emphysema condition that causes the lungs to lose elasticity; permanently enlarges airways and destroys the alveoli in lung tissue.
How long will someone who has emphysema live?Emphysema has a bad prognosis and an average life expectancy of roughly five years since most patients are really not diagnosed unless stage 2 or 3.Emphysema progression can be significantly slowed down by treatment and early detection.
What occurs if you develop emphysema?One of the disorders that makes up COPD is emphysema .Emphysema is a chronic lung disease that damages lung tissue gradually over time, particularly the alveoli.
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What is meiosis and mitosis simple definition?
Mitosis is a type of cell division for somatic cells and for the asexual reproduction of unicellular eukaryotic cells.
Meiosis is the type of cell division for the production of gametes in sexual reproduction . Meiosis is the process through which egg and sperm cells are formed. Mitosis is a necessary step for life.
A cell copies all of its components, including its chromosomes, and separates to generate two identical daughter cells during mitosis.
Meiosis is a form of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms and results in a reduction in the number of chromosomes in gametes (the sex cells, or egg and sperm).
Mitosis is the division of a single cell into two identical daughter cells (cell division).
Mitosis is a kind of cell division that occurs in somatic cells as well as in unicellular eukaryotic cells during asexual reproduction. Meiosis is a sort of cell division that occurs during sexual reproduction to produce gametes.
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Explain the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
In the process of photosynthesis, oxygen and glucose are produced from water and carbon dioxide. As a consequence of consuming glucose, the plant creates oxygen.
What relation in photosynthesis and cellular respiration?Cellular respiration results in the conversion of oxygen and glucose into water and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP, which is converted into energy, are all byproducts of the process.
During photosynthesis, glucose, and oxygen are created from carbon dioxide and water; while, during respiration, glucose, and oxygen are created from carbon dioxide and water.
Therefore, In the ecosystem, photosynthesis and respiration are complementary reactions.
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A researcher is conducting a phylogenetic study of organisms using GeneA. In several of the species she is examining, she retrieves three different but similar gene sequences using the same primers. What should she conclude from her results?
-She has contamination in her experiments and should start over.
-GeneA has undergone a gene duplication in several species.
-GeneA is currently evolving in those species she found different sequences. It will be found as a different sequence in different tissues.
-GeneA has different alleles in some species.
-It is impossible to tell from the given information.
She has contamination in her experiments and should start over.
In biology, phylogeny is the study of evolutionary history and relationships between or within biomes. These relationships are determined by phylogenetic methods that focus on observed genetic traits such as DNA sequence, protein amino acid sequence, or morphology.
The phylogeny of animals in relation to the evolution of animal organs. This type of diagram allows us to infer the evolutionary relationships of major animal lineages based on the organ level of the tissue.
Phylogeny can be described as the relationship between all organisms on Earth descended from a common ancestor, whether extinct or extant.
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An immune deficiency causes a severe reduction in the amount of mhc-ii expressed on the surface of professional antigen-presenting cells. predict which immune processes will be significantly impacted by this deficiency.
a. true
b. false
True, immune deficiency causes a severe reduction in the amount of mhc-ii expressed on the surface of professional antigen-presenting cells. predict which immune processes will be significantly impacted by this deficiency.
In general ,the main function of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules is to derive the refined antigens, which are derived primarily from exogenous sources, to CD4(+) T-lymphocytes. we can also say that MHC class II molecules are critical for the initiation of the antigen-specific immune response.
Hence, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II proteins are important to play a key role in the active response of the immune system.
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Some parasitic flatworms have a very complicated life cycle with more than one host. Infer why this might be adaptive.
Flatworms have suction device and hook rings on their heads to attach themselves to a host. Parasitic flatworms absorb nutrients directly from the host's digestive system with their suction. So that flatworms can live in several hosts during their cycle.
Flatworms belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes. There are more than 25,000 species in the flatworm phylum.
The life cycle of this flatworm is quite long, starting from:
The egg (which usually comes out with feces) → then becomes a ciliated larva (miracidium) → water snail → sporocyst → redia → cercaria → leaves the snail's body → attaches to aquatic plants → forms cysts → consumed by certain animals → enters the intestine → enters the liver → until adulthood.
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which cells will most likely display mutations that could potentially result in cancer?
Oncogenes are mutated genes that cause cells to grow out of control and can lead to cancer.
