A line chart shows a relationship between two variables. An especially common use of this type is a trend over a period of time, like a stock price report.
Line charts :
Line charts are often used to show changes over time as a series of data points connected by straight line segments on two axes. Line charts are therefore useful for determining the relationship between two sets of values. One data set always depends on the other.
What are line charts used for?Line charts, also known as line charts or line charts, are commonly drawn to show information that changes over time. It can be represented using multiple points connected by straight lines. A line chart is a graphical representation of the historical price movement of an asset, connecting a series of data points with a solid line.
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One situation that can make a measurement with a laser inaccurate is measuring to a: ________
One situation that can make a measurement with a laser inaccurate is measuring to a heavy reflective surface
What is reflective surface?Reflective surfaces or ground-primarily based totally albedo modification (GBAM) is a sun radiation control technique of improving the Earth's albedo (the cappotential to mirror the visible, infrared and ultraviolet wavelengths of the sun, lowering warmth switch to the floor). The IPCC defined this technique as "whitening roofs, adjustments in land use control (e.g., no-until farming), alternate of albedo at a bigger scale (masking glaciers or deserts with reflective sheeting and adjustments in ocean albedo)."
The maximum famous kind of reflective floor is a kind of roof referred to as the "cool roof". While cool roofs are commonly related to white roofs, they arrive in a lot of hues and substances and are to be had for each industrial and home buildings.
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an insulated diffuser receives argon gas at 300 k and 100 kpa, flowing in with a velocity of 250 m/s. the exit velocity is 25 m/s. determine the exit temperature of the gas.
Argon gas enters an insulated diffuser at 300 k and 100 kpa and flows in at a speed of 250 m/s. the gas's exit temperature is 359.5 K when the exit velocity is 25 m/s.
m₁ = me & assume no heat transfe
Energy Eq.
he+1/2 Ve² = hi + 1/2 Vi²
he = hi - 1/2 Ve²+ 1/2 Vi²
he-hi≈Cp (Te-Ti)
= 1/2 (Vi² - Ve² ) = ( 250² – 25² )
=30937.5 J/kg = 30.938 kJ/kg
Specific heats for ideal gases are
Argon
Cp = 0.52 kJ/kg K;
ΔT = 30.938/0.52 = 59.5
Te=359.5 K
Chemically speaking, argon is an element with the symbol Ar and atomic number 18. It belongs to the group 18 of the periodic table and is a noble gas. At 0.934%, argon is the third-most common gas in the atmosphere of the Earth (9340 ppmv). More than twice as much of it exists as water vapour.
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What are the four stages of gene expression?
Regulatory stages of gene expression Chromatin, chromatin remodeling, chromatin domains. transcription. Post-transcriptional modification. RNA transport.
Gene expression is regulated in eukaryotic cells at epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. Environmental factors such as diet, temperature, oxygen levels, humidity, light cycle and the presence of mutagens all affect the genes expressed in animals and ultimately affect the animal's phenotype. Thus, during the expression of protein-coding genes, information flows from DNA → RNA → protein. This directed flow of information is known as the central dogma of molecular biology. A promoter is a region of DNA within 1-2 kilobases (kb) of the transcription start site (TSS) of a gene. They contain short regulatory metallic elements (DNA motifs) required for assembly of the RNA polymerase transcription machinery.
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which of the following statements explain why data and procedures are studied as one social media information system (smis) component? more than one answer may be correct. check all that apply
The statement that explains why data and procedures are studied as one social media information system (SMIS) component is:
"Data and procedures work together to keep SMISs functioning (Option A)Procedures help provide properly collect, direct, protect, and regulate the use of data" (Option B)What is a Social Media Information System?An information system called a social media information system (SMIS) facilitates the distribution of material among user networks. Find out more in the article Impact of Social Media Influencers on Brand Awareness During the Pandemic: Smart Technology For Addressing Pandemic Disruption.
