1 nonbonding electron pairs are in an ammonia molecule.
N has 5 electrons in its valence shell
3 electrons are being used to bond with Hydrogens
2 are left
therefore, there is 1 electron pair
A chemical bond is a lasting enchantment between atoms or ions that allows the formation of molecules and crystals. The bond might also result from the electrostatic pressure between oppositely charged ions as in ionic bonds, or through the sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds.
There are 3 primary varieties of bonding: ionic, covalent, and metallic. Ionic bonding. Definition: An ionic bond is shaped whilst valence electrons are transferred from one atom to the alternative to finish the outer electron shell.
The bond between hydrogen and oxygen atoms to form water is an instance of a covalent bond.
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Pressure has little effect on the solubility of liquids and solids because they are almost incompressible. But it has a major effect on the solubility of gases.
Pressure has little effect on the solubility of liquids and solids but has a major effect on the solubility of gases is a correct statement.
The definition of pressure is force/area. For instance, the weight of the snow divided by the area of the roof would be used to represent the pressure from snow on a roof. In chemistry, gases are a common source of pressure. The lack of pressure is referred to as a "vacuum." Since "nature abhors a vacuum," humans have long believed that vacuums are both impossibly rare and unnatural. This isn't actually the case. The quantity of pressure units is absurd. The torr or mmHg is a frequently used unit. All that is being discussed here is a mercury column's height. There are 760 torr, or mmHg, in the atmosphere. You could also take a look at mmH2O, which employs a related concept.
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What do you think are the conditions needed to cause a molecule to be polar? How about nonpolar?
Answer: Polar molecules occur when there is an electronegativity difference between the bonded atoms. Nonpolar molecules occur when electrons are shared equal between atoms of a diatomic molecule or when polar bonds in a larger molecule cancel each other out.
Explanation:
entropy never decreases in a spontaneous process. give an example to support this statement.
The perfect example for entropy of a spontaneous reaction would be the transfer of energy by heat from colder bodies to hotter bodies.
Spontaneous reactions are those chemical or biological reactions that usually take place without the influence of external factors. Non- Spontaneous reactions are those chemical reactions that generally requires an energy input to proceed or that cannot take place without the influence of external factors.
The transfer of energy by heat from colder bodies to hotter bodies is a spontaneous process in which the entropy of the system of bodies increases. The melting of an ice cube placed in a room causes an increase in the entropy of the room.
A spontaneous reaction may also involve an increase or decrease in enthalpy, it may involve an increase or decrease in entropy, but it will always involve a decrease in free energy that is a negative ΔG.
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how many dna molecules would there be after four rounds of pcr if the initial reaction mixture contained two molecules?
If two molecules of DNA are multiplied by four times, forty DNA molecules are created, similarly, if two molecules are present in the initial reaction mixture, there would be thirty-two DNA molecules in four rounds of PCR.
The nucleotides that make up DNA are known as chemical building blocks. Phosphate groups, sugar groups, and one of four different nitrogen bases combines to make up the three components that make up these building blocks.
Carbon, chlorine, nitrogen, phosphorous, and hydrogen are the five atoms that combines to make up DNA's building blocks. These atoms are combine between themselves to form a nucleoside, which consists of a phosphate group and the deoxyribose sugar molecule (which gives DNA its name), which has five carbons.
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consider the chemical equations shown here. two equations. first: upper c upper h subscript 4 (g) plus 2 upper o subscript 2 (g) right arrow upper c upper o subscript 2 (g) plus 2 upper h subscript 2 upper o (g). second: 2 upper h subscript 2 upper o (g) right arrow 2 upper h subscript 2 upper o (l). what is the equation for the overall reaction obtained by adding these equations?
CO should be eliminated since it occurs as a product in one intermediate process and a reactant in another.
