Amplify the luciferase gene using PCR. Perform restriction digestion on the plasmid and the luciferase gene. Combine the plasmid and the luciferase gene to create a recombinant plasmid. Employ electroporation to transform bacteria using the recombinant plasmid.
A plasmid that has had a foreign DNA fragment or gene put into it is referred to as a recombinant plasmid. Small circular DNA fragments known as plasmids are found naturally in bacterial cells and in some eukaryotes like yeast and plants. Recombinant plasmids increase apart from the chromosomal DNA of the host.
Basic actions include: Cutting the plasmid open, and then "pasting" the gene inside. DNA ligase and restriction enzymes, which cleave DNA, are necessary for this process (which joins DNA). Infect bacteria with the plasmid. Plasmid-carrying bacteria should be multiplied and used as "factories" to produce the protein.
Consequently, we may state that creating a recombinant plasmid Use PCR to amplify the luciferase gene. Restrictive digestion should be carried out on the plasmid and the luciferase gene. Generate a recombinant plasmid by fusing the luciferase gene with the plasmid. Utilize the recombinant plasmid to convert bacteria using electroporation.
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m protein, hyaluronidase, collagenase, and often a capsule, can be virulence factors for certain pathogenic strains of
M protein, hyaluronidase, collagenase, and often a capsule, can be virulence factors for certain pathogenic strains of streptococcus.
The capacity of an organism to infect a host and spread disease is known as virulence. The cellular components known as virulence factors give microbial pathogens the ability to do this as well as a number of other tasks, like evading the host's immune response, immunosuppressing, obtaining nutrients from the host, colonizing a niche in the host, and gaining entry and departure from cells.
These elements have the potential to either help and encourage colonization or harm the ecosystem. Virulence factors can take many different shapes. While some infections are mobile genetic elements like bacteriophages, others get their components from chromosomally encoded pathogens.
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approximately what portion of the human genome is composed of repetitive, noncoding sequences?
Protein-coding genes only make up around 1% of DNA; the remaining 99% are non-coding.
Why does DNA behave as it does?DNA contains the instructions necessary for a creature to develop, endure, and reproduce. In order to carry out these functions, proteins, which are the complex molecules that do the majority of the job in our bodies, must be made from DNA sequences that can be used as signals.
What is and where is DNA?Deoxyribonucleic acid, also referred to as DNA, is a sophisticated molecule that houses all the data required for the growth and upkeep of an organism. A living thing's DNA is present in every cell. A multicellular creature's cells really carry almost all of the DNA needed for that organism.
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Why is it important to monitor environmental parameters when making policy decisions?
The importance of monitoring environmental parameters when making policy decisions as an evaluation of the working mechanism of an environmental management system.
What are environmental pollution parameters?Economic development also affects the environment. As a result of development that does not consider environmental impacts and pollution, environmental pollution begins to occur and destroys the habitats of other living things.
Several parameters that can be used as indicators of environmental pollution include:
Chemical parametersBiochemical parameters include BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), namely the amount of oxygen contained or dissolved in water.Physical parametersBiological parametersWith these parameters, it will be easier to make evaluation decisions on environmental treatment systems.
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What research question did david tilman and colleagues address when they planted varying numbers of species from different functional groups of grassland plants in experimental plots?
They were curious to know if more species-rich assemblages would result in greater biomass production.
What is the long-term ecosystem experiment of David Tilman?
David Tilman, an American ecologist, came up with the theory. According to this theory, the species that can survive at the lowest equilibrium resource level will be able to outcompete all other species if numerous species are vying for the same limited resource.
David Tilman conducted some research utilising outdoor plots to clarify the relationship between species and biomass. He demonstrated that plots with more species, or more biodiversity, displayed higher production and exhibited fewer changes in biomass from year to year.
In order to explain the diversity and relative abundance of species within ecosystems, Tilman introduces a novel theory called stochastic niche theory.
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Meiosis is called reduction division. When does the reduction in chromosome number occur?
The reduction in chromosome number occurs during meiosis I.
Chromosomes are long molecules of DNA that contain some or all of an organism's genetic material. In most chromosomes, very long, thin strands of DNA are coated with packaging proteins. In eukaryotic cells, the histones are the most important of these proteins.
Within the nucleus of all cells, DNA molecules are packaged into thread-like structures called chromosomes. Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly wrapped many times around proteins called histones that support its structure.
