tert−Butyl iodide or tert−Butyl chloride, tert−Butyl iodide reacts at the faster rate.
What is an example of an SN1 reaction?Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution process is equivalent to the SN1 reaction.Reactions occur in a single order.An illustration of an SN1 reaction is the hydrolysis or tert-butyl bromide in an aqueous NaOH solution.
What is the reaction process for SN1 and SN2?Two of the most frequent chemical reactions in organic chemistry are SN1 and SN2.SN1 is a substitution-nucleophilic addition reaction that frequently involves both benzene and carbonyl compounds.Another kind of nucleophilic substitution known as an SN2 is more frequently seen with alkyl halides and benzoins.
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which compound should have the largest lattice energy? which compound should have the largest lattice energy? nai kf sri2 mgo cacl2
Among the following compounds, magnesium oxide compound has the largest lattice energy.
What is lattice energy?
The amount of energy released when ions unite to form ionic solids, or the amount of energy needed to separate a compound into its ions, is known as lattice energy.
Lattice energy is influenced by two factors:
ion charge (greater the charge higher is the lattice energy)the ion's size (smaller the size of ion greater is the lattice energy)K has a charge of +1, and Mg has a charge of +2 in KCl and MgO. Additionally, K + has a greater ionic radius than Mg +2. Therefore, when both components are included, MgO has a larger lattice energy than KCl.
Therefore, magnesium oxide compound has the largest lattice energy.
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The compound ammonium sulfate consists of two ions, nh4 and so42–, both of which are ions. a molecule of the compound consists of nh4 ion(s) and so42– ion(s).
The compound ammonium sulfate consists of two ions, NH₄⁺ and SO₄²⁻, both of which are Polyatomic ions. A molecule of the compound consists of two NH₄⁺ ion(s) and one SO₄²⁻ ion(s).
Each ion in the ammonium and sulfate compounds has more than one atom. Therefore, the two species are polyatomic. For instance, the chloride ion is monoatomic.
The charge of the ions is indicated by superscripts above their equations. The charge of each ammonium ion is positive one (+1). The charge of each sulfate ion is negative two (-2).
An ionic substance is ammonium sulfate. Countless ammonium ions and sulfate ions can be found in this molecule. Three-dimensional lattices are used to organize the ions. As a result, unlike water, ammonium sulfate does not exist in nature as molecules.
assuming that the second and third blanks refer to an ammonium sulfate formula unit rather than a molecule. The ammonium sulfate empirical formula provides the smallest whole-number ratio between the two ions in a sample.
Charges between the two ions must be equal. Ions of ammonium have a charge of 1. Sulfate ions have a negative charge. As a result, the sample must have two ammonium ions for every sulfate ion.
As a result, is the empirical formula for ammonium sulfate.
Each formula unit of ammonium sulfate thus contains two ammonium ions and one sulfate ion.
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For the reaction 2 h2 + o2 --> 2 h2o how many grams of water are produced from 6. 00 moles of hydrogen h2?.
For the reaction 2 h2 + o2 --> 2 h2o 12 moles of water are produced from 6. 00 moles of hydrogen h2.
Stoichiometry is a section of chemistry that basically involves using relationships between reactants and products in a chemical reaction to determine desired quantitative data. In Greek language, stoikhein means element and metron means measure, so stoichiometry literally translated means the measure of elements.
The stoichiometric coefficients attributed to each compound in the balanced chemical equation can be thought of as moles of reactants that are needed or moles of products formed in the reaction.
In our case, the balanced chemical equation for this synthesis reaction looks like as follows;
[tex]2H_{2}[/tex] (g) + [tex]O_{2}[/tex] → [tex]2H_{2}O[/tex]
to produce 2 moles of water we need only 1 mole of oxygen.
This tells you that the reaction produces twice as many moles of water as you have moles of oxygen gas that take part in the reaction.
You know that your reaction uses 6.0 moles of oxygen. So, the moles of water produce is 12 mole Assuming that hydrogen gas is not a limiting reagent, you can say that the reaction will produce
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While attempting to determine the structure of a compound using elemental analysis and functional group tests, you are generally able to recover your original sample.
a. True
b. False
True, You can typically get your original sample back when utilizing functional group tests and elemental analysis to try to figure out a compound's structure.
