Computational chemistry calculates physical and chemical properties of compounds based upon theory and observation
In the field of chemistry, computational chemistry can be described as a branch of chemistry in which simulations from the computer are used to calculate the chemical and physical properties of a compound.
Theories and observations are formed about a compound using chemical simulations in the field of computational chemistry. These theories and observations help in calculations and statistical analysis of the compounds. Based on this analysis, the accurate physical, as well as chemical properties of compounds, can be attributed to them.
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What are six differences between nuclear reaction and chemical reaction?
The difference between the nuclear reaction and the chemical reaction is : the nuclear reaction occur inside the nucleus and the chemical reaction occurs normally outside the nucleus.
The six differences between nuclear reaction and chemical reaction :
1) The chemical reaction occurs outside the nucleus and the nuclear reaction occurs only in inside the nucleus.
2) the energy during the chemical reaction is low and the energy during the nuclear reaction is high.
3) chemical reaction either be irreversible or reversible. the nuclear reaction are reversible.
4) the chemical reaction affected by the temperature and the pressure factor. the nuclear reaction is not depend on such factor.
5) In the chemical reaction the old bond break and the new formation of bond take place. in the nuclear reaction it does not happen.
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Select the dominant intermolecular force between acetone molecules.
a. hydrogen bonding
b. London dispersion forces
c. ion-dipole forces
d. dipole-dipole forces
The dominant intermolecular forces between the acetone molecules (CH3COCH3) is dipole-dipole forces is. D
What is intermolecular force between acetone molecules?Acetone is a dipolar molecule because of the positive and negative charges formed by the carbonyl group present in the compound. Therefore the dominant intermolecular forces between the acetone molecules are dipole-dipole interactions.
Therefore the dominant intermolecular forces between the acetone molecules is dipole-dipole interactions.
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What group does bromine bond with?
HELPPPPPP QUICK!!!!!! the cell below. This cell is best described as a
The cell in the above image is best described as a prokaryotic cell because it has DNA in the cytoplasm and does not contain membrane-bound organelles (option C).
What is a prokaryotic cell?Prokaryotic cell is a cell having the characteristics of prokaryotes, especially bacteria. A prokaryote is an organism whose cell (or cells) are characterized by the absence of a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryotic cells are single-celled microorganisms known to be the earliest on Earth. Prokaryotes include Bacteria and Archaea. The photosynthetic prokaryotes include cyanobacteria that perform photosynthesis.
Some of the characteristics of prokaryotic cells are as follows:
They lack a nuclear membrane.Mitochondria, Golgi bodies, chloroplast, and lysosomes are absent.The genetic material is present on a single chromosome.The histone proteins, the important constituents of eukaryotic chromosomes, are lacking in themAccording to this question, a cell is given in an image and presented to lack a nucleus, instead it possesses a region called nucleoid where it's DNA is located.
This suggests that the cell is prokaryotic because the DNA is not located in a nucleus.
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suppose 18.0 g of ice at -10.0c is placed into 300.0 g of water in a 200.0-g copper calorimeter. the final temperature of the water and copper calorimeter is 18.0c. 1) what was the initial common temperature of the water and copper?
The initial common temperature of water and copper is [tex]18.79$^{\circ}$C[/tex].
What is copper calorimeter?
A tool used to gauge the heat produced by a physical or chemical process is a copper calorimeter. It works by using the fact that when heat is absorbed or released by a substance, the temperature of the substance will change.
According to the problem:
The ice is 18.0 g at [tex]-10.0$^{\circ}$C[/tex]. The copper calorimeter and water is of 200 g and 300 g respectively.
The specific heat of ice, water and copper are [tex]2.09 J/g$^{\circ}$C[/tex], [tex]4.184 J/g$^{\circ}$C[/tex], [tex]0.385 J/g$^{\circ}$C[/tex].
As per the conversation of energy, the following equation can be written assuming the common initial temperature of copper and water is [tex]T$^{\circ}$C[/tex].