These technological advancements have transformed social media-based online communities into information systems that provide businesses with a high degree of agility by giving them up-to-date knowledge of the socioeconomic environment in which they operate.
Information systems are necessary because they store data in a sophisticated way that makes locating the data much simpler. A business's decision-making process is aided by information systems. Making more intelligent judgments is made simpler with an information system that delivers all the crucial facts.
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Full Question:
Which of the following statements explains why data and procedures are studied as one social media information system (SMIS) component?
More than one answer may be correct. Check All That Apply
Data and procedures work together to keep SMISs functioning Procedures to providers properly collect, direct, protect and regulate the use of dataData collected through procedures need tighter management than user-collected data Social media sponsors request data delivery from providers in order to analyze itWhich of the following usually provides DHCP services to dynamically assign IP addressing information to wireless clients and connect the wireless network to the internal wired network and the internet?A. Access pointsB. BackhaulsC. ControllersD. Bridges
Backhauls usually provides DHCP services to dynamically assign IP addressing information to wireless clients .
Option B is correct .
Backhaul provides DHCP services to dynamically assign IP address information to wireless clients and connect wireless networks to internal wired networks and the Internet.
How does the DHCP server dynamically assign IP addresses to hosts?The addresses are fixed, so hosts always use the same address. An address is assigned after negotiation between the server and the host, and the contract period is determined.
What is the purpose of the DHCP server?A DHCP server maintains a pool of IP addresses and leases addresses to each DHCP-enabled client when it starts up on the network. Because IP addresses are dynamic (leased) rather than static (permanently assigned), addresses that are no longer in use are automatically returned to the pool for reallocation.
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in the video making stuff: smaller, how many transistors (little on-off switches) are on the one-inch chip that stephen smith shows david pogue?
The one-inch device that Stephen Smith shows David Pogue has over a billion transistors, or tiny on-off switches.
A transistor is a tiny semiconductor that regulates or controls the flow of current or voltage in addition to producing, amplifying, and functioning as a switch or gate for these electrical signals. Three layers, or terminals, of a semiconductor material typically make up transistors. Each of these layers is capable of carrying a current.
A transistor changes a little input current into a larger output current while acting as an amplifier. To govern the flow of electronic signals through an electrical circuit or electronic device, it can be in one of two clearly defined states: on or off.
A semiconductor device known as a transistor can be used to conduct and insulate electric current or voltage.
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With respect to expanding opportunities for ICT environmental contributions, what term is associated with the issues such as LEED Certified Buildings, Smart Motors, and Industrial Robots?
Nowadays, you can link practically all of your home's appliances to a single device and operate it from anywhere. A better use of time is made possible through productivity apps.
What opportunities for ICT environmental contributions?The most pressing climatic concerns facing the globe can be addressed with the use of ICTs, which can also help with the transition to a circular economy that is much needed.
Access to biometric gadgets, food management software, and exercise routines easily leads to improved health. Communication with friends and family is simpler and less expensive.
Therefore, Additionally, they can be employed to keep track of, lesson, and adjust to climate change.
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a liquid with a viscosity of 1.381 x 10-3 kg/ m s flows through a horizontal stainless steel pipe that is 25 m long and has a diameter of 2 cm. the liquid flows with a volumetric flow rate of 0.006 m3 /s. what is the pressure drop and head loss in the pipe? how much pumping power must be added to the flow to overcome the pressure loss?
The Darcy-Weisbach equation is used to determine the pressure drop in circular pipes: When Re2300, the flow is seen as laminar. The friction factor f in a laminar flow is computed using the formula f=64/Re.
The frictional loss in the hydro pipeline is known as the pipe head loss, and it is stated as a percentage of the available head. Water traveling through a pipe faces pressure loss due to friction, just like any viscous fluid does. The relationship between pressure drop and flow rate is reciprocal. The pressure drop increases with flow rate through a constriction. On the other hand, the pressure decrease is proportional to the flow rated.