Calculation:The final chemical reaction:
C(s) + 1O₂ → CO₂ (g)
step 1:
C(s) + 1/2 O₂(g) → CO(g)
step2:
CO(g) 1/2 O₂(g) → CO₂(g)
The final equation is obtained by combining equations [1] and [2]:C(s) + 1/2O₂(g) +1/2O₂(g) +CO(g) → CO(g) + CO₂(g)
CO (g) on both sides will cancel, resulting in the following final equation:C(s) + 1O₂ → CO₂(g)
In the final chemical reaction, CO is written as both a reactant and a product as follows:C(s) + 1O₂(g) +CO(g) → CO₂(g) + CO(g)
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Answer:
✔ –802 kJ – 88 kJ
Explanation:
edge 2023
When a nucleus of ^235 U undergoes fission, it breaks into two smaller, more tightly bound fragments.
1) Calculate the binding energy per nucleon for ^235U? (Express with appropriate units)
2) Calculate the binding energy per nucleon for the fission product ^137 Cs?
The binding energy per nucleon is typically in the range of 8 to 10 MeV/nucleon for medium-weight nuclei such as ^235U. the binding energy per nucleon for the fission product ^137 Cs is approximately 1.085558768e-12 joules per nucleon.
To calculate the binding energy follow the steps. Determine the atomic masses of the individual protons and neutrons in the nucleus. You can find these values in a table of atomic masses. Count the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. For ^235U, there are 235 protons and 235-235=0 neutrons. Calculate the total mass of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus using their atomic masses and the number of each type of nucleon. Determine the total binding energy of the nucleus using the mass defect formula: Binding energy = (total mass of protons and neutrons) - (actual mass of nucleus) Calculate the binding energy per nucleon by dividing the total binding energy by the number of nucleons (protons + neutrons) in the nucleus.
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Terminal Velocity is the _
Speed that a _ object reaches when the force due to gravity
_the force of air resistance.
PLS HELP AS SOON AS POSSIBLE PLEASE!
Answer:
The faster the object falls the greater the air resistance. Terminal velocity is reached when the force due to air resistance (upward) equals the force due to gravity (downward). At terminal velocity there is no net force and therefore no further acceleration.
suppose 10.05 mol of ar gas are pumped into a 1.36 l container at 293.15 k. 1st attempt part 1 (1 point)see hint calculate the expected pressure based on the ideal gas law, pideal. atm part 2 (1 point) calculate an estimate of the gas pressure one might observe based on the van der waals equation, pobs. a
If a 1.36 l container is filled with 10.05 mol of ar gas at 293.15 k. Based on the VanderWaals equation and the ideal gas law, respectively, the anticipated pressure is 239.75 and 177.85
(a) The ideal gas law states that PV = NRT when V = 1.36l, T = 293.15K, N = 10.05mol, and R = 0.0821 are all taken into consideration. P = NRT/V = Pideal = 10.05 x 293.15 x 0.0821/ 1.36 = 177.85atm
(b)The vanderwaal equation states that Pobs = (NRT/V-b)- (a/V^2)
given b = 0.0322 L/mol when a = 1.34 L2 atm/mol2.
Pobs = (0.0821 x 293.15 / 1.36 x 1.36) - (1.34 x 1.36 x 1.36) = 240.47 - 0.72 = 239.75 atm
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dding a small amount of strong acid to a buffer solution will cause the ph to increase slightly. true false
True, The pH of a buffer solution will be affected by strong acid because strong acid dissociates completely to give H+ ions so the pH of buffer will be appreciably affectedand as the H+ concentration increased pH will decrease.
When a small volume of acid is added to a buffer solution, the pH of the system decreases as an effect of the increased hydronium ions in the solution. However, when a small volume of base is added to a buffer solution, the pH of the system increases as an effect of the increased hydroxide ions in the solution.When a base is added to a buffer solution, the pH does not change. The buffer solution prevents the base from neutralizing the acid.
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A student found a sample of an unknown liquid in the lab station cabinet. After experimentation, he found
that the substance had a density of 1.65 g/mL. Will this substance float on water or not? EXPLAIN.
Density is an intensive property as it does not depend on the quantity of the substances Whereas mass and volume are extensive property. Therefore, Therefore, substance will sink in the water.
What is density?Density tells about the compactness of the substances, how much dense is the substances in other words. Object that is more denser than water they just sink in the water.
Mathematically,
Density = Mass of the substance ÷volume marked on the graduated cylinder
density of water =1 g/ml
Density of substance= 1.65 g/mL
Density of substance is more than density of water. So, substance will sink in the water.