Another type of cell division, meiosis, ensures that humans have the same number of chromosomes from generation to generation. This is a two-step process in which the number of chromosomes is halved from 46 to 23 to form sperm and eggs.
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what are two basic ways to measure the enzyme activity of any enzyme? b. based on your answer for part a, how did you determine that the enzyme amylase was functioning? c. what is the purpose of dns in monitoring the activity of the enzyme? be specific. d. what is the original color of dna, what color is an indication that the enzyme activity is taking place?
The methods which are employed for measuring the enzymatic activities are known as spectrophotometry, fluorescence, and radiolabeling.
To test the functioning of amylase, the amylase test is performed by clinicians. If the amylase test detects high level of amylase in blood or urine, then it indicates pancreas disorder. In amylase solution, add 2-3 drops of 10% iodine solution directly onto the edge of colonies and Wait 10- 15 minutes and record the results. If the medium turns dark then it shows positive result. The dinitro salicylate or DNS method determines the reducing sugars liberated by the action of hydrolase enzymes on carbohydrates, under standard pH and temperatures. The enzyme activity can be detected by the presence of dark violet color which appears because of oxidation reaction.
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in mammals, which are possible compounds excreted for the elimination of nitrogen? a. ammonia b. urea c. pyrimidine d. uric acid
An important trend in animal evolution was cephalization. an animal is said to show cephalization when it _____.
An important trend in animal evolution was cephalization. an animal is said to show cephalization when it has an aggregation of neurons at the head end.
What is the significance of cephalization in animals?As they enter, the sensory mechanisms in the anterior end allow animals to detect their surroundings.
It offers a place for internal organs to be suspended, preventing them from being forced on by muscles and twisted out of shape by bodily motions.
The brain serves as a command and control centre for sensory input. Animals can evolve sophisticated neurological systems and increased intellect throughout time. The second benefit of cephalization is that sensory organs may be concentrated toward the front of the body.
Cephalization is an evolutionary tendency in which the mouth, sensory organs, and nerve ganglia become concentrated at the front end of an animal over many generations, resulting in a head area.
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A researcher placed a culture of cyanobacteria under green lights. Within a few weeks, the appearance of the cyanobacteria changed from green to red. The researcher claimed the color change in the culture was the result of an adaptation allowing greater photosynthesis.
Which of the following provides the best reasoning to justify the researcher's claim?
The correct answer is (D) In green light, more phycoerythrin molecules are produced, allowing more green light to be absorbed, thus increasing photosynthesis.
What are cyanobacteria?
Cyanobacteria are a phylum of bacteria that obtain energy via photosynthesis.
Changes in light can have an impact on cyanobacterial development and physiology. Light is a key factor in cyanobacterial growth.
Therefore, green light is that particular light that helps the cyanobacteria to produce more phycoerythrin molecules and increase the photosynthesis process.
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What kind of reaction is also commonly called burning?
Combustion is the popular name for the burning reaction. When a material interacts fast with oxygen, a combustion reaction occurs (O2).
Hydrocarbons are chemicals found in fuel that burns in a combustion process. Hydrocarbons are carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) compounds (H).
When a fuel combines swiftly with oxygen (O2) to form carbon dioxide (CO2) and water, this is referred to as a full combustion process (H2O). Fuel + O2 CO2 + H2O is the general equation for a full combustion reaction.
The fuel used in a combustion reaction is typically made up of hydrocarbons, which contain solely carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). Methane (CH4), the major component of natural gas, is an example of a hydrocarbon.
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Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble vitamins. Sort the phrases as describing vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, or vitamin K.
a. deficiency can cause rickets b. deficiency can cause night blindness c. cofactor d. production takes place in skin e. prevents oxidative damage to membrane lipids f. regulates gene expression in epithelial tissue g. hormone precursor and visual pigment h. hormone precursor derived from a steroid i. functions in fibrin formation -antioxidant
Fat-answerable vitamins include vitamins A, D, E, and K. Sort the expressions according to whether they describe vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, or vitamin K. Rickets is caused by a lack of vitamin D.
What's vitamin?
Vitamins are organic substances that must be consumed in small quantities. They perform a variety of functions, including adding the rate of metabolism in the body, strengthening the vulnerable system, promoting proper growth and development of bones and other body corridor, and so on.