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An ice skater is gliding horizontally across the ice with an initial velocity of +6.94 m/s. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the ice and the skate blades is 0.0801, and air resistance is negligible. How much time elapses before her velocity is reduced to +2.92 m/s?
The time elapses before her velocity is reduced to +2.92 m/s is 5.5 seconds.
How to calculate time elapses?v = the initial velocity = 6.94 m/s
v0 = the reduced velocity = 2.92 m/s
μ = the coefficient of kinetic friction = 0.0801
g = the gravity = 9.8 m/s^2 (assumed)
First we calculate the acceleration of the ice skater with this formula,
a = μ*g
= 0.0801 * 9.8 = 0.78498 m/s^2
Then, from basic formula about velocity, acceleration, and time which is,
a = (v-v0)/t
We can change the formula to calculate time. So,
t = (v-v0)/a
= (6.94-2.92)/0.78498
= 5.5 s
Thus, time needed to reduce velocity to +2.92 m/s is 5.5 seconds.
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technician a says grease fittings are found on parts of the steering system. technician b says grease fittings are found on parts of the brake system. who is correct?
A technician who claims that sections of the steering system have grease fittings is right.
On bearing housings or other mechanical components, grease fittings—also called zerk fittings or grease nipples—serve as lubrication points. Their design enables accurate grease delivery into bearings and other moving systems by establishing a safe connection to a grease gun coupler.
Heavy duty fittings with a flat, low-profile look are called button head grease fittings. They can tolerate a lot of grease because of their strong structure and fast flow rate. They are frequently used in harsh applications like as conveyors, mining equipment, agricultural equipment, and others.
For any application that needs frequent lubrication, ball type fittings are a dependable option.
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How do you calculate wire capacity?
Add the peak motor current (A), the number 1.25, and the cable's overall length to the conductor material's resistance (•m) (m). The voltage drop from the power supply to the motor is divided by the result.
Ampacity is the greatest continuous current a conductor can carry while in use without going above its temperature rating. Amperes, or "amps," are used to measure current.
Ampacity is the greatest continuous current a conductor can carry while in use without going above its temperature rating. Amperes, or "amps," are used to measure current. To prevent the wire from overheating, you must utilise the proper size wire for the current (load) required of the circuit.
The kind and quantity of electrical devices connected to a circuit define the conductor's ampacity requirements. A general-purpose home circuit is typically built for 20 amps. It's possible that lighting circuits are just 15 amps rated.
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if a two-position solenoid-operated valve has only one solenoid, a(n) is used to return the spool to the de-energized position.
A spring-return actuator is a type of solenoid-operated valve that uses a spring to return the valve spool to the de-energized position when the solenoid is de-energized. This is useful in applications where the valve needs to be in the off position when no power is supplied to the solenoid, such as in safety systems. The spring-return actuator ensures that the valve returns to the off position even if the power is lost, ensuring that the system remains safe.
Understanding the Role of Spring-Return Actuators in Two-Position Solenoid-Operated ValvesIn industrial and commercial settings, two-position solenoid-operated valves are designed to control the flow of liquids and gases. These valves are typically actuated by an electric current supplied to the solenoid, which energizes the valve actuator and moves the valve spool to the desired position. However, if a two-position solenoid-operated valve has only one solenoid, a spring-return actuator is used to return the spool to the de-energized position. This essay will explain the role of spring-return actuators in two-position solenoid-operated valves and how they help ensure the safe and efficient operation of the valve.
A spring-return actuator is a device that uses a spring-loaded mechanism to return the valve spool to the de-energized position once the electric current is removed from the solenoid. This ensures that the valve spool always returns to its default position when the electric current is switched off, thereby preventing the valve from becoming stuck in the open or closed position.
