The maximum transverse acceleration of a point on a wire is 47410.0839m/sec² having mass of 10g.
Transverse Wave travels from highest point of positive amplitude to negative highest point amplitude. Amplitude is the point where potential energy of wave is highest. Transverse wave travels in definite direction. We have mass=10g=0.001kg,length of wire is 8m,frequency of transverse wave is 570Hz,wavelength =0.10m
Now, we need to transverse wave acceleration, for this we need angular frequency because there is co-relation between transverse wave acceleration and angular frequency.
We know that angular frequency=2πf where f is the angular frequency.
ω=2×π×570
=>ω=2×3.14×570
=>ω=6.28×570
=>ω=3579.6/sec
Now, for acceleration we know that =ω²A where A is the amplitude of the wave.
=>a = (3579.6)²×3.7mm
=>a=((3579.6)²×3.7×1/1000)m/sec²
=>a=[(12813,536.2)×3.7×1]/1000m/sec²
=>a=47410083.8/1000m/sec²
=>a=47410.0839m/sec²
Hence, maximum transverse acceleration is 47410.0839m/sec²
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which phenomenon that goes unexplained by lewis structures is solved by applying molecular orbital theory?
In terms of combinations of the atomic wave functions, the Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory defines how electrons behave in molecules. All of the atoms in the molecule may be covered by the resulting molecular orbitals.
A molecule is stabilized by the presence of electrons in bonding molecular orbitals, which are created by in-phase combinations of atomic wave functions. A molecule becomes less stable when electrons are located in antibonding molecular orbitals, which are produced by out-of-phase combinations of atomic wave functions. MOs are atomic orbitals that are situated along an internuclear axis. S orbitals or p orbitals orientated end to end can be used to create them.The electron density of orbitals, which are produced from p orbitals positioned side by side, is on the opposite side of the internuclear axis. By using the valence electrons of the atoms in conjunction with molecular orbital theory, we can describe the electronic structure of diatomic molecules.Although there are two unpaired electrons in the molecule's molecular orbital description, the electrons in the Lewis structure are all paired. As a result, by examining how a magnetic field affects oxygen, we can test the predictions of these theories.
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assume that your mass is 54.5 kg . calculate how much radiative energy will be produced by the accretion disk as a result of your fall into the black hole.
The radiative energy will be produced by the accretion disk as a result of your fall into the black hole is 4.9×10¹⁷J.
Simply put, what is radiation energy?The definition of radiation is energy that leaves a source and travels at the speed of light through space. An electric and magnetic field are present along with this energy, which has wave-like characteristics. Another name for radiation is electromagnetic waves.
Imagine that you were trapped into a supermassive black hole by an accretion disk. The disk radiates 10% of your mass-energy as you descend.
E = mc²
m = 54.5 kg
c = 3×10⁸ m/s
E = 54.5 × (3 × 10⁸)²
E = 4.9×10¹⁷J.
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the moon has a mass of 1×1022 kg, and the gravitational field strength at a distance r from the planet is 0.001 n/kg. what is the gravitational force exerted on the moon while it is in orbit around the planet?
The gravitational force exerted on the moon of mass 1×10²² kg is 1×10¹⁹ N.
What is gravitational force?Gravitational force is the universal force of attraction, which is acting between objects.
To calculate the gravitational force exerted on the moon, we use the formula below.
Formula:
F = mE............... Equation 1Where:
F = Gravitational force exterted on the moonm = Mass of the moonE = Gravitational field strength of the moonFrom the question,
Given:
m = 1×10²² kgE = 0.001 N/kgSubstitute these values into equation 1
F = 1×10²²×0.001 F = 1×10¹⁹ NHence, the gravitational force exerted on the moon is 1×10¹⁹ N.
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A person is driving his Lamborghini with a mass of 2,000 kg at 10 m/s. He sees a police car around the corner and slows down to 2m/s. What is his change in momentum? ________kgm/s
The change in the momentum of the person is 16,000 kg m/s.
What is the change in momentum of the person?
The change in the momentum of the person driving the Lamborghini is calculated by applying the following formula as shown below.
ΔP = m ( u - v )
where;
ΔP is the change in momentumm is the mass of the Lamborghini u is the initial speed of the personv is the final speed of the person after slowing downΔP = m ( u - v )
ΔP = 2,000 kg ( 10 m/s - 2 m/s )
ΔP = 2,000 kg ( 8 m/s)
ΔP = 16,000 kg m/s
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by how many diopters should the power of his eye be reduced in laser vision correction to obtain normal distant vision for him? take 2.00 cm as the focal length of a normal relaxed eye lens (and also the distance of the retina from the lens) - that means a power of 50 d.