[tex][2.09\times18\times(10+18)]=[(4.184\times300)+(0.385\times200)](T-18) \\1053.36=1332.2(T-18) \\T-18=\frac{1053.36}{1332.2} \\T=0.79+18\\T =18.79[/tex]
The common initial temperature is [tex]18.79$^{\circ}$C[/tex].
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at what rate must the jogger create sweat if he needs to dissipate 2500 kj/h through evaporation alone and maintain a constant body temperature? at what rate must the jogger create sweat if he needs to dissipate 2500 through evaporation alone and maintain a constant body temperature? 10 g/h 1.0 g/h 7600 g/h 1000 g/h
A jogger must produce sweat at a rate of 1000 g/hr in order to evaporate 2500 g while maintaining a steady body temperature. Evaporation is the process by which a substance changes.
from a liquid state to a gaseous one below the temperature at which it boils; in specifically, it is the way in which liquid water enters the atmosphere as water vapour. The air is refilled with moisture by evaporation, primarily from the sea and from plants. The concept of temperature is used to convey quantitatively how hot and cold something is.
Given the following information: specific heat = 3500 J, latent heat = 2.42*106 J/kg, and efficiency = 80%, we need to dissipate 2500 KJ every hour. Q = m*L, where L is latent heat, hence m*2.42*106 = 2500000.
m = 1.03 kg
so, the rate must the jogger create sweat 1000 g/hr.
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identify the statements that correctly describe the physical properties of organic compounds. multiple select question. organic compounds have lower melting points than ionic compounds. organic compounds have higher boiling points than ionic compounds. the intermolecular forces in organic molecules are much stronger than those found in ionic compounds. organic compounds are composed of covalent bonds.
Physical features of organic compounds substances are those that can be seen and measured. The melting point, boiling point, solubility, odor, and density are a few examples of physical qualities.
Which six physical characteristics do organic compounds possess?The six physical characteristics of organic molecules that scientists can notice include color, melting point, boiling point, solubility, physical state, or odor.
Which seven physical characteristics do organic compounds possess?In this lab, the following physical characteristics will be measured: solubility, density, melting point, boiling temperature, and refractive index. These physical characteristics may shed light on a substance's identity. The purity of a certain substance can also be ascertained using these similar characteristics.
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place the components of the electron‑transport chain to outline the flow of electrons from nadh to o2.
The electron transport chain consists of several protein complexes, which are typically arranged in the following order: NADH dehydrogenase,FADH2 dehydrogenase Complex I, Complex II, Complex III, Complex IV,ATP synthase, Cytochrome c oxidase.
NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) donates its electrons to the first component of the electron transport chain, which is usually an enzyme called NADH dehydrogenase. The electrons are then passed from NADH dehydrogenase to the next component of the electron transport chain, which is typically an enzyme called flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2) dehydrogenase. The electrons are then passed from FADH2 dehydrogenase to a series of protein complexes known as the electron transport chain. These complexes, which are embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, are called Complex I, Complex II, Complex III, and Complex IV. As the electrons pass through these complexes, they release energy, which is used to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This creates a proton gradient, which is a concentration difference of protons on either side of the membrane. The protons then flow back through a protein called ATP synthase, which uses the energy of the flowing protons to produce ATP, the main source of energy for the cell. Finally, the electrons are passed to the final component of the electron transport chain, which is usually an enzyme called cytochrome c oxidase. This enzyme combines the electrons with oxygen to form water, completing the process of cellular respiration.
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a 69.5 g sample of the compound x3o4 contains 19.2 of oxygen atoms. what is the molar mass of element x?
The two main postulates that was given by Antoine Lavoisier are, oxygen play an important role in combustion and the other is mass of the reactant and product is conserved. Therefore, the mass of element x is 50.3g.
What is law of conservation of mass?According to Law of conservation of mass, mass can neither be created nor be destroyed. Mass can only be transformed from one form to another. The law of conservation of mass was given by Antoine Lavoisier. Every reaction in nature follow the law given by Antoine Lavoisier that is mass is always conserved.
mass of compound =69.5 g
mass of oxygen =19.2 g
mass of X=mass of compound - mass of oxygen
= 69.5 -19.2
= 50.3g
Therefore, the mass of element x is 50.3g.
