stable and nothing happens to them because the copper anode is preferentially oxidize to discharge Cu²⁺ ions.
Anode : Cu → 2e⁻ + Cu²⁺
So, 0.1M NaCl is base, 0.1M NaBr is base, 0.1M NaI is base, 0.1M of AgNO₃ is acid, 0.1M of CuSO₄ is acid, 0.1M CuSO₄ isacid.
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Opium can best be described as __________. A. A type of tea that was popular in britain in the 1800s b. A plant that was used to make blue dye c. A powerful, addictive narcotic drug d. A type of woven cotton cloth with a colorful design please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d.
Opium can best be described as a powerful, addictive narcotic drug.
Opium is a highly addictive narcotic substance that is extracted from the dried seed pod of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). The morphine alkaloid in opium is the source of heroin.
The dosage and method of administration of opium determine how strong its euphoric effects are on the brain. Because the opiate molecules travel into the lungs and are swiftly absorbed and then transported to the brain when smoked, it takes effect immediately. Users of opium report feeling a euphoric surge, then relaxation and relief from physical discomfort. This "high" is quite similar to that of heroin. Opium use leads to physical and psychological dependence and can lead to overdose.
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Identify the predominant type of intermolecular force in each of the following compounds.
a. CHF3CHF3.
b. OF2OF2.
c. HFHF.
d. CF4CF4.
The predominant type of intermolecular force in each of the following compounds is as follows:
a. CHF₃CHF₃ - Dipole-dipole forces
b. OF₂OF₂ - Dipole-dipole forces
c. HFHF - Hydrogen bonding
d. CF₄CF₄ - Dipole-dipole forces
What are intermolecular forces?Intermolecular forces are forces that exist between the molecules of a substance.
The main intermolecular forces in compounds are as follows:
London dispersion forcesDipole-dipole forcesHydrogen bondingThe predominant type of intermolecular forces in compounds depends on the nature of the molecules of the compound.
London dispersiosDipole-dipole forces and hydrogen bonding predominate in polar covalent molecules, whereas ion-dipole forces predominate in polar ionic compounds.
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Answer:
CHF3: Dipole-dipole
OF2: Dipole-dipole
HF: Hydrogen bonding
CF4: London
Explanation:
The order of strength for intermolecular forces from greatest to least is as follows: Hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, London dispersion
This means that if a compound has hydrogen bonding, that is the dominant intermolecular force. If a compound has no hydrogen bonding but has dipole-dipole force, then the dominant intermolecular force is dipole-dipole. London dispersion forces, although exist in all compounds, are the weakest of the above forces and are only the dominant intermolecular force when neither of the other forces exist.
To determine if hydrogen bonding exists, you must look at the structure and see if bonds between hydrogen and either nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine exist (H-N, H-O, or H-F). Out of the 4 compounds listed, the only one that has one of these bonds HF.
To determine if dipole-dipole forces exist, you must determine if a molecule is polar first. A molecule is only polar when at least one bond that makes up the molecule is polar and polar bonds don't 'cancel each other' due to the molecular shape. Of the remaining compounds, OF2, HF, and CF4 all have polar bonds. However, the shape of CF4 is symmetrical and thus the bonds cancel each other. Therefore, only OF2 and HF have dipole-dipole forces as their predominant intermolecular force.
Since CF4 does not have hydrogen bonding or dipole-dipole forces, the predominant type of intermolecular force for CF4 is London dispersion force.
If the bond angle between two adjacent hybrid orbitals is 109.5°, which is the hybridization?
a. Sp2
b. Sp3d
c. Sp3
d. Sp
sp³ Hybridization is present when the bond angle between two adjacent hybrid orbitals is 109.5°.