20 diopters approx should the power of his eye be reduced in laser vision correction to obtain normal distant vision for him.
The optical power of a healthy human eye is about 40 diopters, or the ability to focus on a picture or object that is 1/40 of a meter distant from the eye. An additional 20 diopters of correction can be made to the eye of a typical young person. By the age of 25, this focusing flexibility frequently decreases to 10 diopters. The human eye typically has 1 diopter of refractive error by the age of 45 as a result of lens hardening and the natural deterioration of the eye muscles that focus your vision. Blurred up-close vision is caused by presbyopia, or the eye's deteriorating ability to focus its lens correctly, which calls for the usage of corrective lenses. Reading glasses compensate for the loss of the natural focusing power of the eye. An optometrist may recommend a lens to increase the eye's magnification capability, often in steps of 1/4 diopter throughout a range of 1 to 3 diopters.
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Currently failing the class
Distinguish between vector and scalar quantities providing examples of each
Answer:
Distinguish between vector and scalar quantities providing examples of each
Explanation:
4. a force f is exerted on a 7 kg block to move it across a rough surface, as shown. the magnitude of the force is initially 6 n, and the block moves at a constant velocity. while the block is moving, the force is instantaneously increased to 15 n. how much kinetic energy does the block now gain as it moves a distance 3 m?
The block now gains as it moves a distance of 3 m the Kinetic Energy is 27Nm.
15N-6N=9N
3m x 9N=27Nm
In physics, the kinetic energy of an item is the strength that it possesses due to its movement. Its miles described because the work had to boost up a frame of a given mass from rest to its said speed. Having gained this energy for the duration of its acceleration, the body maintains this kinetic electricity unless its speed changes. An equal quantity of Work is done through the frame when decelerating from its present-day pace to a kingdom of rest. officially, kinetic power is any term in a device's Lagrange which includes a derivative with appreciation to time.
In classical mechanics, the kinetic energy of a non-rotating object of mass m journeying at a pace v is 1/2 mv². In relativistic mechanics, this is a good approximation only when v is a great deal much less than the speed of light. the same old unit of kinetic energy is the joule, while the English unit of kinetic electricity is the foot-pound.
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A student observed a white light bulb while looking through three different sheets of transparent plastic. The student recorded the observations in the data table.
Which explanation do these data best support?
a
Each plastic sheet refracts the wavelengths of light from the blue light bulb at different angles.
b
Each plastic sheet absorbs one wavelength of light.
c
Each plastic sheet changes the wavelengths of light from the light bulb in different amounts.
d
Each plastic sheet transmits a different wavelength of light.
The correct explanation is that; "Each plastic sheet transmit a different wavelength of light." Option D
What is light?We know that light has to do with the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can be able to see with the optical eyes. This is the part of the spectrum that we can be able respond to due to the fact that it is capable of creating an impression in our eyes.
The other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are invisible to the eye even though the effects of those parts of the spectrum can still be felt from time to time.
Given the fact we can see different colors as we look through different kinds of plastic, it means that what we can see is the color that is transmitted by that particular plastic while the others are absorbed.
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What activity is a good way to measure your muscular strength and endurance?
We can use push-up tests to measure muscular strength and endurance.
Muscular endurance is defined as the potential of a muscle or group of muscles that have the ability to have sustained repeated contractions against a resistance for a longer period.
Muscular endurance can also be seen in the number of repetitions of a single exercise that can be done without stopping and resting.
Doing push up tests the whole body and muscle groups everywhere in the arms, chest, abdomen, hips, and legs. Doing push up requires the body to be tight, like a plank with toes and palms on the floor. So, push up is considered the best test for muscular endurance.
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which of these stars will take the shortest time to go from the earliest protostar stage to the main sequence?
a star ten times the mass of our Sun.
Which kind of star will remain a star for the longest?A star ten times as big as the sun will last for just 20 million years just on main sequence, compared to the sun's about 10 billion years.When compared to the known universe age at 13.8 million years, the red dwarf, which has half the mass of the sun, has a lifespan of 80 or 100 billion years.
What kind of star does have the lowest atmospheric pressure?Stars with very low masses called red dwarfs.They therefore have low fusion rates, low pressures, and consequently low temperatures.
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A 4 kg box sits in the back of your 1,400 kg car with a
coefficient of static friction between the box and your car
of 0.4. The car is traveling at 15 m/s. What is the minimum
stopping distance that can be obtained without the box
sliding?