Which test is applied to a compound's elemental analysis?In an elemental analysis, the sodium test, also known as Lassaigne's test, is used to determine whether certain foreign elements, such as halogens, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are present in an organic compound.
What analytical techniques can be used to ascertain a compound's structure?The four primary methods are mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, infrared (IR), and ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy. A minimal amount of sample is required for spectroscopy, and after an IR, NMR, or UV spectrum has been generated, the sample can be reused.
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a stock solution of 1.00 m nacl is available. how many milliliters are needed to make 100.0 ml of 0.750 m
75 milliliters of stock solution are needed to make 100.0 mL of 0.750 M.
What is the stock solution?
To make a stock solution, weigh out the proper amount of a pure solid or measure out the proper amount of a pure liquid, put it in the right flask, and then dilute it to the desired volume.
NaCl stock solution is, S1 = 1.00 M.
NaCl is, S2 = 0.750 M.
NaCl is, V2 = 100 mL.
Consider, the required volume of NaCl stock solution to make the desired solution is, V1
According to the dilution law,
S1V1 = S2V2
Where, S1 = Initial strength, V1 = Initial volume, S2 = Final strength and V2 = Final volume.
So, 1.00 M *V1 = 0.750 M * 100 mL
V1 = ( 0.750 M * 100 mL) / 1.00 M = 75 mL
Therefore, 75 milliliters of stock solution are needed to make 100.0 mL of 0.750 M.
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How do you calculate gas density?
The gas density is determined by dividing its mass by volume. The mass of the gas occupying a specific volume at a given pressure and temperature is referred to as the gas density.
Given the other two measurements, the density formula can be changed to compute mass or volume. d = M/V, where density is d, mass is M, and volume is V, is the formula for density. Grams per cubic centimeter is a common unit of measurement of density. The ideal gas law (PV = nRT) and the density formula are typically combined to determine the density of a gas. The Greek letter ρ stands for density. From the formula above, V=nRT/P and n=m/M, which indicates density density = MP/RT where P = pressure. M= mass Temperature is T and R = rate
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which amino acid contains sulfur atoms that form covalent disulfide bonds and stabilize the tertiary structure of some proteins?
Cysteine, amino acid contains sulfur atoms that form covalent disulfide bonds and stabilize the tertiary structure in some proteins.
What are Amino acids?Organic substances known as amino acids are primarily made up of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Twenty distinct amino acids are required by your body for growth and optimal operation. All 20 of them are crucial for your health, but only 9 are considered to be absolutely necessary.
What are proteins?Organic molecules called proteins are found in all living things. They perform a wide range of tasks, such as transportation, organizing, and defence. Proteins have up to four different layers of structure and are made up of chains of amino acids.
What are Disulfide bonds?An S- anion from one sulfhydryl group acts as a nucleophile, attacking the side chain of a second cysteine to create a disulfide bond, and in the process releases electrons (reducing equivalents) for transfer. Disulfide bond formation involves a reaction between the sulfhydryl (SH) side chains of two cysteine residues.
Hence, cysteine, amino acid contains sulfur atoms that form covalent disulfide bonds and stabilize the tertiary structure in some proteins.
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An electrolyte is a substance that dissolves in water to yield a solution that conducts electricity
An electrolyte is a substance that dissolves in water and produces ions that conducts electricity.
What is an electrolyte?An electrolyte can be described as a medium containing ions that are electrically conducting through the movement of ions but not conducting electrons. Most soluble salts, acids, and bases can be dissolved in a polar solvent, such as water. Upon dissolving, the substance dissociates into cations and anions, which disperse throughout the solvent.
The movement of cations and anions in opposite directions within the solution and conduct electricity in a solution such as a hydrogen chloride (HCl), under conditions of high temperature or low pressure, can function as electrolytes.
Electrolyte solutions are formed when salt is placed into a solvent and the individual components separate due to the thermodynamic interactions between solvent and solute, in a process known as "solvation".