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Consider a steam injection well in a heavy oil formation. The well is insulated to reduce heat loss. The inner radius of insulation is d. The heat transfer coefficient at the outer surface of insulation h and thermal conductivity k are known. The temperature of the steam and the environment surrounding the outer surface of insulation is Ta and To, respectively. a- Determine the heat transfer rate per unit well length as a function of well insulation radius and the thermal properties of the system. Determine the insulation radius (called critical insulation thickness) at which the heat loss is maximum. b- Plot heat transfer rate per unit length versus thickness of insulation using the following properties d=4 cm; h = 4 W/m2 and k= 0.181 w/m-C; Ta = 275 C, To = 10 °C
Also known as critical insulation thickness, where the heat loss is the highest. b. Parameters: d = 4 cm; h = 4 W/m2; k = 0.181 w/m-C; Ta = 275 C; To = 10 °C, heat transfer rate per unit length versus insulating thickness.
What does critical thickness or critical insulation radius mean?In the field of studying heat transfer, there is a notion known as the critical radius of insulation. According to the theory, if the radius (thickness) of the insulation is at its "critical" value, adding insulation to a cylindrical or spherical object would increase rather than decrease the rate of heat loss.
What is the insulation's Mcq critical radius?The term "critical radius" refers to the insulation radius at which heat flow resistance is at its lowest and, as a result, the heat flow rate is at its highest. When insulation is added, the rate of heat transmission from the cylinder increases for r2 rcr, reaches a maximum when r2 = rar, and then begins to decrease for r2 > rcr.
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True or False : there are three types of project audits: pre-project audits, in-process project audits, and post-project audits.
There are 3 types of project audits: pre-project audits, in-process project audits, and post-project audits. (False)
What is project audits?A project audit is a formal examination of a project with the goal of determining how well project management standards are being followed.
The Project Management Office, an authorized management committee, a specially designated audit department, or an external auditor typically conduct audits.
The person in charge of the designated authority and the person conducting the audit must make recommendations in relation to that authority.
The ultimate goal of a project audit is to confirm through investigation and evaluation that the project complies with the standards of project management.
There are many different types of a project audit:
in-process quality assurance review,gateway review, project management audit,post-implementation audit.Learn more about auditor
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in the m/m/1 waiting line model with an arrival rate of 3 per hour and a service rate of 6 per hour, the utilization factor for the system is approximately 0.50. group of answer choices true false
The statement is true. The arrival rate does not fluctuate over time, but arrivals are independent of earlier arrivals.
In queuing analysis, the average inter-arrival time is not frequently used as a performance indicator. The time between two successive arrivals is known as the inter-arrival time. However, because it depends on a lot of other factors and is outside the purview of queueing system, the average service time is not regarded as a performance indicator in queueing analysis. In queuing theory, the arrival rate is frequently described by the Poisson distribution, a discrete probability distribution.
Simply put, probability is the likelihood that something will occur. When we don't know how an event will turn out, we can discuss the likelihood or likelihood of several outcomes. Statistics is the study of events that follow a probability distribution.
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T/F. from the definition of a resultant force, the sum of moments due to individual particle weight about any point is different from the moment due to the resultant weight located at g.
A resultant force, the sum of moments due to individual particle weight about any point is different from the moment due to the resultant weight located at g.----- True
How do you find the resultant moment of force?
The resultant force acting on an object is the sum of all vertical components of force and the sum of all horizontal components of force. The resulting pair is the sum of the moments of force about any point in the plane and the sum of all pairs in the system.
What is meant by moment of force about a point?A moment of force is a measure of the tendency of an object to rotate about a particular point or axis. This is different from the tendency of an object to move or move in the direction of the force.
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a w8x67 is used as a column. the weak axis is braced 35 ft from the bottom and the bottom end condition is fixed in all directions. the top is pinned in all directions and weak axis bracing is pinned. find the critical load of buckling and the critical stress of buckling. total length
The critical buckling load is the highest axial force that a column can withstand before buckling.