An oncogene is a mutated gene with the ability to cause cancer. A proto-oncogene is a gene that regulates normal cell division before it becomes mutated into an oncogene.
An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer. In tumor cells, these genes are often mutated, or expressed at high levels. When critical functions are altered or malfunctioning, most normal cells will undergo a programmed form of rapid cell death.
They regulate cell proliferation, growth, and differentiation, as well as cell cycle and apoptosis control. Growth factors, growth factor receptors, signal transducers, transcription factors, apoptosis regulators, and chromatin remodelers are all products of oncogenes.
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__________ is a highly conserved nucleotide sequence that has been found in developmental regulatory genes in many diverse organisms.
A homeobox is a highly conserved nucleotide sequence that has been found in developmental regulatory genes in many diverse organisms.
A DNA segment called a homeobox, which is around 180 base pairs long, controls the early development of large-scale anatomical features. For instance, changes to a homeobox may affect the full-grown organism's large-scale anatomical traits. In many single cell eukaryotes, fungi, plants, and animals, homeoboxes are present inside genes that regulate the morphogenesis, or patterning of anatomical development.
As transcription factors with a distinctive protein fold structure that binds DNA to control the expression of target genes, homeobox genes produce homeodomain protein products. Early embryonic development is regulated by homeodomain proteins, which means that mutations in homeobox genes might result in developmental problems.
Hence, homeobox sequence is conserved in various organism.
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An earthworm has 36 chromosomes in each of its diploid cells. how many chromosomes would be in each of its gametes?
18 chromosomes would be in each of its gametes.
What are chromosomes?
the nucleus of most living cells contains a threadlike structure made of nucleic acids and proteins that carries genetic information in the form of genes.
There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. The chromosome's distinctive structure helps to increase the integrity of the DNA while also keeping it securely packed with histone proteins to fit within the cell. For instance, a single cell's DNA will be 6 feet long when unraveled; from this, it is clear why each cell's nucleus needs to be packaged.
according to the given information:
number of chromosomes: 36
36√2 is 18
18 chromosomes would be in each gamete.
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Why is it vital that your friend reviews his credit report? how soon would you recommend he does so and why?
Answer:
10 days after checking the first time
Explanation:
The chart shows the path reactants take to become products.
Which statement best describes the chart?
Heat was removed from the activation energy to create the product.
Heat was added to create the product.
The products have less energy than the reactants.
The products have the same energy as the reactants.
The statement which best describes the chart is Heat was added to create the product.
What is activation energy?
In the potential energy diagram, the height of the hill between the reactants and the products represents the activation energy for a reaction. The activation energy barrier is another name for the activation energy of a reaction. It is denoted by Ea.
How to reach the activation energy barrier?
Molecules become more energetic and move more quickly as the temperature rises. Therefore, the likelihood that molecules will be moving with the required activation energy for a reaction to occur upon collision increases with increasing temperature.
The statement which best describes the chart is Heat was added to create the product.
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Answer: B.Heat was added to create the product.
ascending pathways conduct sensory information upward toward the brain, typically through a relay chain of 3 successive neurons. the neurons in these sensory pathways are called the first-order, second-order and third-order neurons, respectively. select the true statement regarding first-order neurons in somatosensory pathways.
a. First-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion.
b. First-order neurons have cell bodies in the thalamus.
c. First-order neuron cell bodies reside in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
d. First-order neuron cell bodies reside in the anterior horn of the spinal cord.
The accurate description of first-order neurons in somatosensory pathways is that they are housed in ganglions (option a).
What exactly are neurons? What do they do?The building blocks of the brain and nervous system, neurons are the cells in charge of receiving sensory information from the outside world, sending motor commands to our muscles, and converting and relaying electrical signals at each stage along the way.
The importance of the neuronInformation is transported throughout the body of an individual through neurons. They aid in the coordination of all vital life-supporting processes by sending electrical and chemical signals. We define neurons and describe their function in this article.
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tiny, one-celled organisms that are neither plants nor animals. they are involved in infectious disease and decay. they live nearly everywhere on planet earth, including in the human body.
a. bacteria
b. DNA
c. genome
d. immunity
Bacteria are tiny, single-celled creatures. Bacteria, which are vital to world's ecosystems, are present almost everywhere.