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why does the temperature of the reaction mixture drop (as opposed to remaining constant) once the reaction reaches the stoichiometric point?
The reaction is no longer operating and no longer producing heat, which causes the temperature to drop. Additionally, the temperature of the reactant solution added after the stoichiometric point is achieved is lower than that of the reaction mixture.
What is Stoichiometric Point?
The titration's equivalence point is reached by adding just enough titrant to totally neutralize the analyte solution. The titrant's moles (a standard solution) are equivalent to the moles of the unknown-concentration solution. Because it is at this point that the quantity of acid needed to neutralise an identical amount of base is equal, it is often referred to as the stoichiometric point. Please take note that this does not imply that the acid to base ratio is 1:1. The equation for a balanced acid-base chemical reaction determines the ratio.
Actually at the equivalence point, the titrant and analytes have completely reacted, that's why temperature drop.
The equivalence point, or stoichiometric point, of a chemical reaction is the point at which chemically equivalent quantities of bases and acids have been mixed
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devise a synthesis of ch3ch2c≡cch2ch2oh using ch3ch2ch═ch2 as the starting material. you may use any other organic compounds or inorganic reagents. be sure to answer all parts.
The compound CH₃CH₂C≡CCH₂OH is synthesized from CH₃CH₂CH=CH₂ is formed by deprotonation reaction followed by a substitution reaction. The synthesis reaction takes place in the presence of NaH and 1-bromohexane.
In the first step of synthesis, acetylene reacts with sodium hydride to produce a strong nucleophile acetylide anion.
A bimolecular reaction is described as the chemical combination of two molecular entities in a reaction that can be considered either reversible or irreversible in nature. The biomolecular reaction can involve two chemically distinct molecules, e.g., A + B, or two identical molecules, e.g., A + A.
In the second step of synthesis, acetylide anion gives a substitution nucleophilic bimolecular reaction with 1-bromohexane to produce the required structure.
So a combination of deprotonation and substitution reaction yield the given compound CH₃CH₂C≡CCH₂OH.
All the steps included in synthesis are shown below in the image attached.
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in nature the alkali metals are found only in compounds because theyselect one:a.are very reactive elements.b.each have a stable octet.c.are rare elements.d.have small atoms.
which gas has the fastest gas particles assuming they are at the same temperature nitrogen, oxygen or chlorine
NH3 has the least molar mass, it'll diffuse faster than the others.
What is Molar Mass?
We all wish to know how many molecules are there in a given material. Atoms and molecules are very small in both size and mass. One sample mole's weight is the molar mass. To get the molar mass, connect the atomic masses (atomic weights) of each atom in the molecule. Using the mass listed in the Periodic Table or Atomic Weight Table, determine the atomic mass for each element.
Typically, molar mass is stated in either grammes (g) or kilogrammes (kg) (kg).
The diffusion rate of a particular gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the molar mass of that gas.
As for molar masses go,
NH3= 17gm/mol
O2= 32 gm/mol
N2= 28gm/mol
CO2= 44gm/mol
NH3 has the least molar mass, it'll diffuse faster than the others.
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Infrared spectroscopy is particularly good at detecting functional groups such as?
Infrared spectroscopy is particularly good at detecting functional groups such as hydroxy, amine, and carbonyl.
Spectroscopy is the study of how light and other radiation are absorbed and emitted by matter, and how this depends on the wavelength of the radiation. The study of interactions between particles like electrons, protons, and ions as well as their interactions with other particles as a function of their collision energy has been added to the definition more recently. The most fundamental physics theories, such as quantum mechanics, the special and general theories of relativity, and quantum electrodynamics, have all benefited greatly from spectroscopic analysis. Scientific understanding of the electromagnetic force as well as the strong and weak nuclear forces has been greatly aided by the use of spectroscopy in high-energy collisions.
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find the binding energy of carbon-12 per nucleon. the mass of a proton is 1.007276 u, of a neutron 1.008665 u, and of carbon 11.996706 u.