Therefore, substance will sink in the water.
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the rate of effusion of h2 as compared to an unknown gas is 4.673 times faster. calculate the molar mass of the unknown gas. the rate of effusion of h2 as compared to an unknown gas is 9 times faster. calculate the molar mass of the unknown gas. he diffuses 4 times faster than an unknown gas. what is the molar mass of the unknown gas? a carbon dioxide molecule travels at 45.0 m/s at a certain temperature. at the same temperature, find the velocity of an oxygen molecule. what is the molar mass of a gas that diffuses 2.16 times faster than xenon? what diatomic element is it?
Answer:
How do you calculate the rate of effusion of h2?
From Graham's law, we can use the molar mass of each gas: rate of effusion of hydrogenrate of effusion of oxygen=√32g mol−1 √2g mol−1 =√16√1=41 rate of effusion of hydrogen rate of effusion of oxygen = 32 g mol − 1 2 g mol − 1 = 16 1 = 4 1 Hydrogen effuses four times as rapidly as oxygen.
Explanation:
how many moles of carbon dioxide are produced from the combustion of 6.12 moles of ethane gas with 2.69 moles of oxygen gas?
We can determine the moles of carbon dioxide produced from the combustion by 5.3 moles of ethane using the Unitary Method. Therefore, 10.6 moles of carbon dioxide would be produced.
Define combustion.
Combustion, or combustion, is an exothermic, high-temperature redox chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant (usually atmospheric oxygen) that produces oxidized, often gaseous products in a mixture called smoke. generate.
Therefore, We can determine the moles of carbon dioxide produced from the combustion by 5.3 moles of ethane using the Unitary Method. Therefore, 10.6 moles of carbon dioxide would be produced.
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The cell shown below could be a(n)
Answer:
the answer is bacteria cell
Conduction chocolate candy in your hand will eventually melt as the heat from your body is released and makes it melted.
Conduction causes the Thermal energy flows out of your hand into the chocolate bar and it starts off evolved to soften.
This approach that your (hand) is shifting strength to the chocolate bar inflicting it to revel in a segment extrade from stable to liquid. Conduction Chocolate sweet for your hand will finally soften as the warmth out of your frame is launched and makes it melted.
The melting factor of chocolate falls among 86°F and 90°F. This is substantially decrease than the common temperature of the human frame, that's 98.6°F so the warmth out of your hand increases the temperature of the chocolate and reasons it to soften.
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What type of reaction is a precipitation reaction?
a. synthesis reaction
b. decomposition reaction
c. single displacement reaction
d. double displacement reaction
A double displacement reaction is a precipitation reaction. In an aqueous solution, a double-displacement reaction takes place when the positive and negative ions of two ionic compounds exchange positions to create two completely different compounds. These substances may manifest as precipitates, gases, or molecular substances.
When dissolved substances react, one (or more) solid products are produced, which is known as a precipitation reaction. These kinds of reactions, which are also occasionally known as double displacement, double replacement, or metathesis reactions, frequently involve the exchange of ions between ionic compounds in aqueous solutions.
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What bonding is in chlorine?
The bonds formed between Chlorine atoms of molecule will be covalent Bond.
Covalent bond is present in molecule of chlorine gas to join two atoms of chlorine.
Covalent bond refers to the mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms.
These electrons simultaneously attract the atomic nuclei of the two atoms participating in the covalent bond.
A covalent bond is formed only when the electronegativity difference of two atoms is too small so that an electron transfer to form ions will not occur.
Number of bonds for a neutral atom = (Number of electrons in the complete valence shell i.e. 2 or 8 electrons) - (Number of valence electrons of the atom)
Number of bonds for chlorine = (Number of electrons in the complete valence shell i.e. 2 or 8 electrons) - (Number of valence electrons of the carbon)
which means,
Number of bonds for chlorine atom = 8 - 7
Number of bonds for chlorine atom = 1
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how many equivalent resonance structures can you draw for sulfate where the formal charges a minimized (like in the previous question)?