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How long will it take before twenty percent of our 1000-gram sample of uranium-235 has decayed?.
It will take 226,572,993 years to decay If twenty percent of 1000 gram sample of uranium-235 has decayed.
This is calculated using the Decay equation. Radioactive decay is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation. A material containing unstable nuclei is considered radioactive. Three of the most common types of decay are alpha decay, beta decay, and gamma decay, all of which involve emitting one or more particles The decay equation is,
A(t) = A0 e k.t
where t is the time for the decay, and K is the characteristic of the material. Suppose T is the time it takes for half of the unstable material in a sample of a radioactive substance to decay, called its half-life.
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four u tubes each have distilled water in the right arm, a solution in the left arm, and a semipermeable membrane between arms.
We are aware that more charged particles should be present in the most concentrated solutions (for KCl, K+, and Cl-). The increased solute concentration draws the water in via osmosis.
As a result, the water level is lowest on the right side of the U-tube (C and D). However, the left side tube (A, B) has a more concentrated solution as compared to the right side tubes (C, D).
The result is that the tube B solution is the highest concentrated.
Describe osmosis.
Osmosis is the naturally occurring net movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane in a direction that tends to balance the solute concentrations on the two sides, from a region of high water potential (region of lower solute concentration) to a region of higher water potential.
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We are aware that more charged particles should be present in the most concentrated solutions (for KCl, K+, and Cl-). The increased solute concentration draws the water in via osmosis.
As a result, the water level is lowest on the right side of the U-tube (C and D). However, the left side tube (A, B) has a more concentrated solution as compared to the right side tubes (C, D).
The result is that the tube B solution is the highest concentrated.
Describe osmosis.
Osmosis is the naturally occurring net movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane in a direction that tends to balance the solute concentrations on the two sides, from a region of high water potential (region of lower solute concentration) to a region of higher water potential.
What metals do halogens react with?
All the alkali metals react vigorously with halogens to produce salts, the most industrially important of which are NaCl and KCl. Sodium Chloride is used as a preservative for meat and to melt the ice on the roads (via freezing point depression).
Reactions of halogens with metals
Let's now look at a few examples of reactions between halogens and metals. All of these reactions form salts. Again, the reactions are redox reactions and reactivity decreases as you move down the group.
Reaction with sodium
The halogens react vigorously with hot sodium metal to produce a sodium halide. They oxidise the sodium into Na(I) ions with a charge of +1. Sodium fluoride, chloride, bromide and iodide are all white solids.
Reaction with iron
Halogens can oxidise iron into iron(III) ions. The overall reaction produces an iron(III) halide. However, this reaction only happens with fluorine, chlorine and bromine – iodine isn't a potent enough oxidising agent for the reaction to occur.
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What are three ways you can be exposed to chemicals?
The three ways by which we can be exposed to chemical are inhalation, Ingestion and skin contact.
As we know the Chemicals present in any laboratory can be present in any of the state among solid liquid and gas.
So, there are 3 ways by which we can be exposed to the chemicals.
The first one has by inhalation. When we directly inhales the gaseous Chemicals into our body.
The second is ingestion. When when we unknowingly ingest the Chemicals into our body, it is called ingestion of chemicals.
There are also some chemicals which can contaminate us by contact. This is called the skin contact exposure to chemicals.
Exposure to the chemical we should always use the safety precautions advised in the laboratories.
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what volume of carbon dioxide, measured at 25 °c and 741 torr, can be obtained by the reaction of 50.0 g of caco3 with 750 ml of 2.00m hcl solution?
The reaction of 50.0 g of CaCO3 with 750 mL of 2.00 M HCl solution would produce a volume of 11.2 L of carbon dioxide, measured at 25 °C and 741 torr.