For C12 and C13, the binding energy per nucleon is 7.68 MeV and 7.47 MeV, respectively. The power needed to take a neutron out of C13 is
What is a carbon-12 nucleus' charge?The total net charge of neutral carbon-12 (or any carbon atom) is zero because it contains 6 electrons with a total net charge of 6e- circling a nucleus with a total net charge of 6e+. The six protons and six neutrons that make up the nucleus each have an electric charge of e+.
For 6C12 nucleons, the binding energy per nucleon is 7.68MeV.
The satellite's total energy, also known as the binding energy of the satellite, is the product of its kinetic energy and potential energy.
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If pressure is kept constant, to compress nitrogen at 2 atm from 750 ml to 500 ml, what must the new pressure be?.
The pressure of the gas is 1.5 atm that can be calculated by using Boyles' law.
The given quantities,
Initial Volume (V₁) = 750 ml
Final Volume (V₂) = 500 ml
Initial Pressure (P₁) = 1 atm
Final Pressure (P₂) = ?
(500 ml) / (1000 ml / 1 L)
= 0.500 L
Use Boyle's Law to find the final pressure of the gas.
P₂ = P₁V₁ / V₂
P₂ = (1)(0.750) / (0.500)
P₂ = 0.75 / 0.500
P₂ = 1.5 atm
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what is the crystal field stabilization energy of a low spin d7 complex in an octahedral crystal field?
the crystal field stabilization energy of a low spin d7 complex in an octahedral crystal field is −1.8Δo
The ligand is a strong field ligand, and the supplied complex is an octahedral complex. Since it has a low spin, the pairing energy will be lower than the energy required to split the crystal field.
CFSE for octahedral complex =[−0.4(n)t2g+0.6(n′)eg ]Δo+n∗P
Where,
n is number of e− occupying t2g orbital
n' is the number of e− occupying eg orbital
Δois ligand field splitting energy
n∗ is the number of extra electron pairs
P is spin-pairing energy
The CFSE of a d7 octahedral complex = −0.4×6+0.6×1
= −2.4+0.6
= −1.8Δo
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When the lobes of two p orbitals are in the same phase and overlap side-by-side, the orbital that is formed has a _____ dissociation energy compared to the σ∗ molecular orbital formed from the out-of-phase direct overlap of the two p orbitals.
When the lobes of two p orbitals are in the same phase and overlap side-by-side, the orbital that is formed has a π bond dissociation energy compared to the σ∗ molecular orbital formed from the out-of-phase direct overlap of the two p orbitals.
The atoms combine by colliding with each other. This situation basically refers to the process in which the two atoms comes so close to each other that they can penetrate each other’s orbital and form a new hybridized orbital where the bonding pair of electrons reside. This hybridized orbital has usually lower energy than the atomic orbital and hence they are stable. It is in the minimum energy state. This partial penetration of the orbital is known as orbital overlap.
The molecular bond angles were explained through the directional properties of the bond. The molecule of hydrogen is formed by the overlap of 1s orbital in head-on collision. or we can say that he sigma bonds that are formed are basically because of the head on overlap.
When two atoms come in contact with each other to form a bond, their overlap can be positive, negative or even zero depending upon the phase and sign of the two interacting orbitals. Or we can also say that when two orbitals overlap with each other in sidewise or lateral manner the bond formed will be a pi-bond.
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what is the activation energy (in kj) of a reaction whose rate constant increases by a factor of 100 upon increasing the temperature from 300 k to 360 k?
The activation energy of a reaction is ~ 69KJ/mol, at the given temperature.
What is Activation energy?The smallest additional amount of energy that a reactive molecule needs in order to transform into a product is known as activation energy. The minimal amount of energy required to activate or energize molecules or atoms so that they can engage in a chemical reaction or transformation is another way to put it.
What is Temperature?
The concept of temperature is used to convey quantitatively how hot and cold something is. Using a thermometer, one can measure, temperature.
Calculations:
Given,
K2 = 100K1
T1 = 300
T2 = 360
Now,
We know that,
ln K2/K1 = Ea/R * {(1/T1) - (1/T2)}
ln 100K1/K1 = Ea/R * {(1/300) - (1/360)}
Ea= ln 100K1/K1 * R/{(1/300) - (1/360)}
Ea ~ 69KJ/mol.