There isn't a most favorable equivalent resonance of the Sulfate ion because they are all identical in charge and there is no change in Electronegativity between the Oxygen atoms.
What is atom?
An atom is a particle of count that uniquely defines a chemical element. Atoms include a critical nucleus surrounded with the aid of using one or greater negatively charged electrons. The nucleus is undoubtedly charged and carries one or greater quite heavy debris referred to as protons and neutrons.
Therefore, There isn't a most favorable equivalent resonance of the Sulfate ion because they are all identical in charge and there is no change in Electronegativity between the Oxygen atoms.
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When two liquids are mixed in a test tube, a precipitate forms and the test tube feels cold to the touch. How can you describe the reaction based on these observations?.
When two liquids are mixed in a test tube, a precipitate forms and the test tube feels cold to the touch. This is an exothermic reaction.
What is an exothermic reaction ?Exothermic refers to chemical reactions that release energy. When bonds are created in the products of exothermic processes, more energy is produced than is required to break the bonds between the reactants. The temperature of the reaction mixture rises as a result of exothermic reactions.
The temperature of the reaction mixture rises as energy is released in an exothermic process. In an endothermic reaction, the temperature drops as energy is absorbed. A thermometer can be inserted into the reaction mixture to track temperature changes.
Thus, it is an exothermic reaction.
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how does the internal energy of the ice and water mixture change if the temperature does not rise while the ice is melting?
Thermal energy is transferred to ice causing this to occur. Since the temperature doesn't change, all the thermal energy is used to increase the potential energy.
What is potential energy?
As we know, an item can shop power because of its function. In the case of a bow and an arrow, when the bow is drawn, it stores some amount of electricity, which is chargeable for the kinetic energy it gains when released.Similarly, within the case of a spring, while it is displaced from its equilibrium position, it profits a few amount of power which we have a look at inside the shape of pressure we sense in our hands upon stretching it. We are able to outline capacity power as a shape of power that outcomes from the alteration of its position or kingdom.To know more about potential energy, click the link given below:
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(b) a 2.251 g sample of barf dissolved in a 347 ml of solution produces a 0.01267 m solution. what is the molecular formula of barf?
The molecular mass of barf is 177.67 grams, and the formula is BaRf.
The molar mass of a chemical compound is described as the mass of a sample of that compound divided by using the amount of substance that is the wide variety of moles in that pattern, measured in moles. The molar mass is a bulk, no longer molecular, an asset of a substance.
Calculation:-
mass of BaRf = 2.251 g
volume = 347 ml
molarity = 0.01267
molarity = mole/ volume
mole = molarity * volume
= 0.01267 * 0.347
= 0.044
mol = mass/molar mass
molar mass = mass/mole
= 2.251 / 0.01267
= 177.67 gram.
The molar mass of a substance is the mass in grams of one mole of the substance. As shown in this video, we are able to attain a substance's molar mass by summing the molar hundreds of its thing atoms. we will then use the calculated molar mass to convert among mass and variety of moles of the substance.
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Which of the following molecules would have the strongest intermolecular forces?
F2
H₂O
CH3CI
C3H8
I2
Answer:
B .............................
how many protons z and how many neutrons n are there in a nucleus of the most common isotope of rubidium
Answer: 37 protons 48 neutrons
Explanation:
Classify the following phase changes as endothermic or exothermic.1) liquid to solid2) solid to liquid3) gas to liquid4) solid to gas5) liquid to gas6) gas to solid
Exothermic and endothermic process are involved in changing of the state which is given below.
Conversion of a liquid into a solid is an exothermic process because all the particles come closer to each other, and also the thermal energy of the substance decreases.Conversion of a solid into a liquid is an endothermic process because all the particles go far apart from each other, and also the thermal energy of the substance increases, which requires the absorption of heat.Conversion of a gas into a liquid is an exothermic process because all the particles come closer to each other, and also the thermal energy of the substance decreases.Conversion of a solid into a gas is an endothermic process because all the particles go far apart from each other, and also the thermal energy of the substance increases.The conversion of a liquid into a gas is an endothermic process because all the particles go far apart from each other, and also the thermal energy of the substance increases.Conversion of a gas into a solid is an exothermic process because all the particles come closer to each other, and also the thermal energy of the substance decreases.Learn more about endothermic or exothermic reactions from the link given below.