To determine the volume of carbon dioxide produced in the reaction of calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid, we need to use the balanced chemical equation for this reaction, which is:
CaCO3 + 2 HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
From this equation, we can see that for every mole of calcium carbonate that reacts, one mole of carbon dioxide is produced. We can therefore use the molar mass of calcium carbonate to convert the given mass of CaCO3 (50.0 g) into moles, and then use the molar volume of a gas at 25 °C and 741 torr to convert the number of moles of CO2 into volume. The molar mass of calcium carbonate is 100.0869 g/mole, so 50.0 g of CaCO3 is equal to 0.500 mol. The molar volume of a gas at 25 °C and 741 torr is 22.4 L/mole, so 0.500 mole of CO2 would have a volume of 11.2 L.
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If there are countless billions of stars and galaxies out there, then why does the night sky appear mostly black?
Answer:
Light pollution
Explanation:
Light pollution Is the artificial light from a variety of things-- commonly street lights and building lights that reflect on the sky; cities are a great example of this, and in most photos of cities barely if any stars are visible along with the sky being brighter in some places- that's actually the artificial light blocking out the stars and making the sky appear brighter. (the severity ranges from place to place)
Quote:
"What has happened to the stars?
Of course, they’re still there, but we can’t see them because of light pollution: the excessive and misdirected anthropogenic and artificial light that has invaded our night skies."
Conclusion:
The reason why the sky appears mostly black is light pollution, it not only covers the stars but sometimes makes the sky appear lighter than it should be-- on top of this light pollution has many other negative effects on the environment.
Only the largest stars more than 10 times the size of the Sun will go
supernova and possibly become black holes.
O True
O Flase
you have two atoms which have large differences in electronegativities. will they make an ionic or covalent bond
They make Ionic Bond, In general, large differences in electronegativity result in ionic bonds, while smaller differences result in covalent bonds
What is Ionic Bond?
Ionic bond refers to the electrostatic force of attraction that binds the two ions with opposing charges together.
The full transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other, which causes the atoms to assume their closest inert gas state, results in the formation of a chemical bond between two atoms.
To complete their octet configuration, one method is to provide or absorb electrons. An ionic bond or electrovalent bond is the name given to the bond created by this sort of combination. When one atom receives electrons while the other atom loses electrons from its outermost level, a bond of this type is created.
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a regioselective reaction is one which?question 5 options:a single product is producemultiple products are made in equal amounts.
The option (c) is correct- multiple products are made with one in excess of the others.
What is regioselective reaction ?
Any mechanism that promotes bond formation at a specific atom over other potential atoms is said to be "regioselective." The term "regiochemistry" refers to the description of a reaction's regioselectivity (or lack thereof).
What is reaction ?
A chemical reaction involves the transformation of one or more chemicals, also known as reactants, into one or more additional substances, also known as products. Substances are composed of chemical components or chemical compounds.
Therefore, the option (c) is correct- multiple products are made with one in excess of the others.
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what symbols are used to represent the charges on atoms in a polar covalent bond? the polarity of the bond?
Symbols used to represent the charges on atoms in a polar covalent bond are delta (δ). For the partial negative charge it is δ− and for partial positive charge it is δ+.
What is an atom?
Each strong, liquid, fuel, and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms. Atoms are extremely small, typically around a hundred picometers throughout. They are so small that accurately predicting their behavior the usage of classical physics, as if they were tennis balls as an example, isn't always possible due to quantum effects. Greater than 99.94% of an atom's mass is inside the nucleus. The protons have an advantageous electric charge, the electrons have a terrible electric powered rate, and the neutrons don't have any electric powered fee. If the number of protons and electrons are identical, then the atom is electrically impartial.To know more about atoms, click the link given below:
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a radioactive element with two isotopes has been discovered on a planet with different physical laws than earth's. the isotope undergoes fission when bombarded with neutrons. however, one isotope of is far more abundant than the other. to separate it from , is first converted to , which is easily vaporized above room temperature. the mixture of and is then subjected to many stages of effusion. calculate how much more quickly effuses than . give the answer as the ratio of rates of to to four decimal places.
Two radioactive elements that naturally occur in the crust of the Earth are uranium and thorium. These two substances progressively alter over billions of years, yielding decay byproducts including radon and radium.
What substance is the most radioactive?Therefore, radium must have extremely high radioactivity. The radioactivity of this material exceeds that of uranium by a million times. It emits a faint blue glow due to its extreme radioactivity.