The process of combining the characteristics of one 2s orbital and three 2p orbitals to produce four hybrid orbitals with similar properties is known as "sp³ hybridization." An atom needs an s orbital and three p orbitals in order to be sp³ hybridized. Electron repulsion is decreased in this configuration. Four sp³hybrid orbitals are produced when one s orbital is hybridized with all three p orbitals. The binding angle between the sp³ hybrid orbitals is 109.5 degrees. The stronger the connection, the shorter the bond, and the closer the electrons are bound to the nucleus, the higher the s-character. In comparison to sp² and sp hybridized atoms, sp³ hybridized atoms thus form longer and weaker connections.
Hence, option c. sp³ is the correct answer.
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How much salt dissolves in 100 ml of water at 20 C?
The salinity of seawater in the world's oceans is typically 3.5% or 35 parts per thousand. This indicates that there are 35g of dissolved salts in every 1lit of salt water, the majority of which, but not totally, is NaCl.
The saltiness or quantity of dissolved salt in a body of water is known as salinity (see also soil salinity). It is often measured in grammes per litre (g/L) or kilogrammes (g/kg; the latter is dimensionless and equal to ).
Salinity, a thermodynamic state variable governed by temperature and pressure, along with other physical properties like density and heat capacity of the water, plays a significant role in regulating many aspects of the chemistry of natural waters and biological processes occurring within them. Conceptually straightforward but technically difficult to describe and quantify properly is salinity in rivers, lakes, and the ocean. Conceptually, salinity refers to how much-dissolved salt is present in the water.
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if the pk for the r group of glutamic acid is 4.3, and you have a 0.1m solution of glutamic acid at ph 2.3, the r group would be approximately:
The extra R group will likewise dissociate after protonation of the group, followed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group.
Alpha-amino acid glutamic acid has the chemical formula C₅H₉O₄N
In biochemistry, it is frequently abbreviated as Glu or E. Its idealized chemical structure is HOOC-CH2COOH, which has two carboxyl groups (-COOH) and one amino group When this acid is at its isoelectric point and in an acidic media, it has a protonated NH₃⁺ group.
The deprotonated COO⁻, a carboxylic acid group, is present in basic and at its isoelectric point.
This is the acid's zwitterion. A zwitterion is a substance that lacks an overall electrical charge but has discrete positively and negatively charged components. Deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group occurs after protonation of the group.
Finding the isoelectric point using the pKas is as follows: pKa1+pKa2+pKa3 =2.19+9.67+4.253=5.37
This leads to the expectation that the solution will be positive at pH=1, negative at pH=7, and potentially chargeable at pH=13.
pH = 1
Knowing that the solution will be acidic at pH = 1,
Let's ascertain the response. also in this
2Azaniumylpentanedioate, often known as glutamate monoanion, is its IUPAC name.
Total charge=COO⁻+ NH₃⁺+ COO⁻
=−1+1−1
=−1
pH = 13
Because as soon as the COOH dissociates to give H⁺ it immediately becomes H₂O because of increased presence of OH⁻ in basic solutions. This is commonly known as glutamate(2‐) or glutamate dianion but the preferred IUPAC name is 2‐aminopentanedioate
Total charge=
COO⁻ +COO⁻
= -1−1
=−2
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draw the lewis structure for xenon tetrafluoride (xef4). how many valence electrons surround the central xe atom in this structure?
36 valence electrons surround the xenon atom in XeF4.
What is Lewis structure?
The valence shell electrons in a molecule are represented in an excessively simple form by a Lewis Structure. It is used to illustrate how the electrons in a molecule are placed around specific atoms.
Through using present periodic table, we first count the valence electrons present in the XeF4 molecule. Once they have been determined, we can arrange them around the main atom and attempt to fill each atom's outer shell. Thus, there are 8 + 4 * 7 = 36 valence electrons in XeF4. In order to obtain the optimum Lewis structure for the molecule, formal charge is taken into consideration. Remember that fluorine (F) cannot form a double bond because of its highly electronegative nature, and that xenon (Xe) can contain up to 8 valence electrons.