How do bacteria work?Bacteria are little, one-celled organisms. The world's ecosystems depend on bacteria, which are found practically everywhere. Some species can survive in the environment with high pressure and temperatures. In fact, it's thought that the number of bacterial cells in the human body exceeds that of human cells. The majority of the body's bacteria are beneficial, though not entirely harmless. The cause of disease is one of a relatively small number of organisms.
Microorganisms called bacteria occur in variety of forms. They could appear as spirals, rods, or spheres. It is true that certain bacteria are pathogenic, or harmful, and cause disease, but some bacteria are also helpful. For instance, the bacteria in our gut and digestive tract are essential for our bodies to function normally. Bacteria make up a staggering 10 times more cells in our bodies than human cells, which is an amazing fact. Bacteria are also essential to biotechnology. They are essential in that they will help the body regain its ability to maintain health.
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which of the following is not a shape seen in prokaryotes? a) spheres b) rods c) spirals d) icosanedrals
Answer:D
Explanation:A. Spheres B. Rods C. Spirals D. Icosahedrons
On Isle Royale, if the moose population is very high, what would you expect to see with regard to other populations?
- Increasing wolf population
- decreasing tick population
- increasing tree ring width
- all of the above
- none of the above
On Isle Royale, if the moose population is very high, all of these are expected to see with regard to other populations.
The study of genetic variation within and between populations, as well as the evolutionary factors that explain this variation, is known as population genetics. It is based on the Hardy-Weinberg law, which holds true as long as population size is large, mating is random, and mutation, selection, and migration are insignificant.
Population genetics is a branch of genetics that studies genetic differences within and between populations. It is related to evolutionary biology. This branch of biology investigates phenomena such as adaptation, speciation, and population structure. The goal of population genetics is to explain behavioral differences between individuals in a given population. Behavior geneticists work to better understand the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to these differences.
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Why did the big bang not produce a significant proportion of elements heavier than helium?
Because the temperature was too low for heavier elements to form by the time helium could live, the Big Bang does not yield heavier elements.
A bottleneck in the Big Bang nucleosynthesis, the lack of a stable nucleus with 8 or 5 nucleons, led to the production of extremely few nuclei of elements heavier than lithium. The quantity of lithium-7 created during BBN was likewise constrained by this deficiency of bigger atoms. It took many minutes for elements to develop in the early cosmos because it was too hot. Only a brief window of time remained for elements to develop before it became too cold to continue nucleosynthesis.
In light of this, we can conclude that the Big Bang did not result in the formation of heavier elements since, by the time helium could live, the temperature had dropped too low for heavier elements to develop.
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how does the relation between temperament and life decisions illustrate the gene-environment correlation phenomenon in the nature/nurture debate?
The relation between temperament and life decisions illustrates the gene-environment correlation phenomenon in the nature or nurture debate because surrounding conditions are able to shape gene expression patterns and thus control phenotypic features.
What is the gene-environment correlation phenomenon?The gene environment correlation phenomenon is a genetic model that states how gene expression in a particular environment is able to shape the phenotypic features of an organism, i.e. the morphological and or behavioral traits in animals and humans.
The gene environment correlation phenomenon is well known to control the phenotypic expression of quantitative traits such as those associated with behavior (temperament).
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the gene environment correlation phenomenon is able to control the development of quantitative traits such as those associated with the behavior, and therefore a suitable surrounding environment may stimulate to enhance certain types of traits.
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a researcher is conducting a phylogenetic study of organisms using genea. in several of the species she is examining, she retrieves three different but similar gene sequences using the same primers. what should she conclude from her results?
Phylogenetic studies using gene A in several species by taking three different but similar gene sequences show that gene A has received gene duplication in several species.
Phylogeny is a description of the classification that shows the kinship relationship of a species with its ancestors and the evolutionary relationship between organisms. The purpose of a phylogenetic study is to determine the classification and conclude the phylogeny from the relevant data by comparing the variable characteristics of organisms.
The phylogenetic relationship of a species can be determined based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mitochondrial DNA can generate data quickly and consistently. In several species, phylogenetic studies were carried out by researchers showing three different but similar gene sequences, namely using the same primer. This shows that there has been duplication of genes in some of these species that they have a kinship of the same ancestral species.
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if tow parent are heterozygous for a recessive disease what is the change their child will also be a heterozygous carrier for this disease
The chance the child will also be a heterozygous carrier for this disease is about 50%.
When one allele of a gene effectively outweighs the other (recessive) allele, the allele is said to be dominant. When an allele requires two copies of itself to be expressed, the allele is said to be recessive.