What makes an element radioactive?the causes of radioactivity in various elements (unstable). When an element's atoms include excess neutrons or protons, the extra energy produced in the nucleus leads to the unbalance or instability of the atom.
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The number of moles and the mass (in grams) of chlorine, Cl2, required to react with 10.0 g of sodium metal, Na, to produce sodium chloride, NaCl. Show your calculations.
Mole measure the number of elementary entities of a given substance that are present in a given sample. Therefore, mass and moles of chlorine is 14.7g and 0.21 moles respectively.
What is mole?The SI unit of amount of substance in chemistry is mole. The mole is used to measure the quantity or amount of substance. We know one mole of any element contains 6.022×10²³ atoms which is also called Avogadro number.
2Na + Cl[tex]_2[/tex] → 2NaCl
The mole ratio between sodium and chlorine is 2:1
moles of sodium = mass of sodium/molar mass of sodium
= 10/23
=0.43moles
Number of moles of chlorine that is required to react with sodium =0.43moles/2
=0.21 moles
mass of chlorine = moles of chlorine× molar mass of chlorine
=0.21× 70
= 14.7g
Therefore, mass and moles of chlorine is 14.7g and 0.21 moles respectively.
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188.0 mL of 0.400 M HNO3 is added to 133.4 mL of NaOH of unknown
concentration.
The 188.0 mL of 0.400 M HNO3 is added to 133.4 mL of NaOH of unknown concentration. 0.564 M is the answer HNO3 (aq) + NaOH (aq) ---> H2O(l) + NaNO3 (aq).
What is concentration?
Concentration is the act of focusing all of one's attention on a particular object, task, or activity. It is a key mental skill that is necessary for achieving goals, making decisions, and solving problems. Concentration requires self-discipline and the ability to block out distractions. When concentration is successful, it can help individuals to become more productive and successful in their daily lives.
By using stock to working solution equation
M1V1 = M2V2
188.0 x 0.400 = M2 X 133.4
Where,
M1 = Molar concentration of stock solution 1.
V1 = volume of stock solution 1
M2 = molar concentration of unknown solution
V2 = volume of unknown solution.
Now, we find out the concentration of unknown solution
188.0 x 0.400 = M2 X 133.4
188.0 x 0.400/133.4 = M2
0.564 M = M2 is the correct answer.
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a colorless, odorless gas that is composed of carbon and oxygen. it is absorbed from the air by plants and produced when people and animals breathe out.
Carbon dioxide is a gas composed of carbon and oxygen. This gas is breathed out by people and animals and is absorbed by plants.
In each of the carbon dioxide molecules, one carbon atom is covalently doubly connected to two oxygen atoms. At room temperature, it exists as a gas. Its chemical formula is written as CO₂.
At atmospheric temperatures and pressures, this gas is colorless, odorless, non-toxic, and inflammable. This is produced as the byproduct of metabolic reactions in animals and people and is breathed out during respiration. But plants use this carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen using photosynthesis.
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qual volumes of two monoprotic acid solutions ( a and b ) are titrated with identical naoh solutions. the volume to reach the equivalence point for solution a is twice the volume required to reach the equivalence point for solution b , and the ph at the equivalence point of solution b is higher than the ph at the equivalence point for solution a . which statement is true?
Statement that is true is : D). Solution A has more concentrated acid than the solution B and acid in solution A is weaker acid than that in solution B.
Why solution A has more concentrated acid than B?The last statement is true and states that a solution A is comparatively more concentrated than solution B but the acid present in solution A is feeble.
This is because that solution A is excessively concentrated which requires an extra NaOH to attain the point of equivalence.
And as the pH that exists at the point of equivalence point is more for solution A, therefore it implies that solution A carries a weaker acid.
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Note: The question given on portal is incomplete. Here is the complete question.
Question: Equal volumes of two monoprotic acid solutions (A and B) are titrated with identical NaOH solutions. The volume to reach the equivalence point for solution A is twice the volume required to reach the equivalence point for solution B, and the pH at the equivalence point of solution A is higher than the pH at the equivalence point for solution B. Which statement is true?