Vitamins perform a veritably unique function that distinguishes them from other nutrients in that they convert energy from other sources, similar as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and oil painting, into a form that's useful to the body system.
Vitamin A insufficiency causes night blindness. Vitamin C acts as a cofactor.Vitamin D product takes place in the skin. Vitamin E prevents ooxidative damage to membrane lipds. Vitamin D regulate gene expression in epithelial apkins.Vitamin A are hormone precursor and visual color.Vitamin D are hormone precursor deduced from a steroid. Vitamin K Function in fibin conformation and antioxidant.Learn more about Vitamin here: https://brainly.com/question/6974286
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The epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells. The signaling pathway is activated by the binding of epinephrine to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1.
A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway involves enzymes activating other enzymes.
Cells can react to signals from their surroundings thanks to signal transduction pathways. A signal is amplified in the majority of signal transduction pathways, causing most steps to result in more active components than earlier steps. For instance, signal amplification causes a liver cell to release plenty of glucose molecules after spotting just one epinephrine molecule.
Numerous locations can lead to signal amplification. For instance, a receptor can activate a series of G proteins as long as epinephrine is attached to the receptor. Each adenylyl cyclase enzyme can also convert a large number of ATP molecules into cyclic AMP molecules. The pathway's other active enzymes can also continuously catalyse processes. Contrarily, the G protein is required for the continued activation of adenylyl cyclase and only stimulates one adenylyl cyclase enzyme at a time. The cellular response's termination is just as crucial as its initiation. The several participants in the pathway must be controlled such that they are activated for a brief amount of time in order for a cell to respond only when a signal is there.
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20The trout population in a large lake has been threatened by the accidental introduction of parasitic sea lampreys through man-made channels from the ocean. The lampreys attach themselves to the sides of trout, eventually killing many of the trout. Lampreys leave wounds on the skin of the trout. To control the lamprey population, costly chemicals, traps, and barriers have been used to prevent sea lampreys from reproducing. The graph below shows the effect of this lamprey control program in reducing the number of wounds on the native trout population.
It is effective and should be continued because the number of lamprey wounds are decreasing. According to yearly statistics, sea lamprey wounds on lake trout and landlocked Atlantic salmon started to decline in 2007.
Why Is Sea Lamprey Controlled?Lake trout also vanished from the lake by 1900 due to overfishing, pollution, and damming of rivers, which had eradicated native salmon from the lake by the middle of the 1800s. By 1985, it was evident that the effects of sea lamprey made it impossible to restore the salmon and lake trout fisheries. To bring the sea lamprey population in Lake Champlain down to a manageable level, the cooperative launched an integrated control effort.
What Is It The Sea Lamprey Control Program?An intensive regulatory review procedure was used to establish an 8-year sea lamprey control experiment. According to the National Environmental Policy Act, an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) was created, and Vermont's and New York's environmental and health authorities examined the permit applications. The planned experimental sea lamprey management program was approved in the Final EIS, and the state regulatory organizations provided the required licenses for its implementation.
Between 1990 and 1997, five (5) deltas and thirteen (13) streams were treated as part of the experimental sea lamprey control program.
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It is effective and should be continued because the number of lamprey wounds are decreasing. According to yearly statistics, sea lamprey wounds on lake trout started to decline in 2007.
Why Is Sea Lamprey Controlled?Lake trout also vanished from the lake by 1900 due to overfishing, pollution, and damming of rivers, which had eradicated native salmon from the lake by the middle of the 1800s. By 1985, it was evident that the effects of sea lamprey made it impossible to restore the salmon and lake fisheries. To bring the sea lamprey population in Lake Champlain down to a manageable level, the cooperative launched an integrated control effort.
What Is It The Sea Lamprey Control Program?An intensive regulatory review procedure was used to establish an 8-year sea lamprey control experiment. According to the National Environmental Policy Act, an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) was created, and Vermont's and New York's environmental and health authorities examined the permit applications. The planned experimental sea lamprey management program was approved in the Final EIS, and the state regulatory organizations provided the required licenses for its implementation.
Between 1990 and 1997, five (5) deltas and thirteen (13) streams were treated as part of the experimental sea lamprey control program.
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radiograph of an ap knee shows that the joint spaces are not equally open and the proximal fibular is completely superimposed over the tibia. which specific positioning error leads to this radiographic outcome?