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The payload of a rocket includes fuel and oxygen for combustion of the fuel. Reactions 1 and 2 describe the combustion of dimethylhydrazine and hydrogen, respectively.
Calculate the energy change for the below reaction in kJ per pound.
(CH3)2NNH2(l)+4H2O(g)=N2(g)+4H2O(g)+2CO2(g)
ΔHrxn = -1694 KJ
Calculate the energy change for the below reaction in kJ per pound.
H2(g)+1/2O2(g) = H2O(g)
ΔHrxn=−286kJ
-12833.33 kJ/lb is the energy change for the first reaction in kJ per pound. -65000 kJ/1b is the energy change for the second reaction in kJ per pound.
Energy change in chemistry refers to the variation in a system's overall energy between two states or circumstances. It is a crucial idea in comprehending how matter behaves and how chemicals react.
Dimethyl hydrazine gives 1694 kJ of energy per mole of compound
molar mass = 60.01g/mol
mass of Dimethyl hydrazine, m = 1 mol x60.01g/mol
= 60.01gx{1lb/453.59 g}
= 0.1321b
calculate the energy change for 1st reaction in kJ/lb as follows:
=ΔΗrxn/m
=-1694 kJ/0.132lb
=-12833.33 kJ/lb
molar mass of [tex]\rm H_2[/tex] = 2 gm/mol
mass of [tex]\rm H_2[/tex] = 1molx 2 gm/mol
= {2 gm x 1lb/453.59 g}
= 0.00441b
calculate the energy change for 2nd reaction in kJ/lb as follows:
=ΔΗ/m
=-286 kJ/0.0044lb
=-65000 kJ/1b
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The difference in the amounts of chemical energy that are stored in the products and reactants accounts for the energy change in a chemical reaction. The energy change for the first reaction is -12833.33 kJ/lb and that of the second is -65000 kJ/lb.
Usually, energy shifts are connected with phase transitions. For instance, carbon dioxide molecules take in energy when solid dry ice vaporizes (physical change). Energy is released when liquid water freezes.
Dimethyl hydrazine gives 1694 kJ of energy per mole of compound
Molar mass = 60.01g/mol
Mass of Dimethyl hydrazine, m = 1 mol x60.01g/mol
m = 60.01gx[1lb/453.59 g]
m = 0.132lb
The energy change for 1st reaction in kJ/lb as follows:
Energy change = ΔΗrxn/m
E = -1694 kJ/0.132lb
E = -12833.33 kJ/lb
Molar mass of H₂ = 2 gm/mol
Mass of H₂ = 1molx 2 gm/mol
m = [2 gm x 1lb/453.59 g]
m = 0.0044lb
The energy change for 2nd reaction in kJ/lb as follows:
Energy change = ΔΗ/m
E = -286 kJ/0.0044lb
E = -65000 kJ/lb
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Why does the atomic radius increase across a group?
Higher principal energy levels consist of orbitals which are larger in size than the orbitals from lower energy levels. The effect of the greater number of principal energy levels outweighs the increase in nuclear charge, and so atomic radius increases down a group.
Atomic radius is defined as the distance from the centre of the nucleus of the atom to its outermost shell.
Atomic radii of elements gradually increases in a group from top to bottom. As we go down a group, the atomic number increases, thus, the number of shells increases. Also, as we move down the group, the valence electrons are present in a higher shell and thus, the distance of valence electrons from the nucleus increases. As a result of this, the force of attraction between the nucleus and the valence electron decreases. Therefore, the atomic radius increases on moving down a group.
As we move across a period from left to right, the atomic radii decreases gradually. In a period, there is gradual increases in the nuclear charge from left to right. As the atomic number increases in a period, the electron enters in the same shell. Thus, they are more and more strongly attracted towards the nucleus. As a result of this force of attraction from the nucleus, the atomic radii gradually decreases.
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in the alkaline-earth group, atoms with the smallest radiiselect one:a.are all gases.b.have the highest ionization energies.c.are the most reactive.d.have the largest volume.