The minimum stopping distance for a vehicle, d = v2 / 2 µs g . so, is the minimum stopping distance that can be obtained without the box sliding is , 180 m.
What does the four second stopping rule mean?Count the seconds it takes you to get to the same point on the road after the bumper passes a road sign or a wayside object like a telephone pole. You are following too closely if you pass the marking or item in less time than four seconds.
Is stopping distance the same as the 2-second rule?The rule is more of a guide for reaction times than it is for safe stopping distance. Under ideal conditions, the two-second rule indicates the bare minimum distance that must be maintained between vehicles. The two seconds provide a safety buffer to give the driver in front of you time to react.
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Which type of energy is associated with the position and motion of an object *?
Mechanical energy is associated with the position and motion of an object. Potential energy is associated with the position of an object, and kinetic energy is associated with the motion of an object.
Potential energy and kinetic energy are two kinds of mechanical energy. Potential energy is due to the position, shape, or height of an object. For example, the energy stored in a coiled spring, the energy stored in a water tank at height, and energy in charges due to their relative positions to each other.
The kinetic energy in an object is due to its motion—for example, energy in flowing water and blowing wind.
At a point of time, the total mechanical energy in an object remains constant. Potential and kinetic energy transforms into one another and thus keep total mechanical energy in an object constant.
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Hhow much energy is required to remove a proton from 157n ? the masses of the atoms 157n , 146c and 11h are 15.000109 u , 14.003242 u and 1.007825 u , respectively.
The energy required to remove a proton from ¹⁵N₇ is 10.2046375 MeV.
What is proton?
Proton is a subatomic particle with a positive charge. It is found in the nucleus of an atom, along with neutrons. Protons have a mass of 1.0073 amu, and their charge is equal to the charge of an electron, but opposite in sign. The protons in an atom are responsible for the atom's atomic number, which is the number of protons in the nucleus. Protons are what makes atoms of different elements different from each other. For example, the element hydrogen has one proton in its nucleus and the element helium has two protons. Protons are also responsible for holding together the nucleus of an atom, as their positive charges repel each other and keep the nucleus together.
The reaction to remove the proton is given as follows :
¹⁵N₇ ----> ¹⁴C₆ + H
The mass of ¹⁵N₇ = 15.000109
the mass of ¹⁴C₆ = 14.003242
The mass of H = 1.007825
The energy requires to remove a proton is given as:
E = ( 14.003242 + 1.007825 - 15.000109) u
E = 0.010958 × 9312.5 MeV
E = 10.2046375 MeV
Thus, energy is required to remove a proton from ¹⁵N₇ with the masses of the atoms ¹⁵N₇, ¹⁴C₆ and H are 15.000109 u, 14.003242 u, and 1.007825 u, respectively is 10.2046375 MeV.
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treasure searching pirates walked due north for 2 hours through 4 miles of swamp. afterwards, they stopped for an hour of rest before continuing eastward for another 4 hours to cross 5-miles of jungle. calculate the average velocity in miles per hour of the above pirates. do not enter the unit with your answer.
The average velocity of the pirates is 1.44 miles/hr.
A vector quantity is an average velocity. The change in position or displacement (x) divided by the time intervals (t) in which the displacement happens yields the average velocity. Depending on the sign of the displacement, the average velocity can be positive or negative. Meters per second (m/s or ms-1) is the SI measure of average velocity.
total time = t₁ + 1 + t₂
T = 1 + 1 + 3
T = 5hr
Displacement = AC = √(4² + 6²)
S = √16+36
S = √52
Average velocity = Displacement/ Time
v = S/t
substituting the value in the above equation, we get
v = 7.2/5
v = 1.44 mile/hr
Thus, the average velocity of the pirates is 1.44 miles/hr.
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red light of wavelength 633 nmnm from a helium-neon laser passes through a slit 0.390 mmmm wide. the diffraction pattern is observed on a screen 3.45 mm away. define the width of a bright fringe as the distance between the minima on either side. part a what is the width of the central bright fringe?