The radiograph result is caused by a positioning mistake that causes lateral rotation of the lower leg specifically. An AP knee's radiograph reveals that the joint spaces are not all uniformly accessible and that the proximal fibula is entirely superimposed over the tibia.
With the proximal fibula foot extended, the image receptor in radiograph is flat against the plantar surface. The proximal fibula foot has to be obliquely positioned 30 to 40 degrees for the anterior-posterior medial radiograph view. First, second, and third metatarsal bones, whose heads (distal ends) are in touch with the ground, are impacted anteriorly by the weight transferred by the cuneiform bones. The proximal fibula calcaneus, cuboid, fourth, and fifth metatarsal bones support the body weight as it is radiograph transmitted anteriorly from the talus to the side.
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The growth hormone axis contains at least one example of a negative feedback loop.TrueFalse
The growth hormone axis contains at least one example of a negative feedback loop is True.
Hormones are a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms that are sent to distant organs by complex biological processes to regulate physiology and behavior. Hormones are necessary for the proper development of animals, plants, and fungi.
Hormones are the body's chemical messengers. They travel to tissues and organs in the bloodstream. They function slowly over time and influence many different processes, including growth and development. Metabolism is how your body gets energy from what you eat.
Hormones play a major role in normal functioning. They control heart rate, sleep cycles, sexual function, and reproduction. Metabolism, appetite, growth and development, mood, stress, and body temperature are all influenced by hormones.
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How do you show respect to human sexuality?
Your sexuality is valuable for your self-identity, and now no longer being capable of explicit that is unfavorable for your feel of self confidence and average intellectual health.
For some, popping out results in reputation and guide, however this can now no longer usually be the case. Sexual admire is a dedication to speaking and appearing with integrity and admire for others, won't make the identical picks approximately sexual activity, apprehend a persons' gender identity, or proportion the identical sexual orientation, however respecting people's variations creates an ecosystem of reputation and guide which could assist all and sundry apprehend sexuality and gain suitable sexual health.
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as soils form, distinct layers known as horizons develop over time. identify one specific abiotic component of the a horizon.
A soil horizon is a layer that is parallel to the soil surface and has different properties from the layers above and below in terms of its physical, chemical, and biological makeup.
Horizons are frequently defined by visible physical characteristics, primarily color and texture.
(i) Name one abiotic element that makes up the A horizon.
(II) The A horizon is home to a large number of macro- or decompressing invertebrates, including millipedes, earthworms, and pillbugs.
Abiotic factors, or everything that is not alive, such as minerals, water, and air, are included in the second category.
he most prevalent minerals that stimulate plant growth in soil are phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen gas. Other, less common minerals include calcium, magnesium, and sulfur.
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What is the name given to the process in which a DNA strand is used as a template for making mRNA?
Answer:
mRNA is made from a DNA template during the process of transcription.
drag each of the following labels into the appropriate box to identify which division of the autonomic nervous system is identified by the given function.
The division of the autonomic nervous system is identified by the given function Parasympathetic.
Parasympathetic
-Digesting
-Defecation
-Diuresis
Sympathetic
-Running
-Stress
-Excitement
-Fight-or- Flight system
The nervous system has two major elements: The primary nervous gadget is made from the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous gadget is made of nerves that department off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body.
The nervous system plays a function in almost every component of our health and properly-being. It courses regular activities inclusive of waking up; computerized activities including respiratory; and complicated processes together with questioning, studying, remembering, and feeling feelings.
The nervous system is made up of the mind, spinal wire, and nerves. It controls lots of what you believe you studied and sense and what your body does.
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a microbiologist decides to use a nutrient medium that contains thioglycolic acid. what type of microbe is she attempting to culture?
A microbiological culture, also known as a microbial culture, is a technique for increasing the number of microbial organisms by allowing them to reproduce in a predefined culture media under carefully monitored lab conditions. As a research tool in molecular biology, microbial cultures are fundamental diagnostic techniques.
The diversity of microbes is absolutely astounding, but they can all be divided into five basic categories: viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protists. An organism that is only visible under a microscope. Bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi are examples of microorganisms. Although they are not regarded to be living things, viruses are occasionally categorized as microbes.
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what replaces the membranes and nutrition source of amniotic eggs in organisms that exhibit live birth without amniotic eggs?
The placenta replaces the membranes and nutrition source of amniotic eggs in organisms that exhibit live birth without amniotic eggs.