Hence, the activation energy of a reaction is ~ 69KJ/mol, at the given temperature.
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What are the three basic transition effects?
The three basic phase transition effects are : melting , freezing and evaporation .
The three basic phase transition effects are :
1) melting : the change in the solid state to the liquid state is called as the melting. the example of the melting is the when ice change to water.
2) freezing : This phase transition occurs when the liquid phase changes in to the solid phase . the example of freezing is the when water changes to the ice form.
3) evaporation : This phase transition occurs when the change in liquid states to gas states takes place.
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what happens during radioactive decay? group of answer choices a stable isotope of one element changes into a new isotope of a different element a stable isotope of one element changes into a new isotope of the same element an unstable isotope of one element changes into a new isotope of a different element an unstable isotope of one element changes into a new isotope of the same element
They emit ionizing radiation (alpha, beta, and/or gamma rays) that has the property of releasing energy. Because it has the potential to dislodge firmly bound electrons from an atom's orbit, the energy is known as ionizing radiation.
In plain English, what is radioactive decay?a radioactive process where a nucleus spontaneously splits, loses electrons, or undergoes fission while also emitting radiation.
What is lost when radioactive material decays?Some of the mass of uranium nuclei is transformed into kinetic energy during radioactive decay (the energy of the moving particles).
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This type of bias occurs when researchers fail to choose a representative sample of potential respondents is called?
The type of bias occurs when researchers fail to choose a representative sample of potential respondents is called sampling bias.
Sampling bias is the phenomenon that occurs when a research take a look at layout fails to collect a representative sample of a goal populace. This happens generally due to the fact that the selection standards for respondents failed to seize a wide enough sampling frame to represent all viewpoints.
Some of the commonplace varieties of sampling bias encompass self-selection bias, nonresponse bias, survivorship bias, pre-screening or advertising bias, and healthful user bias.
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The sugars produced by photosynthesis are stored and later may be consumed by an organism such as a deer, mouse, or human. The chemical energy in the stored sugars is an example of.
The sugars produced by photosynthesis are stored. The chemical energy in the stored sugars is an example of chemical reactions.
One or more substances (the reactants) change into one or more new substances through a chemical reaction (the products). Chemical parts or chemical elements make up substances. In a chemical reaction, the atoms that make up the reactants are rearranged to produce various products. Chemical reactions are fundamental to life itself, as well as to technology and culture. The burning of fuels, the smelting of iron, the creation of glass and pottery, the brewing of beer and wine, and the production of cheese are a few examples of ancient processes that involved chemical reactions. The Earth's geology, atmosphere, oceans, and a variety of intricate processes that take place in all living systems are rife with chemical reactions.
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calculate the number of moles of electrons passed in an electrolytic cell when a current of 25 amps is applied for 6.0 hours
1.24×10−2 mole is the number of moles of electrons passed in an electrolytic cell when a current of 25 amps is applied for 6.0 hours.
What is electron?
Electrons belong to the first generation of the leptonic family of particles and are generally considered elementary particles because they have no known composition or substructure.
Therefore, 1.24×10−2 mole is the number of moles of electrons passed in an electrolytic cell when a current of 25 amps is applied for 6.0 hours. Electrons belong to the first generation of the leptonic family of particles and are generally considered elementary particles because they have no known composition or substructure.
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_____preservatives commonly used to slow the development of off-flavors, odors, and color changes caused by oxidation.
In order to prevent or delay the onset of rancidity brought on by oxidation, antioxidants are frequently utilized as preservatives in foods that contain fat. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and tocopherols are examples of natural antioxidants (vitamin E).
Which of the following is a typical preservative used to prevent the emergence of off flavors, smells, and color changes?Additionally, nitrite helps cured meat take on flavor and color while delaying the onset of rancidity, off flavors, and off odors during storage. The characteristic pink hue of cured meats is brought on by nitrite.
In this quiz, you'll learn how to define the process of a material mixing with oxygen?a chemical reaction in which an object combines with oxygen; electrons are lost in oxidation processes.
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Arrange the boiling points of the aqueous solutions, relative to pure water. Assume complete dissociation for the ionic compounds.