The width of the central bright fringe is 1.41492×10^-2 m. The width of the first bright field on either side of the bright fringe is 7.075×10^-3 m
Calculation:a) According to Bragg's law
d×sinθ1 = m×λ
(0.390 ×10^-3)×sinθ1 = 1×(633×10^-9)
θ1 = 10.667×10^-2°
x = s×tanθ1
x = 3.45 ×tan(10.667×10^-2°)
x = 7.0741×10^-3 m
Now to get the width of the fringe you need to add x and x togetherW = 2×x
W = 2×7.0741×10^-3
W= 1.41492×10^-2 m
b) For the second bright fringed×sinθ2 = m×λ
3.8×sinθ2 = 2×(633×10^-9)
θ2 = 21.33×10^-2°
y = s×tanθ2
y = 3.45 ×tan( 21.33×10^-2°)
y = 1.4149×10^-2 m
The width of the first bright fringe on either side of the central bright fringe is given by:w = y - x
w = 7.075×10^-3 m
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an intergalactic spaceship arrives at a distant planet that rotates on its axis with a period of t. the spaceship enters a geosynchronous orbit at a distance of r.
The answer is M = 4π 2 R 3 /GT 2 M = 1.35 × 10²⁸ kg.
A geostationary orbit is a low-inclination prograde orbit around the Earth lasting 23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds. A spacecraft in a geostationary orbit appears to move north and south but appears to stay at a fixed longitude on Earth. A geostationary orbit is a geostationary orbit.
A geostationary satellite orbit is an orbit around the Earth that intentionally has an orbital period of one sidereal day equal to the Earth's sidereal rotation period, with the satellite returning to the same position in the sky after each sidereal day. Geostationary means that the satellite orbits with the same angular velocity as the earth.
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what is the potential difference across the headlight bulbs when the starter motor is operated, requiring an additional 39 a from the battery? answer in units of v.
The starter motor's potential difference across the headlight bulbs is 38.45V, requiring an additional 39 a from the battery. Voltage, also known as potential difference.
It is sometimes described as the amount of work needed to move a test charge between two sites, expressed as a unit of charge. Volt is the potential difference's SI unit (V). We only take into account the charge between the locations P and Q when current moves between them in an electric circuit. Electric potential difference between two sites is referred to as voltage, also known as electric pressure, electric tension, or (electric) potential difference. an electric field that is static.
Vh = I*Rn
Vh = 39/5.476*5.40v
Vh = 38.45v
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tarzan grabs a vine hanging vertically from a tall tree when he is running at (a) how high can he swing upward? (b) does the length of the vine affect this height?
Tarzan's initial energy will be Ei = 1/2 mv² so that he can swing upward.
Kinetic energy is the energy that moving objects have. Tarzan possesses kinetic energy when he runs at v mph. He swings by grabbing a vine. When his kinetic energy is totally turned into potential energy, he climbs to a maximum height of h.
Create an expression to represent Tarzan's initial kinetic energy Ki.
Ki = 1/2 mv²……(1)
Tarzan's mass is m, and his velocity is v as he grabs the vine.
If the gravitational potential energy zero is on the ground, the initial gravitational potential energy Ui is given by
Ui = 0 ……(2)
Tarzan's kinetic (Ei) energy and potential energy are added together to form his initial energy.
Ei = Ki + Ui ……(3)
Write an expression for Tarzan's initial energy using equations (1) and (2) in equation (3).
Ei = 1/2 mv²……(4)
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a baseball playe rhits a ball that soars high into the air. after the ball has left the bat, and while it is traveling upward, what is the direction of accerlation
The direction of acceleration of the ball hit by baseball player is downwards.
When an object is launched at an angle, it follows a curved path, which is called the trajectory under the action of acceleration due to gravity. At the center of the path at the maximum height, the acceleration due to gravity is g. The particle's velocity is always tangential, and at maximum height, the vertical component of the velocity is zero.
The air resistance opposes the relative motion of the object in the air. It depends on the mass and velocity of the object. After ignoring the air resistance, the ball would travel on its own. Thus, the direction of acceleration of the ball is downwards.
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when the lobes of two p orbitals are in the same phase and overlap side-by-side, the orbital that is formed has a _____ dissociation energy compared to the σ∗ molecular orbital formed from the out-of-phase direct overlap of the two p orbitals.
when the lobes of two p orbitals are in the same phase and overlap side-by-side, the orbital that is formed has a bonding dissociation energy compared to the σ∗ molecular orbital formed from the out-of-phase direct overlap of the two p orbitals.
What scientific theory describes how covalent bonds develop when specific elements' valence orbitals overlap?Bonding arise when two unique atomic orbitals on different atoms cross across, generating an area where the two atoms share one pair of electrons, according to the theory of valence bonds. When orbitals intersect over an axis containing nuclei, a bond is formed.
A covalent bond is formed by two atoms that share a pair of electrons. The atoms are held together because the electron pair is pulled to both nuclei.