The option (b) is correct - it have the highest ionization energies.
What is ionization energy?
In physics and chemistry, the amount of energy needed to remove an electron from a single atom or molecule is known as the ionisation energy or ionisation potential.
What is alkaline earth group ?
Because of the "alkaline" solutions, hydroxides, that they produce when they interact with water, these metals are known as "alkaline" earth metals. The oxides of alkaline earth metals were known to alchemists as "earth."
The alkaline earth group atoms are found in group 2A of the periodic table. The smaller they are (further up the group), the closer the valence electrons are to the nucleus. Since the nucleus is positively charged and electrons are negatively charged, there is electrostatic attraction between them.
Electrostatic attraction increases in strength the closer together the oppositely charged particles are. As a result, there is greater electrostatic attraction present in the smaller alkaline earth group atoms. This makes it more difficult to remove the valence electrons, which corresponds to higher ionization energies.
Therefore, the option (b) is correct - it have the highest ionization energies.
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the average kinetic kinetic energy of helium gas at 170.0 k is 2.12007 kj/mol. what is the average kinetic energy at 340.0 k?
At 340.0k the average Kinetic energy is 4.24014 kj/mol.
what is kinetic energy?An object's kinetic energy is the energy it has as a result of motion. Applying force is necessary if we want to accelerate an object. We have to put in work to apply a force. After the work is finished, the object will be moving at a new, constant speed because energy has been transferred to it.
At 170.0k the average kinetic kinetic energy of helium gas is 2.12007 kj/mol.
At 340.0k the average kinetic kinetic energy of helium gas = ?
At 340.0k the average K.E = 340 × 2.12007/ 170
At 340.0k the average K.E = 4.24014 kj/mol.
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How long is 2 half-lives of the element uranium?
The element uranium half-lives is 4.5 billion years and its 2 half-lives is 1.125 billion years.
The chemical element uranium, which has the atomic number 92, is a silvery-white metallic one. The chemical designation for it is U. Six of the 92 electrons in a uranium atom are valence electrons. It possesses 92 protons overall. All naturally occurring elements have atomic weights, with uranium having the highest.
Uranium can be recovered for use in industry from uranium-bearing minerals like uraninite, which are found naturally in low concentrations in soil, rock, and water. Open pits and underground excavations both have the potential to produce uranium ore. To extract the precious uranium from the ore, the ore can next be crushed and processed in a mill. Another option for getting uranium to the surface is by in-situ leaching, which involves dissolving it right in the ore deposits below.
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what is the highest impact (and perhaps most controversial?) personal choice to reducing carbon emissions?
The best effect people can have in battling environmental change is to have one fewer child, according to another review that recognizes the best ways individuals can cut their carbon emissions.
Carbon emissions should tumble to two tons of CO2 for each individual by 2050 to keep away from serious global warming, yet in the US and Australia emissions are at present 16 tons for every individual and in the UK seven tons. "That is clearly a huge change and we needed to demonstrate that people have an opportunity to be a piece of that," said Kimberly Nicholas, at Lund University in Sweden and one of the exploration group.
The following best activities are selling your vehicle, keeping away from long flights, and eating a veggie lover diet. These diminish emissions ordinarily more than common green exercises, like reusing, utilizing low energy lights or drying washing on a line. Nonetheless, the high effect activities are seldom mentioned in government guidance and school course books, specialists found.
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Which conditions would activate the necessary enzymes for the citric acid cycle?a. high levels of ATP b. low levels of ADP c. high levels of ADP d. high levels of NADH
High levels of ATP would activate the necessary enzymes for the citric acid.
The TCA cycle metabolizes acetate that is derived from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is referred as the body's energy currency. Oxidation of one glucose molecule through the combined action of the TCA cycle, glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation yields an estimated number of 30–38 ATP molecules.
High levels of ATP activates citric acid cycle because citrate synthase is inhibited by the final product of the citric acid cycle as ATP, ADP (adenosine diphosphate) works as an allosteric activator of the enzyme as ATP is formed from ADP. Therefore, the rate of the citric acid cycle is reduced when the cell has a high level of ATP.
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