The boiling points are arranged from highest to lowest as follows:
0.18m CaI₂
0.12 m KI
H₂O
0.30 m NH₃
0.37m C₂H₅OH
what is the boiling point?Boiling point is the temperature at which the pressure in the system equals atmospheric pressure. This temperature varies from liquid to liquid and can be used to identify what a particular liquid is.
It should be noted here that the boiling point elevation of a substance is a collective property. This means that the amount of material present is important. Therefore, to know how the boiling points of different substances change, we need to consider the number of particles that are in the system.
Aqueous solutions are homogeneous mixtures of matter and water.
Ionic compounds are neutral compounds. Ionic compounds are formed from cations and anions.
your question is incomplete but most probably your full question was
Arrange the boiling points of the aqueous solutions, relative to pure water. Assume complete dissociation for the ionic compounds.
0.12 m KI0.37 m C₂H₅OH0.30 m NH₃0.18 CaI₂H₂OLearn more about colligative properties: brainly.com/question/10323760
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in the lewis resonance structure for carbonate ion (co32-) in which the central c atom is singly bonded to each of the three o atoms, what is the formal charge on the central c atom?
The formal charge on the central C atom will be Zero(0).
In chemistry, a formal charge (F.C. or q), in the covalent view of chemical bonding, is the charge assigned to an atom in a molecule, assuming that electrons in all chemical bonds are shared equally between atoms, regardless of relative electronegativity.
The valence shell electrons in a molecule are depicted in a simplified manner by a Lewis Structure. It is used to demonstrate how the electrons in a molecule are positioned around particular atoms.
According to Formula of formula charge, V = Valence electrons, N= No. of lone electrons and B = Bonding electrons.
q = V-N-B/2
q = 4 - 1 - 6/2
q = 0
Therefore, formula charge on Central Carbon atom will be 0.
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Energy from the_______is constantly passing through the different layers of the atmosphere as waves, landing on and
being absorbed into the Earth's surface to provide the heat and warmth for
life.
A. insolation
B. weather
C. air
D. conduction
E. ozone
F. ecological
G. atmosphere
H. sun
I. convection
J. tilts
Answer:
H.Sun
Explanation:
The heat source for our planet is the Sun. Energy from the sun is transferred through space and through the earth's atmosphere to the earth's surface. Since this energy warms the earth's surface and atmosphere, some of it is or becomes heat energy.
So the answer is H.Sun
if 10.0 g of aluminum reacts with excess sulfuric acid, and 54.2 g of al2(so4)3 are collected, what is the percent yield of al2(so4)3? a) 63.4% b) 85.5% c) 117% d) 47.1% e) not enough information given
The percent yield of al2(so4)3 is option B. 85.58%.
In chemistry, yield, additionally called reaction yield, is a measure of the quantity of moles of a product fashioned in relation to the reactant fed on, acquired in a chemical reaction, generally expressed as a percent.
Percent yield is the percent ratio of real yield to the theoretical yield. it is calculated to be the experimental yield divided through theoretical yield expanded by one hundred%. If the real and theoretical yield are the equal, the percentage yield is one hundred%.
Calculation:-
2Al+3H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3+3H22
27*2 g of Al produces = 342 g Al2(SO4)3
10 g Al Produces = 342 /54 × 10
= 63.33
percentage yield = 54.2/63.33 × 100
= 85.58%
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What are the effects of calcium chloride on the properties of concrete?
Answer:
Calcium chloride (CaCl2) has the ability to accelerate cement hydration and reduce set time by as much as two thirds. Research has shown that a 2% addition rate has an equivalent cure strength at 50°F as plain concrete at 70°F.
Explanatio n:
PLEASE HELP: Explain why most substances are carbon compounds?
Answer:
The reason is carbon's ability to form stable bonds with many elements, including itself.
Explanation:
This property allows carbon to form a huge variety of very large and complex molecules. In fact, there are nearly 10 million carbon-based compounds in living things!
Answer:
Explanation:
The reason is that carbon is able to form stable bonds with many elements, including itself, which allows carbon to form a huge variety of very large and complex molecules.