Amniotic membranes shield the eggs from damage. The creation of these membranes has given another the unique aquatic environment they require for development. Amniotic eggs exhibit the characteristic development of the amniotic membrane. These membranes include the chorion, which aids in the exchange of gases between the mother and the embryo, the amnion, which shields the embryo from harm and shock and also helps with hydration, and the allantois, which facilitates the excretion of nitrogenous wastes like urea and uric acid, among others, and also aids in respiration. Because lipids are present, watertight skin is another trait. Another is the presence of costal rib ventilation, which permits CO2 loss through the lungs as opposed to buccal pumping as found in naive animals.
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the bending of a tip link protein leads to depolarization of the hair cell by allowing ions to diffuse across the membrane into the cell.
By permitting potassium ions to pass over the membrane and into the cell, the bending of a tip link protein causes depolarization of the hair cell.
What function does the protein tip link serve in hair cells?As the membrane is pressed against the hair cell stereocilia, they tilt in the direction of the highest one. The other tip links are pulled as the higher stereocilium flexes. The next shorter stereocilium's ion gate is attached to the tip link, which pulls the gate open to let K+ ions enter the cell and depolarize it.
Which of the following causes the stereocilia of hair cells to bend?Stereocilia on both inner and outer hair cells will flex in response to basilar membrane movement.
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in the nasal cavity, what is the name of the tiny hairs that move mucus to the pharynx?
In the nasal cavity, the tiny hairs that move mucus to the pharynx are called Cilia.
Cilia are tiny hair-like entities that move in a waving or slashing motion, moving mucous upward toward the pharynx and allowing trapped microbes or particles to be coughed up.
Cilia are hair-like structural and functional units on the outside of all mammalian cells. They are primitive in nature and can be single or multiple. Cilia play an important role in locomotion. They are also involved in mechanoreception. Ciliated microbes are those equipped with cilia.
The cilium, also recognized as the cilia, is a membrane-bound structure located on most eukaryotic cells and certain ciliate microbes. Bacteria and archaea do not contain cilia. The cilium is a thin microfilaments extension that extends from the outside of the cell body, which is much larger.
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What are the 4 types of animal behavior?
The four categories of animal behaviour are instinct, training, imprinting, and imitation.
It's not necessary to practise or learn innate actions. These behaviours are also known as instinctive ones. An animal's capacity to carry out an action the first time it is exposed to the right stimuli is known as an instinct.
An animal's behaviour is conditioned by the results that follow in operant conditioning. In other words, an action will either occur more or less frequently depending on its outcomes. When an animal engages in a specific activity that yields a positive outcome, the animal is more likely to repeat the action.
A very young animal will focus its attention on the first item it experiences visually, aurally, or tactilely and will then pursue that object, a process known as imprinting in psychobiology. In psychology, imitation is the replication or performance of a behaviour that is sparked by the perception of a related behaviour by another animal or person.
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what kinds of cells engulf whatever foreign cells and molecules they encounter and recognize?
Phagocytic cells engulf whatever foreign cells and molecules they encounter and recognize.
A macrophage is a large phagocytic cell that ingests diseases and other objects. Complementary pattern recognition receptors enable macrophages to identify PAMPs (PRRs).A neutropenic patient's blood smear displaying just one neutrophil. White blood cells called phagocytes employ the process of phagocytosis to ingest germs, foreign objects, and dead cells in order to defend the body.The immune system's phagocytic cells are predominately neutrophils and macrophages. The main cellular effectors of non-specific host defence and inflammation are these cells.Phagocytes are immune system white blood cells like neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and mast cells. Phagocytosis is another function of dendritic cells, which are antigen-presenting cells. In fact, because they are so good at it, they are referred to as professional phagocytes.To know more macrophages check the below link:
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28 The pedigree below shows the inheritance pattern of a genetic disease caused by homozygous recessive lethal alleles. If the disease caused the death of individual II–2, then _[blank]_.
individual II-4 must be a carrier of the diseaseindividual II-4 must be a carrier of the disease , ,
individual II-1 must be a carrier of the diseaseindividual II-1 must be a carrier of the disease , ,
individual II-2 will pass it on to any offspring she hasindividual II-2 will pass it on to any offspring she has , ,
individuals I-1 and I-2 are carriers of the diseaseindividuals I-1 and I-2 are carriers of the disease , ,
Both I-1 nor I-2 are disease transmitters if the condition has resulted in the death of II-2.