When two atoms exchange one or more pairs of electrons, a covalent connection is established.
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How does mass affect the amount of kinetic energy in a moving object? Explain how you know by stating your claim, the evidence for your claim, and your reason why this evidence supports your claim.
A moving object's kinetic energy is inversely correlated with its mass and inversely correlated with the square of its speed.
What is the impact of mass on kinetic energy?If all other variables are maintained constant, mass and kinetic energy have a positive relationship, which indicates that as mass grows, kinetic energy increases. Accordingly, an object with the same mass and speed as another object will have twice the kinetic energy, and another object with the same mass and speed as another object will have four times the initial kinetic energy.
It is more difficult to move and stop heavier objects (i.e., items with more mass). Greater mass, or heavier items, resist change more than lighter ones do. Using a bicycle or a Cadillac while being pushed, or stopping them once they are moving. The difficulty of starting or stopping an object increases with its mass (or inertia).
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two planets have the same surface gravity, but planet b has twice the mass of planet a. if planet a has radius ra, what is the radius of planet b?
The radius of planet B is [tex]\sqrt{2[/tex] times the radius of planet A.
What is Law of Universal Gravitation ?
Thus it states that bodies with mass attract each other with a force that varies directly as the product of their masses and inversely as the square of the distance between them.
The surface gravity of a planet is given by
g = GM/R²
where
G is the gravitational constant
M is the mass of the planet
R is the radius of the planet
For the two planets in the problem, we have:
gA=gB (same gravity)
MB=2MA (planet B has twice the mass of planet A)
So we can write
GMA/R²A=GMB/R²B
MA/R²A=2MB/R²B
R²B=2R²A
→ RB = √2RA
so, the radius of planet B is √2 times the radius of planet A
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a particle, mass 6 kg, moves along the y axis with a speed of 2.4 m/s. it experiences a force of 12 n directed along the x axis. what power is imparted to the particle by the force
The power is imparted to the particle by the force is 28.8 Watts.
How can force be converted into power?Power is calculated as force times the distance traveled while applying the force, or force times velocity. (However, this only functions when the velocity is constant; that is, when the force is not the resultant force on the moving object).
The amount of power produced for a given mass of a substance or machine is known as power per unit mass, also known as specific power. This is referred to as the power to weight ratio when applied to an engine or vehicle.
Power = F × v
Power = 12×2.4
Power = 28.8 Watts.
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the overall length of a piccolo is 32.0 cm. the resonating air column vibrates as in a pipe that is open at both ends. (a) find the frequency of the lowest note a piccolo can play.
The lowest note a piccolo can play has a frequency of f = 535.94 Hz.
Which note can a piccolo play the lowest?The piccolo, which is the smallest flute family member and extends the range of the flute, is pitched in C or Db. The range is D5, the fourth line on the staff, up to C8, three octaves higher, sounding an octave higher than written.
The formula can be used to determine the frequency of the lowest note a piccolo can play;
f = v/2L
Where,
v is speed of sound in air = 343 m/s
L is length given as 32 cm = 0.32 m
Thus;
f = 343/(2×0.32)
f = 535.94 Hz.
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What is K in elastic potential energy formula?
k in elastic potential energy is the spring constant. It is also known as a proportionality constant that describes the relationship between the strain in the spring and the force that causes it.
Elastic potential energy is the potential energy stored by stretching or compressing an elastic object by an external force such as the stretching of a spring. It is equal to the work done to stretch the spring which depends on the spring constant k and the distance stretched.
The spring constant is the measure of stiffness of the spring. The spring constant tells us, how many newtons of force it takes to stretch the spring by one meter.
The spring constant depends on the stiffness of the spring material, the thickness of the wire from which the spring is wound, the diameter of the turns of the coil, the number of turns per unit length and the overall length of the spring.
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a baseball is thrown from center field to home plate where it is caughe by the catcher. at what point in its travel is the magnitude of the baseball's accelration at a minimum?
Acceleration is constant during entire trajectory.
What is acceleration?Any procedure where the velocity varies is referred to as acceleration. There are only two ways to accelerate: changing your speed or changing your direction, or changing both. This is because velocity is both a speed and a direction.Given that,A baseball caught by the catcher which is thrown by the center fielder of same shoulder level. During this whole journey the path followed by a ball is parabolic.
Therefore, ball is in projectile motion.
Let height of shoulder level = h
During projectile motion acceleration of the ball always acts in vertically downward direction of magnitude g, and in there is no acceleration in horizontal direction. Therefore, during projectile motion acceleration is always constant during whole trajectory. So, acceleration is constant during entire trajectory.