Buckling occurs along the horizontal axis for which the column's moment of inertia is lowest. The critical buckling load of a long column with pinned ends is predicted by the Euler column formula. The Euler formula is P cr = 2 E I L 2 where L is the column's length, I is the moment of inertia, and E is the modulus of elasticity in (force/length2). In order to access a formation, deviated wellbores that veer away from the vertical at an angle are frequently drilled using directional drilling.
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road crown is being discussed. technician a adds slightly more negative caster on the left side to compensate. technician b adds slightly more positive camber on the right side. who is correct?
Problems with tire wear result from improper caster angles. The vehicle steers toward the side with more caster when the caster angles are not equal.
Tire tread wear with a one-sided shoulder signifies that the inner or outside shoulder rib is much more worn than the other ribs. This type of wear, also known as camber wear, frequently results from excessive positive or negative camber. The caster angle is positive if the steering axis tilts rearward, which means that the upper ball joint or strut mounting point is in front of the lower ball joint. The caster angle is negative if the steering axis tilts forward.
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3.saturated r-134a vapor enters a compressor at 6 f. at compressor exit, the specific entropy is the same as that at the inlet, and the pressure is 80 psia. determine the r-134a exit temperature and the change in the enthalpy of the r-134a.
Engineers employ the particular entropy rather than the general entropy in thermodynamic analysis. A substance's specific entropy (s) is its entropy per unit mass.
It is calculated by dividing the entire mass by the total entropy (S) (m). Entropy measures a substance's energy that is no longer used for productive labor. The amount of thermal energy in a system that cannot be used for work, expressed as entropy, varies with temperature. It requires a specific amount of energy to heat a molecule, let's say a gas molecule, before its temperature can increase. The molecule's specific heat is defined as its energy per unit mass.
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When should a hardware device be replaced in order to minimize downtime?a. Only after is first failureb. Once every yearc. Just before it's MTBF is reachedd. When its performance drops below 75% efficiencyc. Just before it's MTBF is reached
Just before its MTBF is reached a hardware device be replaced in order to minimize downtime.
Option B is correct.
When should I replace my hardware device?On average, businesses should expect to refresh small devices such as tablets, smartphones, and computers every three to four years. Some mobility aids last a long time, but most require major repairs, if not complete replacements, within five years. When it won't turn on or stays put, or when individual components start failing, it's time to replace them. The next consideration is when your hardware stops working properly. One clue is if your monitoring software tracks persistent declines in server availability or speed.
What are examples of hardware devices?These are the primary electronic devices used to build computers. Examples of computer hardware are processors, storage devices, monitors, printers, keyboards, mice, and CPUs.
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What is the working load limit of a 1/2 wire rope sling?
The maximum operating load for 1/2 wire rope is 25.5 tonnes for rotation-resistant crane wire rope.
Working load limits usually have a substantial margin of safety since they are a portion of tensile strength. The working load limit for wire ropes is frequently set at 20% of tensile strength.
Calculating the breaking load limit (BLL) and the working load limit (WLL) (SF). If a safety factor of 5 (5:1, 5 to 1, or 1/5) is utilised, a chain with a BL of 2,000 lb. and a WLL of 400 lb. would serve as an illustration.
The maximum working load that the manufacturer has defined is known as the working load limit (WLL). The Minimum Breaking Load, sometimes referred to as this load, is the mass or force that must be present for the lifting apparatus to fail or surrender.
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directional tires are being discussed. technician a says directional tires should not be cross rotated, but rotated front to rear. technician b cross rotates the tires by dismounting them from the rims, flipping them over and remounting. who is correct?
Technician a said the directional tires should not be crossed, but rotated front to back. a b cross technician rotates the tire by removing it from the rim, turning it over, and reinstalling it. both are equally true.
Directional tires usually have an arrow-like pattern that points in one direction. Often there are tire grooves that form the letter V or Y. The tire pattern is clearly visible when the tires are viewed from above. There is a groove that goes from the edge of the tire to the center on both sides. The pattern tapers smaller and smaller inward until it forms a pointed tip. Often shaped like the letter V or Y.