Therefore, 36 valence electrons surround the xenon atom in XeF4.
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a concentration cell consists of two h2/h half-cells. half-cell a has h2 at 0.95 atm bubbling into 0.10m hcl. half-cell b has h2 at 0.60 atm bubbling into 2.0m hci. which half-cell houses the anode? what is the voltage of the cell?
half-cell A houses the anode. 0.038V is the voltage of the cell.
what is anode and cathode?
An electrochemical reaction occurs when the anode, which is the negative or reducing electrode, oxidises and releases electrons to the external circuit. The cathode, also known as the positive or oxidising electrode, is reduced during the electrochemical reaction after receiving electrons from the external circuit.
Half-cell A: 2H + 2e ⇒ H2(0.95atm, 0.10MHCl)
Half-cell B: 2H + 2e ⇒ H2(0.60atm, 2.0MHCl)
As the anode has a negative charge, oxidation occurs there. B is positive and electrode in A is consequently negative.
The solution that is more diluted in a concentration cell is found in half cell A, which serves as the anode.
The resulting cell reactions are as follows:
Anode: H2 ⇒ 2H +2e;(0.95atm,0.10MHCl)
Cathode:2H +2e ⇒ H2 ;(0.60atm,2.0MHCl)
Half-cell reaction H(aq.2.0M)[Half cell B] ⇒ H(aq. 0.10M) [Half cell A]
Ecell= E°cell - 0.0592/n ㏒ Q
= 0 - 0.0592/2 ㏒ [H dil /H conc]
= -0.0592/2 ㏒ 0.01M/2.0M
= -0.0592/2 × (-2.3)
= 0.0385 V
Anode; Half-cell A
E cell = 0.038V
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In subtractive color mixing, like with ink on paper, when all three primary colors are combined the result is?
Subtractive colors mixing with all three primaries will result in black.
How are the 3 primary subtractive colors combined?Adding all three subtractive primary color filters together will absorb all the colors of the white light spectrum as appeared below. Each filter (or pigment) absorbs its harmonizing color and transmits (diffusely reflects) the others.
Primary colors union of these three results in white. The subtractive primary colors are related to the subtraction of light: cyan, magenta, and yellow, the colors used in four-color printing, the union of these results in black.
So we can conclude that the usually used subtractive primary colors are cyan, magenta, and yellow, and if you overlap all three in a successful equal mixture.
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In terms of heat energy transfer, what happens when you place a metal spoon into a bowl of hot soup?
While it is difficult to see, the water molecules somewhat slow down as they collide with the spoon and accelerate its atoms. As a result, the spoon warms up when energy is transferred from the water, while the water cools.
What is energy ?In order to accomplish work and to produce heat and light, energy must be transferred to a body or to a physical system. Energy is the quantitative attribute that does this. Energy can be transformed in form but cannot be created or destroyed, according to the rule of conservation of energy.
The end of a metal spoon quickly becomes warm when it is plunged into a cup of boiling water. Conduction is the mechanism that moves heat along the spoon.
Due to the spoon's cooler temperature than the soup and its proximity to the hotter soup, heat is transferred through the spoon. Conduction is the term for this kind of heat transfer.
Thus, the spoon warms up when energy is transferred from the water, while the water cools.
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Naomi has increased the pressure on a solution of liquid and gas in a closed container. What will this do to the gas in her solution?increase the amountdecrease the amountincrease the temperaturedecrease the temperature.
Naomi has increased the pressure on a solution of liquid and gas in a closed container, This will increase the amount of gas held in her solution.
When Naomi raises the pressure on a closed container containing a solution of liquid and gas, the result will be an increase in the volume of gas that is contained within the solution. Gases dissolve better under pressure. In the beginning, the particles that make up the gases were very far away from one another.
They move around randomly and never stay in the solution. An increase in their pressure causes the gases to collide with the solution more frequently. Because of this, the amount of gas that may be contained in a solution will increase.
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