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Find the binding energy of carbon-12 per nucleon. The mass of a proton is 1.007276 u, of a neutron 1.008665 u, and of carbon 11.996706 u.
The biding energy of carbon-12 per nucleon is 5.34 MeV.
What practical applications exist for carbon-12?
Given that it serves as the reference point for calculating the atomic masses of all other nuclides, carbon-12 is particularly significant by definition, it has an atomic mass of carbon 12.
Where can you find carbon-12?
Numerous naturally occurring substances, including rocks like limestone, coral, as well as the shells or animals like clams, contain carbon-12.Coal and petroleum, two significant fuels, both contain carbon.
Binding energy of C-13 - BE of C-12
= (7.5 * 13 ) - (7.68 * 12)
= 97.5 - 92.16
= 5.34 MeV.
Therefore, the binding energy of carbon-12 per nucleon is 5.34 MeV.
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What is the best description of the order of events in the animation? the viewer travels through the electron cloud, then the protons, and then the nucleus. The viewer travels through the nucleus, then the electron cloud, and then the nucleus again. The viewer travels through the electron cloud, then the neutrons, and then the protons. The viewer travels through the electron cloud, then the nucleus, and then the electron cloud again.
The viewer travels through the electron cloud, then the nucleus, and then the electron cloud again
what is nucleus?
In terms of genomics, a nucleus is the organelle within a cell that is membrane-enclosed and houses the chromosomes. Certain substances (including proteins and nucleic acids) can selectively move through or out of the nucleus thanks to a variety of holes, or pores, in the nuclear membrane.
The viewer travels through the electron cloud, then the nucleus, and then the electron cloud again.
The electron cloud and the nucleus make up an atom.
In an atom's nucleus are protons (positive particles), neutrons (neutral particles), and electrons (negative particles), which are found in the electron cloud.
The atom's nucleus is located at its centroid, and an electron cloud surrounds it.
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Radio waves travel at a speed of 1.7×10^8m/s through ice. a radio wave pulse sent into the antarctic ice reflects off the rock at the bottom and returns to the surface in 32.9×10^−6s. How deep is the ice?
The depth of the ice = 74.8 m.
From the question, we have
Radio waves travel at a speed of 1.7×10^8m/s through ice.
Let x be the time going down
(32.9 × 10^-6) - X be the time going back.
X = VoT + (1/2)AT^2
V = D/T.
(1/2)(9.8 m/s^2)(4 - X)^2 = (1.7 × 10^8 m/s)x
x = 4.40 × 10^-7
The depth of the ice = 74.8 m.
Radio waves :
Electromagnetic radiation includes radio waves. Compared to visible light, a radio wave has a far longer wavelength. Radio waves are frequently used by humans in communication. To send and receive radio frequency energy, this radio tower features both circular and rectangular antennas.
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What event made it possible for photons to begin to travel freely through the universe when the universe was about 380,000 years old?
The event which made it possible for photons to begin to travel freely through the universe when the universe was about 380,000 years old is the universe hаd expаnded аnd cooled enough for electrons to combine with nuclei to form neutrаl аtoms.
How did the first chemical element appear in the universe?The universe begаn 13.8 billion yeаrs аgo, аnd the cosmic microwave background (CMB) dаtes bаck to аbout 400,000 yeаrs аfter the Big Bаng. Thаt's becаuse in the eаrly stаges of the universe when it wаs just one-hundred-millionth the size it is todаy, its temperаture wаs extreme: 273 million degrees аbove аbsolute zero.
Аny аtoms present аt thаt time were quickly broken аpаrt into smаll pаrticles (protons аnd electrons). The rаdiаtion from the CMB in photons (pаrticles representing quаntums of light, or other rаdiаtion) wаs scаttered off the electrons. Thus, photons wаndered through the eаrly universe, just аs opticаl light wаnders through а dense fog.
Аbout 380,000 yeаrs аfter the Big Bаng, the universe wаs cool enough thаt hydrogen could form. Becаuse the CMB photons аre bаrely аffected by hitting hydrogen, the photons trаvel in strаight lines. Cosmologists refer to а "surfаce of lаst scаttering" when the CMB photons lаst hit mаtter; аfter thаt, the universe wаs too big. So when we mаp the CMB, we аre looking bаck in time to 380,000 yeаrs аfter the Big Bаng, just аfter the universe wаs opаque to rаdiаtion.
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