Directional tires are worth considering for those using high-performance vehicles. This type of tire is believed to be very supportive for speed and capable control. The design of the directional tire tread pattern is the reason. With a V or Y-shaped groove in the middle to keep the tire surface contact with the road large. This makes tire control when turning and maneuvering better than other tires. Thus, controlling the vehicle will feel easier. Not only that, the unidirectional design of the directional tires also makes all maneuvers easier to do at high speeds. The tires will continue to have traction so control will be maintained.
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ase certification is being discussed. technician a says there are eight basic automobile technician certification areas. technician b says you must pass all eight to become an ase master technician. who is correct?
It denotes the technician National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence certification.
Since its founding in 1972, the non-profit organization known as ASE has been regarded as the minimum level of quality for auto technician. Its goal is to safeguard automobile owners and deliver the peace of mind that consumers anticipate when they bring their car to a repair. Nearly every facet of the automotive repair and service industry is covered by the 58 ASE certification examinations. expands work possibilities. For auto mechanics, having an Automotive Service Excellence certification may lead to more job prospects. Candidates who possess an ASE accreditation can demonstrate to companies that they possess the knowledge and abilities necessary to efficiently inspect and fix automobiles.
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a vehicle is towed into the shop with a thrown serpentine belt. technician a checks for a worn pulley bearing. technician b checks for a faulty tensioner. who is correct?
Both A and B technicians are correct when a vehicle is towed into the shop with a thrown serpentine belt
A serpentine belt, also known as a drive belt, is a single, continuous belt that is used to power a number of ancillary components in an automobile engine, including an alternator, water pump, air conditioning compressor, and air pump. A belt tensioner or an idler pulley may also be used to guide the belt (which may be spring-loaded, hydraulic, or manual).
Idler pulleys that push against the rear of the belt and force it into a serpentine form are added to allow the belt to travel over more than three pulleys with a big enough wrap angle to prevent sliding. A serpentine belt is generally often made of many grooves to allow for this bidirectional bending while yet being robust enough to convey the overall force necessary by various loads.
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Walls made of paraffin wax, a covalent compound, help keep the temperature in a room steady as night changes into day and day into night. What is the most important property of covalent compounds that allows paraffin wax to help keep a room's temperature level?.
Extra heat would be absorbed by the wall during the day when the sun is out, then released back into the space at night when the sun sets.
Atoms join together to form covalent compounds by sharing electrons. These substances have low melting and boiling points because their weak attraction forces cause them to heat very quickly. The most crucial characteristic of covalent compounds is therefore that the wall would collect excess heat during the day when the sun is out, then release the heat back into the room at night. This property allows paraffin wax to assist maintain a room's temperature level.
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What are the 4 major factors that alter allele frequencies?
We can deduce the theorem's implications for what drives changes in allele frequencies. These four factors—mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection.
These include natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow or migration, genetic recombination, and mutations. Natural selection, genetic drift (random occurrences that influence allele frequencies), and gene flow are the three mechanisms that can alter allele frequencies (the transfer of alleles between populations). The four factors that affect the string's frequency are its length, diameter, tension, and density. A string vibrates at a varied frequency depending on its length. The frequency of shorter strings is higher, which results in a higher pitch.
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One of the most efficient heat engines ever built is a coal-fired steam turbine in the Ohio River valley, operating between 1870 0 C and 430 0 C. (a) What is its maximum theoretical efficiency? (b) The actual efficiency of the engine is 42.0%. How much mechanical power does the engine deliver if it absorbs 1.40×10 5 J of energy each second from its hot reservoir?
The engine's mechanical output is 88 * 104 W, and its theoretical maximum efficiency is 67.2%.