A) The acid in solution A is less concentrated than in solution B and is also a weaker acid than that in solution B.
B) The acid in solution A is more concentrated than in solution B and is also a stronger acid than that in solution B.
C) The acid in solution A is less concentrated than in solution B and is also a stronger acid than that in solution B.
D) The acid in solution A is more concentrated than in solution B and is also a weaker acid than that in solution B.
sum of the internal energy plus the product of the pressure and volume for a reaction
Enthalpy is a thermodynamic system's internal energy total as well as the volume times pressure ratio.
What do you name a thermodynamic system's total internal energy as well as the volume times pressure ratio?As stated in the equation: H=U+PV, enthalpy (H) is the result of adding internal energy (U) and the product of pressure and volume (PV). The heat evolved (either emitted or absorbed) during a process that runs at constant pressure is equivalent to the change in enthalpy.
What are the effects of pressure and volume on internal energy?The energy within remains constant. The ideal gas law states that when a gas is compressed while maintaining a constant pressure, the temperature decreases according to the volume. In this instance, more energy than you input heats the system.
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Is CH2O a covalent or ionic bond?
Hydrogen, when combined with oxygen in a chemical reaction, forms water. this is an example of which type of chemical reaction?
Hydrogen, when combined with oxygen in a chemical reaction, forms water. this is an example of synthesis reaction.
2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(g)
A chemical reaction known as a synthesis reaction, also known as a direct combination reaction, occurs when two or more simple substances combine to create a more complex product. The product is always a compound, while the reactants can be either elements or other compounds. A synthesis reaction is characterized by the formation of a more complex product from the reactants. When two or more elements come together to form a compound, the synthesis reaction takes one simple form that is easy to recognize. The second kind of synthesis reaction takes place when an element and a compound come together to create a brand-new compound. Basically, find a product that includes all the reactant atoms to identify this reaction. Make sure to count the atoms in the reactants as well as the products.
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atp is considered a high-energy molecule. when atp undergoes hydrolysis to adp, how much energy is produced?
A. 7.3 kcal/mole is required
B. 7.3 kcal/mole is released
C. 21.9 kcal/mol is released
D. 14.6 kcal/mole is released
ATP is considered a high-energy molecule. When ATP undergoes hydrolysis to ADP, 7.3 kcal/mol energy is produced.
ATP must continuously undergo replenishment to fuel the ever-working cell. The routine intracellular concentration of ATP is 1 to 10 uM.
What is hydrolysis?
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction of the interaction of chemicals with water, which leads to the decomposition of both the substance and the water. Hydrolysis reactions are possible with salts, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, etc. Hydrolysis of organic substances in catabolic reactions usually takes place with the participation of enzymes.Proteins are divided into amino acids, fats into glycerol and fatty acids, and polysaccharides into monosaccharides.Hydrolysis disrupts the bond network in silicates and is therefore considered a fundamental step in the dissolution of silicate and aluminosilicate glasses, ceramics and minerals.To know more about hydrolysis reactions, click the link given below:
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In which state of matter has the LEAST kinetic energy?
A gasgas
B liquidliquid
C solidsolid
D plasma
I think it's c I'm not sure
a sample of gas isolated from unrefined petroleum contains 90.0% ch4, 8.9% c2h6, and 1.1% c3h8 at a total pressure of 307.2 kpa. what is the partial pressure of each component of this gas? (the percentages given indicate the percent of the total pressure that is due to each component.)
There are methods to calculate partial pressures: 1)Use PV = nRT the total pressure is 3.4 pKa.
Use the mole fraction of every fueloline to calculate the share of strain from the full strain assignable to every man or woman gasthis query the chances of 3 gases in a fueloline combination along side the full strain are given.
According to Dalton's law, general strain is the sum of partial pressures. The partial pressures then, may be calculated with the aid of using multiplication of the percents with the aid of using the full strain.
1-Partial strain of methane:
90.0100×307.2=276.5kPa
2- Partial strain of ethane:
8.9100×307.2=27.3kPa
3-Partial strain of propane:
1.1100×307.2=3.4kPa
The general strain is the sum of these 3 partial pressures.
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