Here, the parents are heterozygous, which means they have one dominant allele and one recessive allele. Let's consider B as a dominant allele and b as a recessive allele. If we cross the parents' having a heterozygous allele, the chance that the child also has a heterozygous allele is given by the attached Punnett square.
Here, the probability of homozygous dominance is 25%, the heterozygous carrier is 50%, and the homozygous recessive is 25%. From this, we can conclude that the chance of a child being a heterozygous carrier for this disease is about 50%.
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in the __________ division of the ans, the preganglionic nerve fibers are short, while in the __________ division, the preganglionic fibers are relatively long.
In the sympathetic division of the ans, the preganglionic nerve fibers are short, while in the parasympathetic division, the preganglionic fibers are relatively long.
What are nerve fibers?A nerve fiber, also called an axon, is described as a long and slender projection of nerve cells (or neurons) that carry electrical impulses away from the nerve cell body.
In conclusion, neural divergence is extensive in the sympathetic division of the ANS, while in the parasympathetic division, divergence is minimal.
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When are tides highest?
Answer:Once a month at perigee (the point in the orbit of the moon or a satellite at which it is nearest to the earth.)
Explanation:when the moon is closest to the Earth, tide-generating forces are higher than usual, producing above average ranges in the tides. About two weeks later, at apogee, when the moon is farthest from the Earth, the lunar tide-raising force is smaller, and the tidal ranges are less than average.
Answer:Once a month, at perigee, when the moon is closest to the Earth, tide-generating forces are higher than usual, producing above average ranges in the tides.
i need help with this
Answer:
-cells
-tissues
-organs
-organ systems
Explanation:
Cells are the building blocks of life, so are relatively very small. Tissues are made of cells, and organs are made of tissue. And of course, organ systems are organs working together.
Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) plays a key role in supporting populations of fish and crabs in the shallow portions of the Chesapeake Bay and the rivers that flow into it. There are many species of underwater plants that make up SAV beds. Use what you know about photosynthesis and cellular respiration to explain why SAV beds are critical to the health of fish and crabs that live in the Chesapeake Bay. Use evidence and scientific reasoning to support your answer.
The Submerged aquatic vegetation plays a key role is the survival of the fish and crabs due to the by product of photosynthesis such as oxygen.
What is photosynthesis?Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants make use of green pigment called chlorophyll to manufacture their food through the use of energy from sunlight.
The by product of photosynthesis is oxygen which is in turn used by the aquatic animals such as the fish and crab for the cellular respiration.
Submerged aquatic vegetation is made up of aquatic plants that grow completely under water. They produce oxygen as by product of photosynthesis which is used by aquatic animals for survival.
The Submerged aquatic vegetation can be found in both freshwater and saltwater habitats.
Therefore, the submerged aquatic vegetation plays a key role is the survival of the fish and crabs due to the by product of photosynthesis such as oxygen.
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the auditory sensory axons of the____branch of cranial nerve number____terminate in the cochlear nucleus within the brainstem.
The auditory sensory axons of the vestibulocochlear branch of cranial nerve number 8 (CN VIII) terminate in the cochlear nucleus within the brainstem.
The vestibulocochlear nerve, also known as the auditory nerve or auditory vestibular nerve, is a mixed nerve that carries sensory information from the inner ear to the brain. It is divided into two branches: the vestibular branch, which carries information about balance and spatial orientation, and the cochlear branch, which carries information about sound.
The cochlear branch contains the axons of sensory neurons that are responsible for detecting sound waves and transmitting this information to the brain. These axons terminate in the cochlear nucleus, a region of the brainstem that plays a crucial role in processing auditory information.
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the human body processes and eliminates food waste using the organs of the excretory system. which organelle performs a similar function in humans at the cellular level?
Waste from the body is processed and expelled through the excretory system. The organelles known as lysosomes carry out this function at the cellular level.
What purpose do lysosomes serve?The cell's digestive system, which demonstrates autophagy and destroys foreign particles, has been known as the lysosome. The macromolecules are broken down into pieces and subsequently removed from the cell.
Where do lysosomes reside in cells?As membrane-bound organelles, lysosomes store hydrolytic enzymes and other cellular waste in a space inside the membrane known as the lumen. The structure of a cell's lysosome is depicted in the diagram below. The lumen has a pH between 4.5 and 5.0, which means it is very acidic.