What benefits do coal-fired systems offer?It's a dependable fuel; coal is a predictable, reliable, and dependable fuel as compared to solar or wind power. Despite not being at the vanguard of the country's energy output, it may offer a priceless backup service and a very dependable fuel for home stoves.
Briefing:(a). The efficiency of a Carnot cycle linked with the same two reservoirs, as determined by Equation, is the appropriate level efficiency of this engine.
[tex]$\mathrm{e}_{\mathrm{C}}=1-\frac{\mathrm{T}_{\mathrm{c}}}{\mathrm{T}_{\mathrm{h}}}$[/tex]
Substitute numerical values:
[tex]$\mathrm{e}_{\mathrm{C}}=1-\frac{703.15}{2143.15}$[/tex]
= 0.672 = 67.2%
(b). Equation provides the engine's output power.
[tex]$\mathrm{P}=\frac{\mathrm{W}_{\text {eng }}}{\Delta \mathrm{t}}$[/tex]
Substitute for [tex]$W_{\text {en }}$[/tex] from Equation :
[tex]$\mathrm{P}=\frac{\mathrm{c}\left|\mathrm{Q}_{\mathrm{h}}\right|}{\Delta \mathrm{t}}$[/tex]
Substitute numerical values:
P = (0.42) (1.4 * 10⁵) / 1
= 88 * 10⁴ W
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what were the key issues that led to the collapse of the skywalk in the duncan v missouri board of architects case
The key issue that led to the collapse of skywalk in Duncan v Missouri is the failure of fourth floor box beam hanger rod connection.This incident risks a lot of death and a huge insurance claim for accident survival.
When visiting Malahat SkyWalk, which offers 360-degree views of inlets, fjords, and mountains, you can't help but experience a natural high and develop a closer relationship with nature.
The vistas, accessibility, adventure alternatives, and unique ways to experience nature make the Malahat SkyWalk worthwhile. You'll undoubtedly heave a sigh of relief when entering the attraction, just like I did. There is something about being surrounded by Douglas fir trees that puts everything in a new light. Both children and adults may let off steam here while simply reviving their senses. The SkyWalk is located on territory owned by the Malahat Nation, which was historically a gathering place for the Coast Salish People.
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12. in machining, straight chips broken off the workpiece at an angle indicate what about the material properties?
Straight chips that are split off the workpiece during machining at an angle signify greater cutting pressures and result in shorter, broader chips. increased lead angles (30 to 45 degrees)
Smaller lead angles, like 90 degrees, abruptly approach the workpiece, demand more effort while cutting, and result in shorter, broader chips. In contrast, larger lead angles (30 to 45 degrees) provide softer, smoother chips, less chip curl, and lower cutting forces.
The chip creation process indicates that under various cutting pressures, angles, and temperatures, a fresh metal interface is continuously generated between the tool material and the workpiece. When a cutting edge cuts metal effectively, it pushes part of the workpiece material off after deforming it somewhat plastically. Chips can split in one of three ways: they can shatter on their own, against a tool, or against a workpiece.
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what are the differences between stiffness (i.e., elastic modulus) and resistance to fracture (i.e., fracture toughness) values at room temperature for metals, ceramics, and polymers? which group of materials is higher or lower for which property? explain.
Stiffness, or elastic modulus, is a measure of how resistant a material is to elastic deformation when a force is applied. It is generally higher for metals than for polymers and ceramics.
Resistance to fracture, or fracture toughness, is a measure of how resistant a material is to fracture or breakage when a force is applied. Generally, ceramics are higher than metals and polymers in terms of resistance to fracture. Polymers are the lowest of the three in terms of both stiffness and resistance to fracture.
In general, metals have the highest stiffness, and ceramics have the highest resistance to fracture, while polymers are lower for both properties. This is because metals are usually composed of strong metallic bonds, which help them resist deformation, while ceramics are usually composed of strong ionic bonds, which help them resist fracture. Polymers, on the other hand, are usually composed of weaker covalent bonds, which make them less resistant to both deformation and fracture.
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