What is a homozygous example?Both dominant (two alleles for brown eyes) and heterozygous individuals can have brown eyes (one for brown and one for blue). Contrary to the recessive blue eye gene, this one is dominant. To have blue eyes, you must possess two unique blue eye alleles.
Describe the homozygous trait.In terms of genetics, being homogeneous means having gotten the same alleles (versions) of a chromosomal marker from both bio mother. A person who carries two identical copies of either a DNA barcode is referred to as homozygous for such a marker.
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If the illness led to the demise of II-2, then neither I-1 nor I-2 are disease carriers.
What is an example of homozygosity?
Individuals with brown eyes might be heterozygous or dominant (have two alleles for them) (one for brown and one for blue). This gene, in contrast to the recessive blue eye gene, is dominant. You need two different blue eye alleles in order to have blue eyes.
Tell us about the homozygous characteristic.
Being homogenous in terms of genetics entails receiving the same alleles (versions) of a chromosomal marker from both biological mothers. A individual is said to be homozygous for a certain marker if they have two identical copies of either DNA barcode.
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which of these organisms convert atmospheric nitrogen gas to a form that can be utilized by plants?
The organisms that convert atmospheric nitrogen gas to a form that can be utilized by plants are bacteria. So the correct option is C.
What are bacteria?Bacteria are microorganisms with different sizes which have the characteristic of not having a nucleus, that is, their genetic material is dispersed in the cytoplasm. They are quite old types of cells, they have characteristics such as being able to live in extreme temperature and pressure conditions.
If the bacteria are not evil, a small percentage of the bacteria are actually bad. In our body there are many types of bacteria that help the body, it is even said that there are more bacteria than human cells.
There is a specific type of bacteria that are nitrogen fixers which will help integrate nitrogen into arid soils and help the vegetative development of plants.
Therefore, we can confirm that the correct option is C. bacteria.
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Which of these organisms convert atmospheric nitrogen gas to a form that can be utilized by plants?
A) animals
B) fungi
C) bacteria
D) protists
the process in which nitrogen is cycled between the atmosphere, bacteria, and other organisms
This is known as nitrification. Plants may absorb compounds like nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, and ammonium from soils and use them to make plant and animal proteins. The key components of the terrestrial nitrogen cycle are depicted in this interactive.
The Nitrogen Cycle is a biogeochemical process in which nitrogen is transformed into various forms and then returned to the atmosphere. It includes numerous processes like as nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, degradation, and putrefaction.
Fixation is the process by which nitrogen is transformed from atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to useful forms such as NO2-. The bulk of nitrogen is fixed by bacteria, the majority of which are symbiotic with plants. Nitrogen returns to the soil as organisms expel waste or die and are degraded by bacteria and fungi.
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Polypeptides in the er are usually larger than polypeptides synthesized from the same mrna that have not entered the er.
a. True
b. False
The statement 'polypeptides in the ER are usually larger than polypeptides synthesized from the same mRNA that have not entered the ER' is false.
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is the site where polypeptides enter so that protein formation can take place. Apart from protein formation, polypeptides are needed for various other metabolic functions by the ER.
Those polypeptides that are smaller in size can enter the endoplasmic reticulum because of the entering space and the small size of the endoplasmic reticulum. On the other hand, the polypeptides that are large, although being synthesized from the same mRNA, stay outside as they cannot enter the ER due to their large size.
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Multigene families include two or more nearly identical genes or genes sharing nearly identical sequences. a classical example is the set of genes for globin molecules, including genes on human chromosomes 11 and 16. how might identical and obviously duplicated gene sequences have gotten from one chromosome to another?
Identical and duplicate gene sequences get from one chromosome to another through chromosomal translocation and gene duplication.
A chromosomal translocation is often an abnormality that results from the breaking of a portion of a chromosome, which later joins and reattaches to a different chromosome.
Either the whole portion of the broken chromosome or a small part of the chromosome could attach itself to a different chromosome. This might lead to the transfer of genes that bear similar phenotypic characteristics to the other chromosome.
As a result, you might find genes sharing an identical gene sequence which then leads to the same characteristics that result from the gene sequence. This process is called gene duplication since there is an exact copy of the gene that attaches to the new chromosome. This is what is referred to as multigene families.
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