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4. Carrying capacity is a concept that:
A. applies to humans as well as plants and other animals
B. does not depend upon the amount of area in question
C. can be ignored by humans
D. determines the load a bridge can handle
Carrying capacity is a concept that applies to humans as well as plants and other animals (option A).
What is carrying capacity?Carrying capacity is the number of individuals of a particular species that an environment can support.
Carrying capacity also describes the number of people, animals, or crops which a region can support without environmental degradation.
This applies to biological species that can be sustained by that specific environment, given the food, habitat, water, and other resources available.
Therefore, it can be said that option A is correct about carrying capacity.
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an error that can occur during meiosis or mitosis; it results in one daughter cell receiving two copies of a particular chromosomes while the other daughter cell receives none.
Non-disjunction is the error that can occur during meiosis or mitosis that results in one daughter cell receiving two copies of a particular chromosomes while the other daughter cell receives none.
In the field of biology, non-disjunction can be described as an error in which the chromosomes are unable to separate during the anaphase of the cell division process.
A non-disjunction can occur during mitosis or meiosis when one of the daughter cells receives two chromosomes instead of one. As a result, the other daughter cell will get no chromosome.
Non-disjunction errors will cause serious diseases or syndromes in individuals as one of the daughter cells has an extra chromosome and the other one has missing chromosomes.
The question will correctly be written as:
An error that can occur during meiosis or mitosis; it results in one daughter cell receiving two copies of a particular chromosomes while the other daughter cell receives none is called?
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samford micro lab final what types of conditions promote bacterial growth? what types of conditions inhibit bacterial growth?
Bacteria thrive in an environment that is warm, moist, protein-rich, pH neutral, or slightly acidic. Unfavorable conditions for bacterial development can be brought on by extremes in temperature, pressure, and pH.
The term FATTOM stands for food, acidity, time, temperature, oxygen, and moisture, which are all prerequisites for bacterial development.Because bacteria can not thrive in acidic environments, it is crucial to store low-acid items (such as many vegetables, fruits, cereals, etc.) correctly. A further defense against bacterial growth is to store food in low-oxygen conditions.
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A mutation that occurs in a somatic cell in an organism will most likely be transferred to:_________.
The transmission of germ-line mutations to an organism's progeny occurs during sexual reproduction and occurs in egg cells (sperm or eggs). In non-reproductive cells, somatic mutations take place;
What does the term "somamic mutation" mean?a DNA mutation that happens after conception. All body cells, excluding the spermatids (and egg), are susceptible to somatic mutations, which are not passed on to offspring. These changes may, but are not always, the root of cancer or other illnesses.
How does a somatic mutation start?Throughout an individual's life cycle, somatic mutations take place either spontaneously as just a result of mistakes in the DNA repair machinery or as a direct reaction to stress. They are a typical element of aging. Early-stage mutations can alter the gene line and affect organism development by causing mosaicism.
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why is the ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitutions used as a measure of selection for a given locus?
This ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitutions is used to estimate how quickly gene sequences are evolving.
Since a Ka/Ks ratio of 1 is a defining characteristic of sequences that code for proteins, a gene can be assumed to be functional. A synonymous nucleotide substitution has a lower degree of nonsynonymous substitution. Comparing the rates of fixation of those two types of mutations provides a great tool for understanding the mechanisms since synonymous (silent) mutations are essentially invisible to natural selection while nonsynonymous (amino-acid-replacing) mutations may be under severe selective pressure. Protein sequences are altered by nonsynonymous mutations, which are commonly exposed to natural selection. The same is true for nonsense mutations that cause CDSs to contain premature stop codons (coding sequences).
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What energy does burning hydrocarbons release?
When hydrocarbons are burned with oxygen present, carbon dioxide and water are produced. Carbon monoxide may also be released during the burning of hydrocarbons if there is an imbalance between the amount of carbon and oxygen present.
The energy of the bonds in hydrocarbons is larger than the sum of the energies of the bonds in carbohydrates, hence burning a hydrocarbon will release more energy than burning an equivalent amount of carbohydrates.
The chemical bonds that bind the carbon and hydrogen atoms together are where energy is stored. Bonds are broken and new bonds are created when the atoms are rearranged during the combustion event, releasing energy.
Currently, the primary source of energy for the production of electric power, heating, and transportation is the burning of hydrocarbons.
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